Changes in the benthic communities of Muskegon Lake,a Great Lakes Area of Concern

Sediment contamination resulting from the direct discharge of industrial and municipal wastes contributed to the designation of Muskegon Lake (Michigan) as a Great Lakes Area of Concern. To assess the changes occurring in the sedient-dwelling invertebrate communities since wastewater diversion began in 1973, benthic samples were collected three times per year (spring, summer, fall) between 2004 and 2010 from six sites and compared to historic samples. The density and diversity of invertebrate populations were analyzed to: 1) identify spatial and temporal patterns in the community structure; 2) determine if community structure patterns were related to environmental variables; and 3) assess the recovery of Muskegon Lake's benthic community following wastewater diversion. Our results revealed that invertebrate community structure changed on both annual and spatial scales, while seasonal differences were shown to be modest between 2004 and 2010. The environmental variables with the greatest explanatory power included dissolved oxygen, pH, and depth. Overall, recovery of benthic invertebrate community structure was evident based on multiple lines of evidence, including increased densities of all major taxonomic groups and species diversity since wastewater diversion, decreases in both the oligochaete–chironomid ratio (0.92 in 1972; 0.69 in 2010) and the proportion of oligochaetes, and declining sediment metal concentration over time. However, comparisons of present-day and historic sampling sites must be viewed with caution because sampling locations and protocols varied among years. Significant changes in benthic invertebrate composition and water quality metrics since 1972 suggest improved environmental conditions and the continued recovery of Muskegon Lake from historic pollution.     

Spatial variability of thermal regimes and other environmental determinants of stream fish communities in the Great Lakes Basin,Ontario, Canada

Temperature is one of the most important environmental variables in stream ecosystems because it affects the growth, survival and distribution of stream biota. This study examined if the spatial variability of thermal regimes and 18 other environmental variables were associated with fish communities in watersheds throughout the Great Lakes Basin (GLB), Ontario. The thermal regimes were defined as regimes 1, 2 and 3 and had maximum water temperatures of 26.4, 28.4 and 23.5°C, and spring warming rates of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.10 °C d^?1, respectively. The spatial variability of the thermal regimes (VTR) within the watersheds was summarized into four VTR groups: S1, S2, M23 and M123. Stream sites in S1 watersheds had temperatures characteristic of regime 1 whereas stream sites in S2 watersheds followed regime 2. M23 watersheds had sites with a mix of regimes 2 and 3 whereas M123 watersheds had all three thermal regimes at sites throughout watersheds. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that 16% of the variation in fish communities was related to the spatial VTR in the watersheds. Forward selection CCA indicated that elevation, the S1 VTR group, sparse forest cover, wetland area, base flow index (groundwater discharge potential), flow and industrial stress explained 42% of the variance in the fish communities. Simplified indicator species analysis (ISA) showed that different species could be used as indicators for each of the VTR groups. Human activities such as industrial development, deforestation, groundwater withdrawal and flow alteration all may affect the environmental variables related to stream fish communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Invertebrate drift patterns in a regulated river: dams,periphyton biomass or longitudinal patterns?

Macroinvertebrate drift was sampled at 15 sites along the Tongariro River, New Zealand above and below two hydroelectric dams. Sixty‐seven invertebrate taxa were collected in the drift. Trichoptera (31) were the most diverse, followed by Diptera (13), Ephemeroptera (8) and Plecoptera (8). However, chironomidae were the numerically dominant taxa in the drift throughout the river and represented over 80% of all animals collected. Of these, Orthocladiinae and Diamesinae were the most abundant. Taxonomic richness declined with distance downstream and peaked at sites with intermediate levels of periphyton biomass. The per cent of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) was 3–4 times higher in the unregulated section of the river and declined exponentially with both distance downstream and increase in periphyton biomass, but densities were similar along the river. Of the measured environmental variables periphyton biomass was most closely linked with drift community structure. Periphyton biomass was six times higher in the lower section of the river than the upper unregulated section. The autocorrelation between periphyton biomass and distance downstream complicates the interpretation of results. However, because of the distinct differences between above and below dam sections of river in periphyton biomass and the strong link between it and invertebrate drift we suggest that the alteration of flow patterns by the hydroelectric dams and the associated shift in periphyton biomass is the most likely explanation for invertebrate drift patterns in the river. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Associations between the plant communities of floodplain wetlands,water regime and wetland type

