Microbial desulfurization of coal by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and thermophilic archaea

Several different microorganisms have been suggested for coal desulfurization. In the present investigation, the thermophilic archaea Acidianus brierleyi (DSM 1651), Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (DSM 639) and Sulfolobus solfataricus (DSM 1616) were compared with the mesophilic bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (DSM 583) concerning their capability of removing sulfur from coal. The desulfurization rate as well as the amount of sulfur removed by the microorganisms was studied.

Two of the investigated microorganisms, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidianus brierleyi, were capable of oxidizing pure pyrite as well as oxidizing sulfur in coal. A kinetic analysis was performed assuming first order reactions. The rate constant for oxidation of pure pyrite by A. brierleyi was observed to be higher than for T. ferrooxidans. The values of the rate constants for sulfur removal from coal were comparable for the two microorganisms, but were higher than for oxidation of pure pyrite.     

Bioenergetics of the metal/sulfur-oxidizing extreme thermoacidophile, Metallosphaera sedula

Identification of more effective biocatalysts than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been of interest for the optimization of biological removal of inorganic sulfur from coal. The recently isolated thermoacidophile, Metallosphaera sedula, leaches metal sulfides at rapid rates and could be a feasible biocatalytic alternative for such use. The bioenergetic and biocatalytic features of M. sedula as they apply to metal leaching, with particular attention to coal pyrite oxidation, are currently being evaluated. The questions examined include

1. (1) how does M. sedula compare with other microorganisms with similar bioleaching capabilities,

2. (2) how do inorganic energy substrates factor into M. sedula's metabolic scheme, and

3. (3) how can higher metal leaching rates be achieved with M. sedula?

To answer these questions, the relation between the organism's metabolic energy sources (sulfur, iron pyrite, organic compounds) and intracellular energy-requiring reactions is being studied. It is hoped that this framework can be used to evaluate and improve the various microbial options for inorganic sulfur removal from coal.     

化能自养型硫杆菌脱硫机制及脱硫策略

介绍了对化能自养型硫杆菌氧化煤中黄铁矿硫机制的认识过程,讨论了黄铁矿生物氧化机制的新观点:主要包括黄铁矿生物氧化的电化学本质、黄铁矿表面吸附细菌的功能、黄铁矿生物氧化的具体反应途径。采用氧化还原电势或[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]比建立的速率方程可用于描述化能自养型硫杆菌的生物氧化过程,其中中间产物元素硫的进一步氧化可能是限速步骤。针对目前黄铁矿生物氧化机制的新认识,提出了提高煤系黄铁矿硫生物脱除效率的研究策略。此外,如研究证实元素硫为超高硫煤中有机相硫的一部分,化能自养型硫杆菌也将能用于脱除煤中该部分有机硫。     

生物催化氧化锰和黄铁矿的共同浸出

为了探索在微生物存在的条件下氧化锰和硫化矿共同浸出的特点,进行了氧化亚铁硫杆菌在好氧和厌氧条件下对FeS2-MnO2-H2SO4体系的催化浸出实验研究。结果表明,在好氧条件和厌氧条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌均可以催化FeS2-MnO2-H2SO4体系的浸出。好氧条件下利于FeS2的浸出,浸出36 h时,在MnO2:FeS2质量比为1:1、5:1、6:1时的浸出率分别为:25.34%、82.89%和82.58%。厌氧条件下,利于MnO2的浸出,浸出36 h时,在MnO2:FeS2质量比为1:1、5:1、6:1时的浸出率分别为:87.76%、85.35%和75.09%。浸出机理是氧化亚铁硫杆菌催化铁离子在二价和三价之间的循环转化,根据实验结果提出了好氧和厌氧条件下,FeS2-MnO2-H2SO4体系的两矿反应模型。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的培养及氧化性能测定

研究了自行选育的氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长特性。结果表明：我们自行选育培养的脱硫自养菌氧化亚铁硫杆菌,在特定条件下具有快速高效将Fe^2＋转化为Fe^3＋的功能,通过氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长因素的研究,确定了其生长的最佳条件,即在细菌处于对数生长期时,按10％接种量接种,调节培养液pH为2．5左右,30℃时振荡培养,氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生长活性最佳。通过考察培养过程中Fe^3＋浓度的变化,测定了不同接种量时氧化亚铁硫杆菌的氧化性能参数μ。     

Biodepyritisation of coal

This review provides a detailed summary of the recent and past research activities in the area of biodesulfurisation of coal. It provides information about microorganisms important for biodesulfurisation of coal, with the emphasis on Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The review presents an insight into various methods of desulfurisation of coal combining physical and biological methods. Also, there are discussions on coal structure, distribution, mechanism and kinetics of pyrite oxidation and jarosite precipitation. Finally, areas requiring further research are identified. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

