影响血清蛋白检测结果的放置时间分析及对策

目的评估血清标本在运行自动生化分析仪器中放置时间对血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)检测结果的影响。方法按放置时间2、4、6、8h,分4组,每组20份标本;对照管只测TP和ALB。结果血清标本在运行仪器中放置2、4h,TP和ALB与对照管比较无显著性变化;放置6、8h后,TP和ALB与对照管比较显著升高。结论标本在运行的分析仪器中的放置时间,属于分析前的影响因素必须引起观注,并提出相应的对策。     

MLnBO_4陶瓷中K_2NiF_4型层状钙钛矿结构的稳定性

通过固相反应法制备了MLnBO_4(M=Ba,Sr,Ca;Ln=La,Nd,Sm,Y;B=(Zn0.5Ti0.5),(Mg_(0.5)Ti_(0.5)))陶瓷粉末,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析其相组成,并结合文献中B位为Ga和Al时的结果,探讨了MLnBO_4中K_2NiF_4型层状钙钛矿结构的稳定性。当M~(2+)和B~(3+)固定时,K_2NiF_4型结构的稳定性随钙钛矿层许容因子t偏离1程度的增加而降低;但当M~(2+)或B~(3+)改变时,两者之间并无直接联系。而考虑M~(2+)、Ln~(3+)、B~(3+)离子半径的对比时,则发现K_2NiF_4型结构均出现在以r(M~(2+))/r(Ln~(3+))=1.1、r(Ln~(3+))/r(B~(3+))=2为中心的一定范围内。因此,用M~(2+)、Ln~(3+)、B~(3+)离子半径的对比衡量MLnBO_4中K_2NiF_4型层状钙钛矿结构的稳定性远较用钙钛矿层的许容因子更可靠,这对于相关材料的设计和开发具有重要意义。     

纳米零价铁液相还原制备及其对水中Pb~(2+)的去除作用

为研究液相还原法制备的纳米零价铁去除Pb~(2+)的机理,在液相还原法的基础上加入有机高分子材料,制备纳米零价铁;利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其进行表征;研究不同时间时离子初始浓度和溶液初始p H值对纳米零价铁去除Pb~(2+)的影响。结果表明:纳米零价铁对Pb~(2+)的去除在120 min内基本达到平衡,当Pb~(2+)初始浓度为50、100 mg/L、纳米零价铁添加量为1 g/L时,Pb~(2+)去除率达99%以上;p H值从2.0增大至3.0时,Pb~(2+)的去除率从41.47%增大至73.58%;p H值从3.0增大至4.0时,Pb~(2+)去除率从73.58%增大至92.62%;动力学拟合结果表明,纳米零价铁去除Pb~(2+)的过程符合准二级动力学模型;纳米零价铁去除Pb~(2+)的机制主要是氧化还原和共沉淀。     

ZnCl_2改性柠檬渣的吸附性能研究

研究了用10%的ZnCl_2化学改性柠檬渣的吸附性能,考察了改性前后柠檬渣对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的吸附率变化情况。测定了柠檬渣的灰分、碘吸附值、比表面积和孔结构;利用红外光谱、紫外光谱、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和能谱对柠檬渣的结构进行了表征。研究结果表明:改性后的柠檬渣对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的吸附率分别提高约10、2和1.2倍;改性后柠檬渣的孔容、孔径、灰分率和碘吸附值变化不大,比表面积增大了近3倍;改性并未改变柠檬渣的基本框架,改性后的柠檬渣在近紫外区有最大吸收波长;Cl~-能分别被Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)完全取代,但形成的EDS峰不高。     

V~(3+)离子在LiAlO_2晶体中光谱特性的理论研究

把LiAlO_2晶体中掺杂V~(3+)离子后的晶体结构近似成C_(2v)对称;利用晶体场理论计算LiAlO_2:V~(3+)晶体的详细能级,而且能级值与实验值吻合很好,从而说明掺杂V~(3+)离子后的晶体结构对称性降低。     