Understanding how floodplain wetland vegetation is influenced by water regimes can inform the management of regulated river systems by targeting appropriate environmental water allocations. In this study, we examined plant community structure in 21 floodplain wetlands adjacent to the Murray River between Hume Reservoir and Tocumwal, south‐eastern Australia. Correlations between the water regime of the previous 25 years, and wetland type were investigated. We found the structure of plant communities, as assessed by the richness and percentage cover of plants, to be related to water regime, with clear differences between the communities of wetlands with historical ‘Wet’, ‘Dry’ and ‘Intermediate’ water regimes. Plant community structure was also related to wetland type, with differences being found between the communities of floodplain depressions, flood‐runners and cut‐off meanders. Managers of riverine/floodplain ecosystems need to consider both wetland type and water regime when planning strategies for the restoration or conservation of floodplain wetland vegetation in regulated river systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of plant community composition and exposure to wave action on invertebrate habitat use of Lake Huron coastal wetlands

Invertebrate communities from different coastal marsh‐plant communities were compared along wave‐exposure gradients using data from 1994, 1998 and 1999. Data were subjected to correspondence analyses to search for patterns in invertebrate communities in relation to plant‐community structure and wave exposure. In 1994, quantitative plant‐ and sediment‐invertebrate samples were taken from nine habitats: four from inland, subsurface‐connected marshes and five from littoral, emergent marshes. In 1998, sweep‐net samples were taken from 13 plant communities: six on the exposed and seven on the protected side of an island. In 1999, 2–3 plant communities/sites were sampled with sweep nets from four sites around the Bay so that intersite differences between inner, less‐exposed and outer, more‐exposed habitats could be examined. In all three studies, correspondence analyses separated inland, protected or inner sites from littoral, exposed or outer sites, suggesting differences in invertebrate‐community structure. For example, Hydracarina and Asellidae occurred in large numbers in inland sites, but were less common or absent from exposed, littoral sites. Littoral marshes also separated along an exposure gradient with Tanytarsini and Orthocladiinae collectors of organic particles occurring in very high numbers in outer, exposed areas where organic particles from the pelagic zone entered the marsh. Certain plant‐community types clustered together (e.g. wet meadow and Scirpus) while others, such as Typha, stands clustered according to exposure to waves suggesting the importance of both plant‐community structure and wave exposure in determining invertebrate‐community structure. We present a conceptual model that suggests that invertebrates in Great Lakes' marshes are distributed along gradients of decreased mixing of pelagic water and increases in sediment organic matter from outer to inner marsh and between littoral and adjacent inland marshes. Some invertebrates do best on one end of these gradients, while the majority are generalists found across habitat types.     

Growth,Condition and Survival of Three Forage Fish Species Exposed to Two Different Experimental Hydropeaking Regimes in a Regulated River

Hydroelectric dam operation can alter discharge and temperature patterns, impacting fish populations downstream. Previous investigations into the effects of river regulation on fish have focused on a single species within a river, yet different results among studies suggest the potential for species‐specific impacts. Here, we compare the impacts of two different hydropeaking regimes relative to a naturally flowing river on three ecologically important members of the forage fish community: longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) and trout‐perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus). Annual growth, estimated from otolith back‐calculations, was higher for each of the species in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river but did not differ between hydropeaking regimes. Condition was assessed using weight–length relationships and differed between rivers for each species, and between hydropeaking regimes for longnose dace and slimy sculpin. Survival of longnose dace and slimy sculpin was lower in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river, but comparable between rivers for trout‐perch. Annual growth was significantly related to mean summer discharge in the regulated river and to mean summer water temperature in the naturally flowing river for each species, and significantly different slopes among species indicate species‐specific responses to discharge and temperature alterations. This study demonstrates different biological responses among fish species within rivers to regulation in general, as well as to specific hydropeaking regimes. Future studies should focus on multiple species and multiple indicators of fish health to more fully characterize the impacts of river regulation on downstream fish communities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatial variation in zooplankton community structure is related to hydrologic flow units in the Missouri river,USA

