针对反渗透水处理运行与监督的一些思考

提高电厂反渗透水处理系统的运行监督能力,能够有效保障反渗透系统的正常运行,有效降低反渗透水处理系统的运行成本,提升设施的寿命。鉴于此,本文分析了电厂水处理的反渗透系统当中的监督指标,提出了反渗透系统运行的注意事项,同时描述了反渗透水处理系统运行监督的一些措施。     

双膜法水处理工艺在冶金污水回用系统的应用

双膜法（超滤+反渗透）水处理工艺具有出水水质好、易于实现自控、占地面积小、节水环保等特点；文章重点介绍了双膜法工艺在邯钢污水回用系统中的应用情况。     

超滤系统化学清洗的控制与调整

超滤作为反渗透系统前级过滤设备,其运行的好坏,直接关系到后续水处理设备的运行状况。超滤膜的有效地清洗,是超滤系统正常运行前提保证。超滤清洗是一个极其复杂的物理化学过程,只有根据水质情况,选择适当的清洗试剂,并且控制好清洗过程中的各个影响因素,才能最大程度地恢复超滤膜的透水性能。本文主要介绍平海电厂超滤系统化学清洗过程及改进后的效果。     

用于锅炉补给水处理的多级膜组合工艺及应用示范

超滤、纳滤、反渗透及EDI是实用性先进功能膜材料技术,高效节能,在锅炉补给水处理中应用潜力巨大。与目前所采用的单一膜工艺相比,多级膜组合处理工艺具有出水品质更高、无二次污染等明显优势。本研究以华纺股份有限公司的锅炉补给水系统工程系统为例,具体分析了超滤-反渗透-EDI多膜组合工艺、膜器系统及其在锅炉补给水处理中的效果。实际运行结果表明,该组合工艺能高效地去除水中盐类及小分子有机物,充分满足锅炉补给水的各项水质标准,而且具有运行周期长、出水水质稳定、连续出水等优点。     

混合脱盐工艺改善黄河中游煤矿区浅层地下水水质研究

黄河流域中游煤矿区浅层含水层地下水为当地生活饮用水的主要来源，应用感官指数和健康指数对水质进行定量评价，发现部分浅层地下水存在硝酸氮超标风险.采用纳滤浓水与反渗透产水混合工艺，考察了纳滤膜类型、膜系统、压力和回收率对产水水质的影响，对比了不同回收率下纳滤产水水质的理论预测值及实测值，开展了混合脱盐工艺与传统的反渗透产水与超滤产水勾兑工艺的技术适用性及经济性分析.结果表明，纳滤系统运行压力与硝酸氮透过率负相关.最佳运行条件是采用NTF40纳滤膜、运行压力为0.4 MPa且回收率为60%,纳滤浓水与反渗透产水的混合水离子浓度适中，且阴/阳离子比重明显改善，硝酸氮质量浓度相比原水下降56.1%,与预测产水水质偏差小于10%.混合脱盐方案综合回收率高达94%,相比传统反渗透与超滤产水勾兑方案具有潜在的技术优势和经济效益.     

集成膜过程污水深度处理工艺

介绍了集成膜过程及其在污水深度处理方面的应用．集成膜过程是将超遽／微遽与反渗透(或纳滤)相结合，形成能够满足各种回用目的的污水深度处理集成工艺．PVDF、PP、PE、PES等超滤／微滤膜，抗污染反渗透复合膜具有化学稳定性高、耐污染、装填密度高等特点，适宜于规模化污水处理．污水处理用超滤／微滤膜以中空纤维为主，系统技术采用了低压运行、频繁(气水、透过液)反冲、气水冲洗等抗污染工艺，能够维持稳定的通量、运行维护费用较低、产水质量稳定．二级出水的集成膜系统工艺已成熟并得以广泛推广，针对原废水的集成膜工艺(膜生物反应器 反渗透)还需要进一步的工程化研究．     