Ba2+共掺杂YPO4∶Tb3+荧光材料的水热合成与荧光性能

采用水热法合成Ba~(2+)共掺杂YPO4∶Tb~(3+)荧光材料,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和荧光分光光度计等研究了合成样品的物相组成和荧光性能,并分析了Ba~(2+)掺杂量和反应体系pH值等对合成样品的物相结构及荧光性能的影响。结果表明,反应体系pH值和Ba~(2+)掺杂量直接影响所制备样品的结构与性能。少量Ba~(2+)(≤10%,原子分数,下同)共掺杂YPO4∶1%Tb~(3+)样品均为纯相四方晶系磷钇矿结构晶体,过量Ba~(2+)掺杂导致Ba_3(PO_4)_2杂质相的出现;pH值为6的水热环境下可获得高结晶度的单一相Ba~(2+)、Tb~(3+)共掺杂YPO4样品。激发和发射光谱测试结果表明,所制备的YPO4∶1%Tb~(3+),x%Ba~(2+)样品可被225nm的紫外光有效地激发而发射出强烈的Tb~(3+)特征的黄绿色光。一定量的Ba~(2+)共掺杂可以有效地提高YPO4∶1%Tb~(3+)样品的荧光性能,但过量(高于10%)的Ba~(2+)掺杂又会导致Tb~(3+)的荧光猝灭现象出现,最佳的Ba~(2+)共掺杂量为10%。所制备的YPO4∶1%Tb~(3+),10%Ba~(2+)样品在225nm紫外光激发下位于545nm处的发射带强度是YPO4∶1%Tb~(3+)样品的1.8倍。     

Cr~(3+)掺杂TiO_2粉体的化学沉淀法制备条件优化

采用化学沉淀法制备Cr~(3+)掺杂TiO_2粉体,通过正交实验优化制备工艺,采用XRD、XPS和UV-Vis对TiO_2粉体的结构、表面状态和光吸收性能等进行了表征。结果表明,Cr~(3+)掺杂量对TiO_2粉体光吸收性能影响最为显著,随着Cr~(3+)掺杂量的增加,TiO_2的光吸收能力增强,禁带宽度减小;Cr~(3+)掺杂能部分取代Ti~(4+),促进锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,同时导致TiO_2表面吸附一定数量的羟基。最优的制备条件为Cr~(3+)掺杂量1.0%(摩尔分数),煅烧温度500℃,反应温度为70℃,反应液pH值为10.0,此条件下获得的TiO_2粉体可见光性能最优。     

钙系磷酸盐化学键合材料的制备及其固化重金属研究

利用富含氧化钙的铬铁渣(FS)和磷酸二氢钾(P)反应制备钙系磷酸盐化学键合材料,并用其作为固化重金属离子(Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+))基体材料。研究了原料配比、缓凝剂及重金属掺量对胶凝材料初凝时间和抗压强度的影响。结果表明:当P/FS(质量比,下同)为1/4及硼砂掺量为2%时,材料性能最好,自然养护28d和常压蒸汽养护24h抗压强度分别可达25.65 MPa和36.86 MPa。随着重金属掺量的增加,材料抗压强度逐渐降低,掺量为3%时,自然养护28d和蒸汽养护24h试块抗压强度均大于10 MPa,满足建筑材料要求。固化体重金属毒性浸出试验表明:磷酸盐化学键合材料对重金属离子(Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+))均具有很好的固化效果,浸出浓度远低于相应的鉴别标准。通过XRD、SEM和FTIR分析,钙系磷酸盐化学键合材料固化重金属的机理是通过水化产物的化学键合、吸附以及物理包裹作用将Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)固化在材料中。     