Zooplankton are a vital link in the food webs of large rivers, and their communities are shaped by both local environmental features and advection. In the Missouri River, flow characteristics naturally change along its length, but human modifications to facilitate commercial transport have altered natural flow in many sections of the river. We evaluated the effect of flow on zooplankton community structure at multiple spatial scales, and used multivariate analyses to evaluate the relative importance of flow and local abiotic environment on these communities. During July–September 2005, zooplankton samples and physico‐chemical measures were collected from the Missouri River main channel at 78 sites over a 2831 km range (Montana to Missouri). We identified a total of 30 cladoceran species, 22 copepod species and 27 rotifer genera, and we detected highly significant differences in zooplankton community structure among hydrologically distinct flow units and larger spatial zones. At the local scale, crustacean zooplankton and rotifers responded differently in the analyses. For copepods and cladocerans, distance from the nearest upstream reservoir explained more of the overall community pattern of the river than any other combination of environmental factors, reflecting the influence of dams on the zooplankton community of the Missouri River. For rotifers, a combination of flow characteristics due to impoundment and channelization and local environment (temperature) was important. Our study indicates that, because of the overwhelming effect of flow on zooplankton communities, hydrology must first be taken into account before zooplankton can be used as bioindicators of other environmental stresses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physical habitat structure in Danish lowland streams

Dredging or channelization has physically modified the majority (90%) of the 64 000 km of Danish stream network with substantial habitat degradation as a result. Analyses of physical habitat structure in streams, biota, catchment features and regional differences in hydrology, topography and geology have never been carried out in Denmark. Therefore, there is little knowledge of processes, interactions and patterns across the different scales. Physical habitats, catchment parameters and macroinvertebrates were sampled at 39 sites in three major river systems during summer and winter 1993. In‐stream physical conditions and catchment attributes affect the physical habitat structure in Danish lowland streams. Local differences in hydrology, land use, catchment topography and soil types correlated to the in‐stream physical habitat parameters. Local differences in hydrology and topography resulted in a separation of the Suså streams with respect to physical habitats. Mud deposition was pronounced at sites with low discharge and low near‐bed current velocity. Low mud cover was primarily associated with streams with high discharge located in pristine catchments. Stability in the streams was therefore closely linked to in‐stream deposition of fine sediment. Generally, macroinvertebrate community diversity increased as discharge increased. Mud cover negatively affected macroinvertebrate diversity and EPT taxon richness. Regional physical habitat structure and macroinvertebrate community structure were primarily associated with local variations in hydrology, geology and topography. Low‐energy streams were primarily located in the Suså river system and the high‐energy streams in the Gudenå and Storå river systems, leading to extensive deposition of mud during summer. Streams in the Suså river system generally had lower diversity and species richness compared to the streams in the Gudenå and Storå river systems. Hydraulic conditions and substratum dynamics in streams are important when managing lowland streams. This study therefore analysed interactions and parameter correlations between physical habitats, stream stability and catchment attributes as well as macroinvertebrate community structure across multiple scales. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long‐term changes in macroinvertebrate communities of a heavy metal polluted stream: the river Nent (Cumbria,UK) after 28 years

The macroinvertebrate fauna of the river Nent, a heavy metal polluted upland stream in northern England, first surveyed in 1976, was re‐examined in 2004 to assess long‐term changes in relation to activities in the catchment which have included, a river restoration project, works associated with the development of a mine heritage site and the removal of a chicken farm and more effective organic pollution control measures. The degree of change between years in total abundance, numbers of taxa and community composition varied considerably between sites. Two tributary sites showed marked changes between years due to a reduction in acidity in one and changed substratum in the other but in the main river no significant difference in total taxa and total abundance was observed between years, although seasonal differences were significant. Multivariate community analyses grouped 1976 samples with those taken in 2004 but revealed a clear separation between upper and lower Nent sites. This observed difference may be related to increased algal cover in the lower sites in conjunction with geomorphological features of the lower Nent. Environmental assessment methodology River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS) identified ‘sensitive’ faunal groups and indicated that the extensive impact of zinc pollution in the main river has remained practically the same between 1976 and 2004. This persistence of community structure despite the heavily disturbed nature of the river is attributed to relative constancy in instream habitat conditions. The recent activities in the catchment have had little effect on the overall controllers of faunal communities in this system, zinc concentrations and geomorphological characteristics of the stream. However, further disturbances involving movement of spoil heaps and channel alterations in the upper catchment may increase both sediment and heavy metal loadings to the river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of habitat heterogeneity and bed surface complexity on benthic invertebrate diversity in a gravel‐bed river