某1000MW超超临界机组锅炉补给水处理工艺设计特点浅析

某1000MW超超临界机组,具有机组参数高,水质要求高的特点。根据原水水质及水汽质量标准,锅炉补给水处理工艺采用超滤+反渗透+除碳系统+一级除盐+混床系统,工艺流程简单,出水水质高、稳定,且除碳系统的优化布置可以提高系统经济运行,减少设备占地面积。     

超滤反渗透处理城市二级生活污水处理厂出水中试研究

本实验采用超滤反渗透处理二级城市生活污水出水,进行生活污水回用实验研究.实验结果表明:超滤反渗透对处理后出水的COD,TP,TN,TDS,Cl-处理效率分别为90%,95%,95%,99%,97%以上.超滤反渗透出水达到能够完全满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质标准》(GB/T 18921—2002),可以回用于景观用水.除N的指标外可以满足地表水二类水质标准,绝大部分指标满足饮用水水源标准.     

微滤膜与超滤膜:究竟有何不同?

介绍了微滤（MF）与超滤（UF）的主要应用情况,比较了微滤与超滤在病毒去除率、膜的耐久力,以及对下游反渗透保护的情况,重点强调了Pall微滤膜具有高的病毒去除率及非常低的断丝率。     

超滤-反渗透技术处理钛白中水的中试研究

超滤-反渗透技术处理钛白中水的中试研究结果表明,浸没式超滤在产水通量、产水时间和排浓周期分别为38.8L/(m2·h)、22min和22时,出水浊度小于0.2NTU,回收率可达92%.反渗透产水通量15L/(m2·h),产水回收率在60%~65%之间,清洗周期在22~28天.中试得到了钛白中水处理的优化工艺参数,达到了预期效果.     

超滤膜处理黄河水工程实例

山东滨化集团超滤系统设计出水每天10 080 t,原水为黄河水,2004年12月投运,至今已稳定运行6年整.报道了超滤膜材料,超滤系统错流量、反洗,化学加强反洗条件以及化学药洗周期等运行条件对超滤系统稳定运行的影响;报道了这些运行参数选择和优化结果.该超滤系统和多介质过滤器合并的运行直接吨水成本约0.24元.该工程运行参数对设计和运行自来水系统具有借鉴意义.     

超滤膜渗透通量法评价水质的研究

提出了一种通过超滤膜水的渗透通量或渗透体积评价水质污染状态的新方法．从我国不同地区取来18种水质,包括井水、河水、海水、湖水,并用固定超滤膜的超滤实验装置进行了测试,水渗透体积和水通量随时间的变化可以表征水样中污染物的含量,以此描述水质的差别．由串联阻力模型推导出的修正污染指数（MFI）数学关系并结合渗透体积和水通量的实验数据拟合出18种不同水质的MFI．结果表明,水渗透体积随时间、渗透通量随时间及操作压力的变化与MFI值是一致的．并且从膜污染的理论上解释了超滤膜的实验结果．     

Characterisation of tannin resin blends for particle board applications

Tannins and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) are groups of natural resins that are receiving wide attention as substitutes to synthetic binders in the production of biocomposites. In this work, blends of hydrolyzed tannin, CNSL, and urea formaldehyde (UF) have been tested to determine their mechanical and physical properties for particle board applications. The blending of hydrolyzed tannin with UF resin has been found to reduce the formaldehyde emission levels significantly. A blend of hydrolyzed tannin and CNSL has been found to possess better dimensional stability. Tannin-blended resins cure faster, i.e. have shorter pot life, and result in composites with better water and moisture resistance when compared to UF. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry has shown that tannin blends exhibit better thermal stability and have a higher glass transition temperature than UF resin. Generally, it was found that particle boards made from coffee husks, and bonded using the tannin resin blend that include UF and CNSL, possessed superior properties to those made using UF alone. The mechanical and physical properties of coffee husk-particle boards produced using this new resin blend are presented and discussed.     