HCG注射日血清雌孕激素对试管婴儿妊娠结局的影响

探究体外受精—胚胎移植/单精子卵泡浆内注射-胚胎移植(IVF/ICSI)患者注射人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)日血清雌孕激素水平对妊娠结局的影响。回顾分析武汉大学人民医院生殖医学中心2011年9月—2012年9月符合相关条件行IVF的新鲜周期患者1 270例,按血清孕酮值将其分为两组进行比较,低孕酮组HCG日血清孕酮值2.0 pg/mL,高孕酮组HCG日血清孕酮值≥2.0 pg/mL;再按照孕酮与雌二醇比值(P/E2)分为两组,以0.6作为P/E2切点。比较两组间的女方年龄、不孕年限、基础卵泡刺激素(FSH)值、促性腺激素(Gn)天数、Gn用量、获卵数、MII卵数、受精数、卵裂数、优胚数、移植数、E2值、临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率。高孕酮组Gn天数、Gn用量、获卵数、MII数、卵裂数、E2值增加,但临床妊娠率、胚胎着床率减少;高P/E2比值组女方年龄、基础FSH、Gn天数、Gn用量、获卵数、受精数、优胚数、P值均增加,妊娠结局无明显差异。HCG注射日血清孕酮水平过高会降低临床妊娠率及胚胎着床率。     

NaOH/KOH改性柠檬渣吸附Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的研究

为了研究柠檬渣化学改性后的吸附性能,分别利用10%的KOH和NaOH对其进行改性。测量了改性前后柠檬渣对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cr~(6+)的吸附率,并测定了柠檬渣的灰分、碘吸附值、比表面积和孔结构(BET);利用差热分析(TG-DTA)、红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)对柠檬渣进行表征。改性后的柠檬渣对Pb~(2+)的吸附率增加近2倍,对Cr~(6+)的吸附率减小了近10倍左右,对Cu~(2+)吸附的影响不大;活化后的柠檬渣孔容分别增大3倍和4倍;柠檬渣在活化前后的孔径都为中孔;活化后的柠檬渣的比表面积、灰分和碘吸附值增幅较大。活化后的柠檬渣表面变得有些疏松,比表面积增加都超过了2倍,灰分率分别增加了近2倍和1.5倍左右,而碘吸附值分别增加了近3.5倍和2.5倍左右。柠檬渣为非晶型结构,改性前后并没改变柠檬渣的基本框架。活化和吸附Pb~(2+)样品的吸热峰和放热峰所对应的温度均不相同。     

Conjugated polyelectrolyte-based real-time fluorescence assay for alkaline phosphatase with pyrophosphate as substrate

The fluorescence of the anionic, carboxylate-substituted poly(phenylene ethynylene) polymer PPECO2 is quenched very efficiently via the addition of 1 equiv of Cu(2+). Addition of pyrophosphate (PPi) into the weakly fluorescent solution of PPECO2 and Cu(2+) induces recovery of the polymer's fluorescence; the recovery occurs because PPi complexes with Cu(2+), effectively sequestering the ion so it cannot bind to the carboxylate groups of the polymer. A calibration curve was developed that relates the extent of fluorescence recovery to [PPi], making the PPECO2-Cu(2+) system a sensitive and selective turn-on sensor for PPi. Using the PPECO2-Cu(2+) system as the signal transducer, a real-time fluorescence turn-off assay for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) using PPi as the substrate is developed. The assay operates with [PPi] in the micromolar range, and it offers a straightforward and rapid detection of ALP activity with the enzyme present in the nanomolar concentration range, operating either in an end point or real-time format. Kinetic and product inhibition parameters are derived by converting time-dependent fluorescence intensity into PPi (substrate) concentration, thus allowing calculation of the initial reaction rates (v(o)). Weak, nonspecific fluorescence responses are observed concomitant to addition of other proteins to the assay solution; however, the signal response to ALP is demonstrated to arise from the ALP catalyzed hydrolysis of PPi to phosphate (Pi).     

Comparison of pregnant and non-pregnant occupant crash and injury characteristics based on national crash data