Maintaining or restoring physical habitat diversity is a central tenet of sustainable river management, yet a link between habitat and ecological diversity in fluvial systems has long remained equivocal. The lack of consistent evidence partly reflects the problems of characterizing habitat in ways that are ecologically meaningful. This paper assesses the influence of habitat heterogeneity and complexity on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a mountain gravel‐bed river. With the use of 0.1‐m resolution data obtained from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, heterogeneity and complexity in hydraulic conditions and bed topography were characterized using 13 metrics applied to 30 areas, each 1 m², with an invertebrate sample collected from each area. Turnover of invertebrate taxa (i.e., β‐diversity) between sampled areas was rather limited, but observed differences in diversity were related significantly to several metrics of habitat heterogeneity. Invertebrate abundance was related to habitat diversity, patch size coefficient of variation, and patch size, whereas the Shannon diversity was related to the number of patches and patch size. None of the habitat complexity metrics accounted for a significant amount of observed variation in invertebrate communities between sampled areas. The paper demonstrates that high‐resolution data can help reveal relationships between habitat and benthic invertebrate diversity.     

A preliminary assessment of the effects of a small south african inter-basin water transfer on discharge and invertebrate community structure

This preliminary study (March–October, 1994) describes the effects of an inter-basin water transfer (IBT) on discharge and benthic macro-invertebrate community structure. The IBT from Theewaterskloof, an impoundment on the Riviersonderend system, to the Berg River in the Western Cape, South Africa is part of the water supply system for Greater Cape Town. Transfers occur during summer for irrigation and rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) farming in the Berg catchment and lead to greatly elevated summer discharges in the recipient river: 4500% in late summer (March) and 830% in autumn (May). During winter and spring, when the transfer ceases, discharges revert to normal winter volumes below the outlet. A decrease in taxon richness of the invertebrate communities was observed below the transfer outlet, compared to the river above the transfer. Sensitive families such as the heptageniid Ephemeroptera and leptocerid Trichoptera were not recorded below the outlet during transfer months (March and May). On the other hand, collector-predators such as the hydropsychid trichopterans showed large increases in numbers during the same transfer months, when compared against above-outlet samples: 240 and 80 individuals m⁻², in March and May, from above the IBT, versus 46 994 and 5600 individuals m⁻² below the IBT. This change was probably due to the introduction of live zooplankton to the receiving river from the source reservoir. Dendrograms and MDS-ordination diagrams showed that, in summer, invertebrate communities sampled at the two sites above and below the IBT were between 52 and 56% similar, while in winter and spring, in the absence of water releases similarities were higher (>70%) in July and October. There were also seasonal differences between invertebrate communities sampled in different months, but, during water release months, MDS-ordination diagrams showed clear grouping of communities according to position above or below the IBT, rather than month. Results to hand indicate a ‘reset’ of the entire benthic invertebrate community during winter and spring when no transfers occur. Of concern is the potential for the transfer of cyanophyte blooms (commonly of the genus Anabaena) from the source reservoir to the Berg River: transfers of non-toxic, malodorous geosmin, a cyanophyte exudate which has affected the flesh of rainbow trout farmed in the Berg catchment, have already been reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How freshwater biomonitoring tools vary sub‐seasonally reflects temporary river flow regimes