黄铁矿脱硫菌生长和代谢的影响因素研究

研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌（简称T．f．菌）对几种氮源、能源的利用，以及空气中氧化不同时间的黄铁矿吸附菌的代谢活性。结果表明：在选择的3种氮源中，尿素经过诱导可被T．f．菌较好地利用，说明该菌可产生诱导性脲酶。在选择的能源中，Fe^2＋是T．f．菌容易利用的能源基质。添加接种培养过的残留单质硫粉可提高菌体氧化单质硫的速率。在空气中氧化20d的黄铁矿对T．f．菌的吸附量增大，而且吸附菌体的亚铁氧化过程提前进行。     

Microbial desulfurization for NR ground rubber by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

This study concentrated on microbial desulfurization for NR ground rubber by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans with sulfur oxidizing capacity. NR ground rubber was desulfurizated in the modified 9K medium during the cultivation of T. ferrooxidans. FTIR–ATR and XPS spectra and the increase of SO in the medium indicated that the main chains of the polymer were not broken by T. ferrooxidans, and S? S linkages on the surface of ground rubber were partly oxidized to sulfoxide and sulfone, and at last partly oxidized to SO. Cumulative sulfur convention of ground rubber was 16% (w/w), which means 16% of sulfur has been fully oxidized to SO after 20 days' incubation. A sulfur oxidative scheme was proposed to explain the microbial desulfurization by T. ferrooxidans. Physical properties were determined on carbon black enforced SBR vulcanizates compounded with desulfurizated ground rubber of 40 phr loading. Preferable tensile strength and elongation at break were obtained for SBR vulcanizates filled with desulfurizated ground rubber if compared with that one obtained using ground rubber without modification. Scanning electron microscope photographs and DMA results suggested good interface coherence between desulfurizated ground rubber and SBR matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Biodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene sulfone by Arthrobacter sp. and studies with oxidized Illinois No. 6 coal

A bacterium identified as Arthrobacter sp. was grown on dibenzothiophene (DBT) sulfone as a sole source of sulfur, producing sulfite and sulfate. Sulfur in DBT sulfone (1.0 mM) was nearly quantitatively converted to sulfate by the organism. The organism could also use DBT sulfone as a sole source of carbon and energy. There was evidence for transient accumulation of benzoic acid in the culture medium after growth of the cells slowed. The DBT sulfoxide analogue 9-fluorenone was converted by resting cells to a product identified as 1,10-dihydroxy-1,10-dihydrofluoren-9-one, suggesting that DBT sulfone may be metabolized via an angular hydroxylation resulting in carbon- sulfur bond cleavage. This strain of Arthrobacter showed no ability to desulfurize oxidized Illinois No. 6 coal.     

Modification of organosulfur compounds and water-soluble coal-derived material by anaerobic microorganisms

The transformation of organosulfur compounds by anaerobic microorganisms may be of interest for coal desulfurization. An anaerobic microbial community indigenous to cyanobacterial mats of a Yellowstone National Park hot spring was assessed for the ability to evolve volatile sulfur compounds from benzyl methyl sulfide, benzyl methyl disulfide, methionine and water-soluble lignite-derived material. The addition of methionine or benzyl methyl disulfide stimulated the production of methanethiol by slurries made with cyanobacterial mat material. Transformation of methionine appeared to be the direct result of microbial activity. However, the evolution of methanethiol from benzyl methyl disulfide appeared to be the indirect result of microbial activity, that is, the cleavage of the disulfide linkage may have resulted from the reduction by microbially produced hydrogen sulfide. Results indicated a transient interaction of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol with the coal material. In separate studies, sulfate-reducing bacteria were examined for the modification of water-soluble lignite-derived material. As expected, the sulfur content of the soluble material increased under conditions of sulfate respiration. However, when grown fermentatively without the production of sulfide, two of the nine cultures examined reduced the sulfur content of the soluble material. Most of the cells in all the cultures immediately lysed upon the addition of the soluble material. By 2 weeks, cell densities were greater in cultures amended with soluble coal material than in control cultures.     

微生物培养液脱H2S及副产物的性质

以氧化亚铁硫杆菌培养液和酸性Fe2（SO4）3溶液为吸收剂,采用优化的工艺条件进行了H2S的脱除实验,并对微生物培养液脱H2S后的副产物硫磺的相关性质进行了测定分析,以期为工业应用中硫磺回收工艺的设计提供参考。实验结果表明：采用微生物培养液脱H2S比单纯使用酸性Fe2（SO4）3溶液的效果好,反应进行45 min后,脱硫率仍可保持在90%以上;微生物培养液脱H2S后的副产物硫磺颗粒不溶于水,微溶于乙醇,完全溶于二硫化碳和四氯化碳,密度为1. 90 g·cm-3,熔点为121℃;该颗粒为不规则球形,在溶液中极易发生团聚现象,加入分散剂后测得平均粒径为5. 09 μm;该副产物硫磺具有亲水性,在工业应用上优于具有疏水性的升华硫和酸性Fe2（SO4）3溶液脱H2S产生的硫;该副产物硫颗粒在溶液中的沉降速度为0. 125×10-2 m·s-1。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱硫胎面胶粉/丁苯橡胶并用胶的性能研究