Treatment of a waste oil-in-water emulsion from a copper-rolling process by ultrafiltration and vacuum evaporation

A process is proposed for the treatment of a waste oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion generated in an industrial copper-rolling operation. The use of demulsifier agents improves the subsequent treatment by techniques such as ultrafiltration (UF) or evaporation. The effluent COD is reduced up to 50% when the O/W emulsion is treated by UF using a flat 30 nm TiO(2) ceramic membrane (ΔP = 0.1 MPa) and up to 70% when it is treated by vacuum evaporation, after an emulsion destabilization pretreatment in both cases. Increases in the UF permeate flux and in the evaporation rate are observed when a chemical demulsifier is used in the pretreatment step. A combined process consisting of destabilization/settling, UF, and vacuum evaporation can yield a very high-quality aqueous effluent that could be used for process cooling or emulsion reformulation.     

中空纤维超滤系统的水锤分析及防护

超滤系统的物理清洗是通过阀门频密开启和关闭、水泵的交替起动和停机来实现的,这使液体流速产生急剧变化;并引起很高的水锤压力,造成管道及膜元件损坏.分析了超滤系统出现关阀水锤及停泵水锤的成因,提出相应的防护措施.     

The Use of Spiral Wound Ultrafiltration Technology in Gelatin Processing – an Overview

Abstract

Since the first commercial system was installed in the early 1980s, the use of spiral wound ultrafiltration technology has become an accepted unit operation in gelatin processing. Ultrafiltration (UF) replaces or reduces the use of evaporators, which are energy intensive and expensive to run. Other benefits of UF are increased product quality, improved environmental impact and reduced operating costs.     

超滤膜净化水库水试验研究

用中空纤维超滤膜处理哈尔滨附近B水库水,以替代混凝、沉淀、砂滤的传统自来水生产方法,研究生产饮用水的新工艺.研究了原水温度、浊度、操作压力和混凝剂的加入量对膜通量的影响.研究发现超滤膜通量与膜进水浊度的对数成反比,跨膜压力增大、适当加入混凝剂,膜通量增加.超滤出水和传统工艺的出水进行了比较,超滤膜出水浊度小于0.2 NTU,明显好于传统工艺的出水浊度.对超滤处理后的出水水质进行了全分析,超滤对铁、铝、锰、色度、好氧量、总有机碳等均有较好的处理效果,完全满足饮用水水质的标准.     

Effect of γ-irradiation on the hydrolytic stability and thermo-oxidative behavior of bio/inorganic modified urea–formaldehyde resins

In order to minimize emission of formaldehyde from urea–formaldehyde resins (UF) and to improve their thermo-oxidative behavior, the effect of low γ-irradiation on hydrolytic and thermo-oxidative stability of nano-silica modified UF resin, modified UF resin with wood flour (Pinus silvestris L.) as natural filler and modified UF resin with mixture of SiO₂/WF fillers were investigated. The hydrolytic stability of modified UF resins was determined by measuring the mass loss and liberated formaldehyde concentration of modified UF resins after acid hydrolysis. The studied modified UF resins have been irradiated (50 kGy) and effect of γ-irradiation was evaluated on the basis of percentage of liberated formaldehyde before and after irradiation. The minimum percentage (1.23%) of liberated formaldehyde and mass loss of a 25.35% were obtained in wood flour modified UF resin after γ-irradiation which indicate significant improvement in the hydrolytic stability compared to other modified UF resins. The effect of γ-irradiation was evaluated also on the basis of thermo-oxidative behavior of the same modified UF resins before and after irradiation. The thermo-oxidative behavior was studied by non-isothermal thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG), differential thermo-gravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) supported by data from IR spectroscopy. After γ-irradiation, the shift of DTA peaks a higher temperature indicates that thermo-oxidative stability of modified UF/SiO₂/WF is increase.     

无独立线路标准化电位差计的自检

无独立线路标准化电位差计按单个电阻进行元件检定不方便、时间长、过程复杂。采用ｊ＋１盘的１０／Σ１Ｕｉ＾ｊ＋１示值检定ｊ盘每个步进值的电压比较法，可缩短时间，方便易行。提高了检定精度，并推导出系列计算公式和应用实例。