Characterizing temporary river ecosystem responses to flow regimes is vital for conserving their biodiversity and the services they provide to society. However, freshwater biomonitoring tools rarely reflect community responses to hydrological variations or flow cessation events, and those available have not been widely tested within temporary rivers. This study examines two invertebrate biomonitoring tools characterizing community responses to different flow‐related properties: the “Drought Effect of Habitat Loss on Invertebrates” (DEHLI) and “Lotic‐invertebrate Index for Flow Evaluation” (LIFE), which, respectively reflect community responses to habitat and hydraulic properties associated with changing flow conditions. Sub‐seasonal (monthly) variations of LIFE and DEHLI were explored within two groundwater‐fed intermittent rivers, one dries sporadically (a flashy, karstic hydrology—River Lathkill) and the other dries seasonally (a highly buffered flow regime—South Winterbourne). Biomonitoring tools were highly sensitive to channel drying and also responded to reduced discharges in permanently flowing reaches. Biomonitoring tools captured ecological recovery patterns in the Lathkill following a supra‐seasonal drought. Some unexpected results were observed in the South Winterbourne where LIFE and DEHLI indicated relatively high‐flow conditions despite low discharges occurring during some summer months. This probably reflected macrophyte encroachment, which benefitted certain invertebrates (e.g., marginal‐dwelling taxa) and highlights the importance of considering instream habitat conditions when interpreting flow regime influences on biomonitoring tools. Although LIFE and DEHLI were positively correlated, the latter responded more clearly to drying events, highlighting that communities respond strongly to the disconnection of instream habitats as flows recede. The results highlighted short‐term ecological responses to hydrological variations and the value in adopting sub‐seasonal sampling strategies within temporary rivers. Findings from this study indicate the importance of establishing flow response guilds which group taxa that respond comparably to flow cessation events. Such information could be adopted within biomonitoring practices to better characterize temporary river ecosystem responses to hydrological variations.     

MACROINVERTEBRATE–PRESSURE RELATIONSHIPS IN BOATABLE NEW ZEALAND RIVERS: INFLUENCE OF UNDERLYING ENVIRONMENT AND SAMPLING SUBSTRATE

Responses of macroinvertebrate communities to human pressure are poorly known in large rivers compared with wadeable streams, in part because of variable substrate composition and the need to disentangle pressure responses from underlying natural environmental variation. To investigate the interaction between these factors, we sampled macroinvertebrates from the following: (i) submerged wood; (ii) littoral substrates < 0.8 m deep; and (iii) inorganic substrates in deep water (> 1.5 m) benthic habitats in eleven 6th‐ or 7th‐order New Zealand rivers spanning a catchment vegetation land cover gradient. Cluster analysis identified primary site groupings reflecting regional environmental characteristics and secondary groupings for moderate gradient rivers reflecting the extent of catchment native vegetation cover. Low pressure sites with high levels of native vegetation had higher habitat quality and higher percentages of several Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera taxa than sites in developed catchments, whereas developed sites were more typically dominated by Diptera, Mollusca and other Trichoptera. Partial regression analysis indicated that the combination of underlying environment and human pressure accounted for 77–89% of the variation in Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Plecoptera taxa richness, %Diptera and %Mollusca, with human pressure explaining more variance than underlying environment for %Mollusca. Analysis of replicate deepwater and littoral samples from moderate gradient sites at the upper and lower ends of the pressure gradient indicated that total Trichoptera and Diptera richness and %Diptera responded to land use differences in these boatable river catchments. Responses to human pressure were substrate specific with the combination of littoral and deepwater substrates providing the most consistent response and yielding the highest number of taxa. These results indicate that multiple substrate sampling is required to document the biodiversity and condition of boatable river macroinvertebrate communities and that spatial variation in the underlying natural environment needs to be accounted for when interpreting pressure–response relationships. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Management of agricultural practices results in declines of filamentous algae in the lake littoral

Filamentous algal cover was quantified during periods of peak biomass from 2001 to 2007 in six littoral macrophyte beds in Conesus Lake, New York (USA). Three of the study sites were adjacent to streams that drained sub-watersheds where extensive agricultural best management practices (BMPs) designed to reduce nutrient runoff were implemented beginning in 2003. Three other study sites were downstream from sub-watersheds where only a few or no BMPs were implemented by landowners. For the sites that received extensive management, comparisons of the Pre-BMP baseline period (2–3 yrs) to the Post-BMP period (4 yrs) revealed that algal cover was statistically lower than baseline in eight of eleven years (72.7%). For the three sites where limited or no management was implemented, the percent cover of filamentous algae was lower than Pre-BMP baseline levels in only three of twelve years (25%). Where major reductions in cover of filamentous algae occurred, positive relationships existed with summer stream loading of nitrate and soluble reactive phosphorus to the nearshore. In some cases only nitrate loading was significantly correlated with percent cover, indicating that the relative importance of nitrogen and phosphorus to algal growth near streams may be determined by the characteristics and land use within each sub-watershed. Agricultural BMPs targeting nutrient and suspended solid runoff can effectively reduce filamentous algal growth locally along the lake littoral zone on a time scale of months to a few years and with moderate commitment of resources. This work offers a new perspective for management of the growing problem of littoral algal growth in the embayments and drowned river mouths of the Great Lakes.     