The objective of this study was to provide specific characteristics of injuries and crash characteristics for pregnant occupants from the National Automotive Sampling System/Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) database for pregnant women as a group, broken down by trimester, and compared to non-pregnant women. Using all NASS/CDS cases collected between the years 2000 and 2012 with at least one pregnant occupant, the entire pregnant data set included 321,820 vehicles, 324,535 occupants, and 640,804 injuries. The pregnant occupant data were compared to the characteristics of NASS/CDS cases for 14,719,533 non-pregnant females 13–44 years old in vehicle crashes from 2000 to 2012. Sixty five percent of pregnant women were located in the front left seat position and roughly the same percentage of pregnant women was wearing a lap and shoulder belt. The average change in velocity was 11.6 mph for pregnant women and over 50% of crashes for pregnant women were frontal collisions. From these collisions, less than seven percent of pregnant women sustained MAIS 2+ injuries. Minor differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant occupants were identified in the body region and source of injuries sustained. However, the data indicated no large differences in injury or crash characteristics based on trimester of pregnancy. Moreover, the risk of an MAIS 2+ level injury for pregnant occupants is similar to the risk of injury for non-pregnant occupants based on the total vehicle change in velocity. Overall this study provides useful data for researchers to focus future efforts in pregnant occupant research. Additionally, this study reinforces that more detailed and complete data on pregnant crashes needs to be collected to understand the risk for pregnant occupants.     

Immobilization of a bone and cartilage stimulating peptide to a synthetic bone graft

A synthetic peptide fragment of human collagen type I (BCSP™-1) was linked to the surface of a commercially available ceramic in an effort to improve the properties of the bone graft substitute to accelerate local healing. BCSP™-1 was covalently immobilized on the surface of the ceramic via the linkers 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and suberic acid bis-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (DSS). The chosen chemistry was non-cytotoxic. A rat calvaria cell assay using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as an osteoblast differentiation marker, showed that modifying the surface of the ceramic was enough to enhance ALP activity, although the total cell population on the surface decreased. A significant increase in ALP activity/cell was noted with serum albumin bound to the surface, however, the BCSP™-1 bound surface exhibited an even greater ALP activity that showed a surface concentration dependent trend. An optimal BCSP™-1 surface density in the range of 0.87–2.24 nmol/cm² elicited the maximum ALP activity/cell at day 6 of culture. The peptide bound ceramic generated an ALP activity/cell that was roughly 3-fold higher than the non-modified ceramic and 2-fold higher than the APTES-grafted ceramic.     

Heavy metals binding properties of esterified lemon

Sorption of Cd(2+), Cr(3+), Cu(2+), Ni(2+), Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) onto a carboxyl groups-rich material prepared from lemon was investigated in batch systems. The results revealed that the sorption is highly pH dependent. Sorption kinetic data indicated that the equilibrium was achieved in the range of 30-240 min for different metal ions and sorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model for all metals studied. Relative sorption rate of various metal cations was found to be in the general order of Ni(2+)>Cd(2+)>Cu(2+)>Pb(2+)>Zn(2+)>Cr(3+). The binding characteristics of the sorbent for heavy metal ions were analyzed under various conditions and isotherm data was accurately fitted to the Langmuir equation. The metal binding capacity order calculated from Langmuir isotherm was Pb(2+)>Cu(2+)>Ni(2+)>Cd(2+)>Zn(2+)>Cr(3+). The mean free energy of metal sorption process calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich parameter and the Polanyi potential was found to be in the range of 8-11 kJ mol(-1) for the metals studied showing that the main mechanism governing the sorption process seems to be ion exchange. The basic thermodynamic parameters of metals ion sorption process were calculated by using the Langmuir constants obtained from equilibration study. The DeltaG degrees and DeltaH degrees values for metals ion sorption on the lemon sorbent showed the process to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Relatively low DeltaH degrees values revealed that physical adsorption significantly contributed to the mechanism.     

Adsorption characteristics of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) ions from simulated radioactive solutions onto chitosan/clinoptilolite sorbents

Adsorption features of UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) ions from simulated radioactive solutions onto a novel chitosan/clinoptilolite (CS/CPL) composite as beads have been investigated compared with chitosan cross-linked with epichlorohydrin. The effects of contact time, the initial metal ion concentration, sorbent mass and temperature on the adsorption capacity of the CS-based sorbents were investigated. The adsorption kinetics was well described by the pseudo-second order equation, and the adsorption isotherms were better fitted by the Sips model. The maximum experimental adsorption capacities were 328.32 mg Th(4+)/g composite, and 408.62 mg UO(2)(2+)/g composite. The overall adsorption tendency of CS/CPL composite toward UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) radiocations in the presence of Cu(2+), Fe(2+) and Al(3+), under competitive conditions, followed the order: Cu(2+)>UO(2)(2+)>Fe(2+)>Al(3+), and Cu(2+)>Th(4+)>Fe(2+)>Al(3+), respectively. The negative values of Gibbs free energy of adsorption indicated the spontaneity of the adsorption of radioactive ions on both the CS/CPL composite and the cross-linked CS. The desorption level of UO(2)(2+) from the composite CS/CPL, by using 0.1M Na(2)CO(3), was around 92%, and that of Th(4+) ions, performed by 0.1M HCl, was around 85%, both values being higher than the desorption level of radiocations from the cross-linked CS, which were 89% and 83%, respectively.     