采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌对胎面胶粉(GTR)进行脱硫再生,将生物脱硫胎面胶粉(DGTR)与丁苯橡胶(SBR)共混制备DGTR/SBR并用胶,并对其性能进行研究。结果表明:从氧化亚铁硫杆菌与GTR共培养脱硫再生过程发现,氧化亚铁硫杆菌可以代谢硫化胶粉中的化合硫,脱硫后胶粉的溶胶质量分数增大;与GTR/SBR并用胶相比,DGTR/SBR并用胶的交联密度较小,物理性能显著提高;DGTR/SBR并用胶分子间的摩擦阻力减小,玻璃化温度降低;与GTR相比,DGTR与SBR的界面结合更好。     

Removal of sulfur from Assam coal by bacterial conditioning and froth flotation

Reduction of sulfur by bacterial leaching from a high sulfur‐bearing coal sample from Assam was attempted. Flotation of the sample with light diesel oil could not depress the pyrite and also the Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was found to be ineffective in leaching the sulfur from the flotation concentrate. Conditioning of the same coal sample with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was found to assist in selectively depressing the pyrite, thereby reducing nearly 60% of the pyritic sulfur present in the sample. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

粉煤灰灌浆材料防治煤矸石山自燃的探讨

煤矸石山自燃严重污染环境,危害矿区居民的身体健康。利用粉煤灰浆液进行注浆灭火,以废治废,既可取得较好的社会效益,又可以取得较大的经济效益。粉煤灰浆液呈弱碱性,可中和矸石山的酸性环境,抑制硫杆菌类细菌的生长,减慢黄铁矿的氧化速度,减慢煤矸石山的热量积聚,同时粉煤灰浆液结石后,可有效堵塞矸石山孔隙,减少矸石山内部空气的流通速度,从而阻止煤矸石山的自燃。     

煤的微生物预处理浮选脱硫技术研究现状

我国大气污染的主要污染物是烟尘(TSP)、SO2和NOx,其中以SO2对环境的污染最为严重。因此,发展洁净煤技术降低煤炭使用过程中对环境的污染迫在眉睫。分析了煤中硫的形态及存在方式,比较了煤的燃前脱硫、燃烧中固硫和燃烧后烟气脱硫技术,介绍了煤的微生物预处理浮选脱硫技术的原理,阐述了国内外对该技术的研究现状,指出了研究中存在对微生物在黄铁矿颗粒表面的吸附和改性机理研究不够深入、缺少工业应用等问题,指出广泛引入微生物学等其他学科理论及技术,积极推广工业应用。     

脱氮硫杆菌生长特性及其对碳钢SRB腐蚀的防护作用研究

将脱氮硫杆菌(TDN)作用于被硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)微生物腐蚀的碳钢,研究了SRB和TDN生长特性及最适生长条件.利用静态挂片法研究SRB在不同环境下的腐蚀行为,以及TDN的防护效果;并借助扫描电子显微镜、X-射线能谱仪等研究了腐蚀后钢片的形貌及腐蚀产物.结果表明,SRB和TDN生存条件相似并可共存于同一环境;SRB可加速对X70钢的腐蚀,若有TDN共存时腐蚀程度明显降低,且TDN可消耗SRB代谢的具有腐蚀性的硫化物从而减轻SRB对钢基体的腐蚀.     

180kt/a合成氨变换气脱硫改造运行总结

介绍变换气脱硫系统存在的问题,改造措施,主要设计参数及设备,改造后系统的运行情况.     

微生物法处理含硫工业废气

指出了含硫工业废气传统处理方法的缺陷 ,介绍了微生物处理方法的优势所在 ;对微生物菌种的共同特征以及无机硫和有机硫脱除时菌种的选择依据进行了讨论 ,并对微生物法脱硫的机理进行了分析 ;评述了国内外生物滤池法、生物滴滤池法和生物吸收法等生物膜法脱硫的工艺及其工业化应用。指出了微生物法脱硫技术有待深入研究的问题、发展趋势和应用前景。     

纳米SiO_2分散液表面改性玄武岩纤维载体的研究

针对玄武岩纤维作为生物接触氧化载体材料的性能需求,采用乙酸乙酯纳米Si O_2分散液对其进行表面改性。通过扫描电镜、红外光谱分析、比表面积分析进行表征,以实际挂载的微生物膜量以及COD和NH_3—N去除率来评价改性的效果。改性结果表明:玄武岩纤维表面粗糙度增加,比表面积增加,含氧官能团增加;与未经过改性的玄武岩纤维相比,每克玄武岩纤维实际挂载的微生物膜量增加了21.39%;处理过程中平均每个时间段内COD以及NH_3—N去除效率分别提高了8.1%和6.2%。