Nearshore Community Characteristics Related to Shoreline Properties in the Great Lakes

Successful protection and restoration of Great Lakes nearshore ecosystems will likely rely on management of terrestrial resources along Great Lakes shorelines. However, relationships between biological communities and changing shoreline environmental properties are poorly understood. We sought to begin understanding the potential roles of shoreline geomorphological and land cover properties in structuring nearshore biological communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Despite high variability in densities (benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton) and catch per unit effort (CPUE, shallow water and nearshore fish) within and among lake areas, several biological community patterns emerged to suggest that nearshore aquatic communities respond to shoreline features via the influences of these features on nearshore substrate composition and stability. Benthic macroinvertebrate densities were not different between shoreline types, although they were generally lower at nearshore sites with less stable substrates. Shallow water fish CPUE and zooplankton densities were generally lower for nearshore areas adjacent to developed mid-bluff shorelines and sites characterized by less stable substrates. Larger fish CPUE appeared to be unresponsive to local shoreline and substrate properties of nearshore zones. The emergence of these patterns despite significant ecological differences among lake areas (e.g., productivity, community composition, etc.) suggests that shoreline development may have comparable influences on nearshore ecosystems throughout the Great Lakes, providing a terrestrialbased indicator of relative nearshore biological and ecological integrity.     

Diel patterns in spatial distribution of fish assemblages in lentic and lotic habitat in a regulated river

Fish assemblages in large rivers are governed by spatio‐temporal changes in habitat conditions, which must be accounted for when designing effective monitoring programmes. Using boat electrofishing surveys, this study contrasts species richness, catch per unit effort (CPUE), total biomass, and spatial distribution of fish species in the Saint John River, New Brunswick, Canada, sampled during different diel periods (day and night) and macrohabitats (hydropower regulated river and its reservoir) in the vicinity of the Mactaquac (hydropower) Generating Station. Taxa richness, total CPUE, and total biomass were significantly higher during night surveys, resulting in marked differences in community composition between the two diel periods. Furthermore, the magnitude of diel differences in catch rate was more pronounced in lentic than in lotic macrohabitats. The required sampling effort (i.e., number of sites) to increase accuracy and precision of CPUE estimates varied widely between fish species, diel periods, and macrohabitats and ranged from 15 to 185 electrofishing sites. Determining a correction factor to contrast accuracy and precision of day‐ with night‐time surveys provide useful insights to improve the design of long‐term monitoring programmes for fish communities in large rivers. The study also shows the importance of multihabitat surveys to detect differences in the magnitude of diel changes in fish community metrics.     

The impact of river regulation on invertebrate communities in the U.K.

The impact of river regulation on invertebrates has received comparatively little attention in the U.K., with most studies concentrating on the effects of impoundment. During dam construction invertebrate diversity and abundance decreases. Longer term alterations in community structure (which usually extend for a relatively short distance downstream) reflect changes in flow, substrate, temperature, and water quality. In particular adverse effects on invertebrates have been attributed to a reduction in substrate heterogeneity together with an accumulation of sediment. Responses to impoundment within and between taxonomic groups are highly variable. In general Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera are reduced. Of the Plecoptera the Perlodidae and Chloroperlidae are more likely to be adversely affected than the Nemouridae or Leuctridae. The impact of impoundment on net-spinning Trichoptera varies with reductions in some populations and enhancement in others. Simuliids are usually restricted, probably because of a lack of suitable oviposition or attachment sites. Freshets released from reservoirs increase the level of invertebrate drift. However, the full consequences of impoundment on drift, recolonization, and upstream migration have yet to be assessed. There is some evidence that modified temperature regimes cause extended egg hatching periods and alter larval growth rates but further studies are needed. Little is known of the effects of inter-river transfers on invertebrates, but it has been suggested that changes in flow velocity, water chemistry, suspended solids, and temperature together with translocation of organisms are all likely to be important. The limited information available for groundwater schemes indicates that they are not detrimental to invertebrates. Their impact, however, is dependent upon factors such as the extent and timing of flow augmentation. It is suggested that there is scope for positive management of invertebrate communities through river regulation, although at present attitudes and practices do not encourage this. Many gaps in our knowledge still remain and these are discussed in relation to future research needs.     