Pregnant driver-associated motor vehicle crashes in North Carolina, 2001–2008

Background

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of maternal injury-related mortality during pregnancy in the United States, yet pregnant women remain an understudied population in motor vehicle safety research.

Methods

We estimated the risk of being a pregnant driver in a crash among 878,546 pregnant women, 16–46 years, who reached the 20th week of pregnancy in North Carolina (NC) from 2001 to 2008. We also examined the circumstances surrounding the crash events. Pregnant drivers in crashes were identified by probabilistic linkage of live birth and fetal death records and state motor vehicle crash reports.

Results

During the 8-year study period, the estimated risk of being a driver in a crash was 12.6 per 1000 pregnant women. Pregnant women at highest risk of being drivers in serious crashes were 18–24 years old (4.5 per 1000; 95% confidence interval, CI,4.3, 4.7), non-Hispanic black (4.8 per 1000; 95% CI = 4.5, 5.1), had high school diplomas only (4.5 per 1000; 95% CI = 4.2, 4.7) or some college (4.1 per 1000; 95% CI = 3.9, 4.4), were unmarried (4.7 per 1000; 95% CI = 4.4, 4.9), or tobacco users (4.5 per 1000; 95% CI = 4.1, 5.0). A high proportion of crashes occurred between 20 and 27 weeks of pregnancy (45%) and a lower proportion of crashes involved unbelted pregnant drivers (1%) or airbag deployment (10%). Forty percent of crashes resulted in driver injuries.

Conclusions

NC has a relatively high pregnant driver crash risk among the four U.S. states that have linked vital records and crash reports to examine pregnancy-associated crashes. Crash risks were especially elevated among pregnant women who were young, non-Hispanic black, unmarried, or used tobacco. Additional research is needed to quantify pregnant women's driving frequency and patterns.     

孕11-13+6周产前筛查胎儿严重结构畸形的临床意义

目的:探讨孕11-13⁺⁶周产前筛查胎儿严重结构畸形的临床意义。方法:选取我院2019年1月-2020年1月收治的200例行孕11-13⁺⁶周产前筛查的孕妇作为研究对象,通过产前筛查,探究其临床意义。结果:200例孕妇中,通过孕11-13⁺⁶周产前筛查,共筛查出2例腹裂,占比1.0%;2例露脑、无脑,占比1.0%;3例肢体异常,占比1.5%;2例全前脑,占比1.0%;2例联体双胎,占比1.0%;1例单腔心,占比0.5%,其筛查准确率为92.30%(12/13)。200例孕妇中,共有187例孕妇属于正常健康胎儿,其中13例胎儿存在严重结构异常;13例胎儿均行引产,其中有2例腹裂,占比1.0%;2例露脑、无脑,占比1.0%;3例肢体异常,占比1.5%;2例全前脑,占比1.0%;2例联体双胎,占比1.0%;1例单腔心,占比0.5%,1例开放性脊柱裂,占比0.5%。结论:孕妇孕11-13⁺⁶周产前行筛查胎儿,可以及时发现胎儿严重结构畸形,不仅能够提供重要的遗传学信息,还能尽早采取补救措施,提升优生优育率,减轻孕妇的痛苦和社会压力。     