Conceptual Modelling to Assess Hydrological Impacts and Evaluate Environmental Flow Scenarios in Montane River Systems Regulated for Hydropower

To improve understanding of natural and managed flow regimes in data‐sparse regulated river systems in montane areas, the commonly used Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) conceptual run‐off model was adapted to incorporate water regulation components. The extended model was then applied to the heavily regulated river Lyon (391 km²) in Scotland to reconstruct the natural flow regime and to assess the impacts of regulation at increasing spatial scales. Multi‐criteria model evaluation demonstrated that the model performed well in capturing the dominant catchment processes and regulation effects, especially at the timescales at which operation rules apply. The main change as a result of regulation in the river Lyon is a decrease in inter‐annual and intra‐annual variability of all elements of the flow regime, in terms of magnitude, frequency, and duration. Although these impacts are most pronounced directly downstream of the impoundments, the regulation effects propagate throughout the river system. The modelling approach is flexible and widely applicable and only limited amounts of data are required. Moreover, results are easily communicated to stakeholders. It has the potential to contribute to the development of flow regimes that may be more beneficial to the ecological status of rivers. In the case of the river Lyon, it is likely that this involves a more variable release regime. The approach developed here provides a tool for assessing impacts on flow regimes and informing environmental flows in other data‐sparse regions with heavily regulated montane river systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish assemblage patterns across a gradient of flow regulation in an Australian dryland river system

Hydrological regime, physical habitat structure and water chemistry are interacting drivers of fish assemblage structure in floodplain rivers throughout the world. In rivers with altered flow regimes, understanding fish assemblage responses to flow and physico‐chemical conditions is important in setting priorities for environmental flow allocations and other river management strategies. To this end we examined fish assemblage patterns across a simple gradient of flow regulation in the upper Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. We found clear separation of three fish assemblage groups that were spatially differentiated in November 2002, at the end of the winter dry season. Fish assemblage patterns were concordant with differences in water chemistry, but not with the geomorphological attributes of channel and floodplain waterholes. After the summer‐flow period, when all in‐channel river sites received flow, some floodplain sites were lost to drying and one increased in volume, fish assemblages were less clearly differentiated. The fish assemblages of river sites did not increase in richness or abundance in response to channel flow and the associated potential for increased fish recruitment and movement associated with flow connectivity. Instead, the more regulated river's fish assemblages appeared to be under stress, most likely from historical flow regulation. These findings have clear implications for the management of hydrological regimes and the provision of environmental flows in regulated rivers of the upper Murray–Darling Basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW REGIMES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW ASSESSMENT IN REGULATED RIVERS: THE HUAI RIVER BASIN,CHINA

Flow regime characteristics (magnitude, frequency, duration, seasonal timing and rates of change) play a primary role in regulating the biodiversity and ecological processes in rivers. River classification provides the foundation for comparing the hydrologic regimes of rivers and development of hydro‐ecological relationships to inform environmental flow management and river restoration. This paper presents a classification of natural flow regimes and hydrologic changes due to dams and floodgates in the Huai River Basin, China, in preparation for an environmental flow assessment. The monthly natural flow regime of 45 stations in the upper and middle Huai River Basin were simulated for the period 1963–2000, based on the hydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Six classes of flow patterns (low or high discharge, stable or variable, perennial or intermittent, predictable or unpredictable) were identified based on 80 hydrologic metrics, analysed by hierarchical clustering algorithms. The ecologically relevant climatic and geographic characteristics of these flow classes were tested for concordance with, and to strengthen, the hydro‐ecological classification. The regulation of natural flow patterns by dams and floodgates changed flows at some locations within each flow class and caused some gauges to shift into another class. The research reported here is expected to provide a foundation for development of hydro‐ecological relationships and environmental flow methods for wider use in China, as well as setting a new scientific direction for integrated river basin management in the Huai River Basin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.