Pregnant women in vehicles: Driving habits,position and risk of injury

This study proposed to broadly examine vehicle use by pregnant women in order to improve realism of accident simulations involving these particular occupants. Three research pathways were developed: the first consisted in a questionnaire survey examining the driving habits of 135 pregnant women, the second obtained measurements of 15 pregnant women driving position in their own vehicle from the 6th to the 9th month of pregnancy by measuring distances between body parts and vehicle parts, and the third examined car accidents involving pregnant occupants. Results obtained indicate that between 90% and 100% of pregnant women wore their seat belts whatever their stage of pregnancy, although nearly one third of subjects considered the seat belt was dangerous for their unborn child. The measurements obtained also showed that the position of the pregnant woman in her vehicle, in relation to the various elements of the passenger compartment, changed significantly during pregnancy. In the studied accidents, no correlation was found between the conditions of the accident and the resulting fetal injury. Results reveal that pregnant women do not modify significantly the seat setting as a function of pregnancy stage. Only the distance between maternal abdomen and steering wheel change significantly, from 16 cm to 12 cm at 6 and 9 month respectively. Pregnant women are mainly drivers before 8 months of pregnancy, passengers after that. Car use frequency falls down rapidly from 6 to 9 months of pregnancy. Real crashes investigations indicate a low rate of casualties, i.e. 342 car accidents involving pregnant women for a period of 9 years in an approximately 1.7 million inhabitants area. No specific injury was found as a function of stage of pregnancy.     

Adsorptive features of polyacrylamide-apatite composite for Pb2+, UO(2)2+ and Th4+

Micro-composite of polyacrylamide (PAA) and apatite (Apt) was prepared by direct polymerization of acrylamide in a suspension of Apt and characterized by means of FT-IR, XRD, SEM and BET analysis. The adsorptive features of PAA-Apt and Apt were then investigated for Pb(2+), UO(2)(2+) and Th(4+) in view of dependency on ion concentration, temperature, kinetics, ion selectivity and reusability. Experimentally obtained isotherms were evaluated with reference to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) models. Apt in PAA-Apt had higher adsorption capacity (0.81, 1.27 and 0.69 mol kg(-1)) than bare Apt (0.28, 0.41 and 1.33 mol kg(-1)) for Pb(2+) and Th(4+), but not for UO(2)(2+). The affinity to PAA-Apt increased for Pb(2+) and UO(2)(2+) but not changed for Th(4+). The values of enthalpy and entropy changed were positive for all ions for both Apt and PAA-Apt. Free enthalpy change was DeltaG<0. Well compatibility of adsorption kinetics to the pseudo-second-order model predicated that the rate-controlling step was a chemical sorption. This was consistent with the free energy values derived from DR model. The reusability tests for Pb(2+) for five uses proved that the composite was reusable to provide a mean adsorption of 53.2+/-0.7% from 4x10(-3)M Pb(2+) solution and complete recovery of the adsorbed ion was possible (98+/-1%). The results of this investigation suggested that the use of Apt in the micro-composite form with PAA significantly enhanced the adsorptive features of Apt.     

Alkaline Phosphatase-Responsive Anodic Electrochemiluminescence of CdSe Nanoparticles

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) catalyzes the hydrolysis and transphosphorylation of a wide variety of phosphoric acid monoesters and plays an important role in clinical diagnosis. In this work, an ALP-responsive anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system based on coreaction of CdSe nanoparticles (NPs) and triethylamine has been designed for facile detection of ALP. The substrate of ALP, i.e., phenyl phosphate salt, shows no effect on the ECL emission whereas its catalytic product of phenol may induce ECL inhibition. For the buffer containing phenyl phosphate, the ECL emission is found to decline in the presence of ALP with different incubation time. The mechanism investigations indicate that the deposition of the electropolymerized phenol products may compete with the electrophoretic-driven adsorption of CdSe NPs on glassy carbon electrode and induce the ECL inhibition, which can be demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and anodic stripping voltammetry. Therefore, an inhibition type strategy has been developed to sensitively detect ALP ranging from 0.5 to 6.4 nM (activity ca. 2-25 U/L), with a detection limit of 0.5 nM. The potential interference from the common proteins is negligible. The recovery of ALP in diluted serum samples ranges from 91 to 114%, implicating its potential applications in the complex biological matrixes.