钛合金与NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀行为研究

钛合金材料与不同材料相互连接,并处于富含氯离子的电解质溶液中,有可能使得材料发生电偶腐蚀而遭到破坏。采用极化曲线的方法分别研究了NiAl涂层、TA15的电化学行为。结果表明NiAl涂层的腐蚀电位较TA15的低,二者相差约30 mV,NiAl涂层腐蚀电流为1.718×10-4A,TA15腐蚀电流为1.170×10-5A。研究了NiAl封严涂层和TA15钛合金之间在5%NaCl水溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为。测试了NiAl-TA15电偶对的电偶电流-时间曲线,并通过计算出的平均电偶电流密度,评价了钛合金和NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀敏感性。结果表明,TA15钛合金和NiAl封严涂层之间的电位差很小,电偶腐蚀倾向很小,电偶电流密度为0.0253μA.cm-2。电偶腐蚀过程中,腐蚀电位较低的NiAl涂层作为电偶对的阳极发生腐蚀,钛合金作为阴极得到保护。电偶腐蚀后电偶对的阳极、阴极的自腐蚀电位均升高,阳极电位从-347 mV正移到-242 mV,阴极电位从-323 mV正移到-210 mV;电偶电位为-300 mV。NiAl涂层含有较多孔洞,可以作为腐蚀介质的渗透通道,在含有Cl-并且有溶解氧存在的腐蚀性介质中,容易导致腐蚀的发生与发展。     

Environmental Testing of Iron-Based Amorphous Alloys

Iron (Fe)-based amorphous alloys possess enhanced hardness and are highly resistant to corrosion, which make them desirable for wear applications in corrosive environments. It was of interest to examine the behavior of amorphous alloys during anodic polarization in concentrated salt solutions and in the salt-fog testing. Results from the testing of one amorphous material (SAM2X5) both in ribbon form and as an applied coating are reported here. Cyclic polarization tests were performed on SAM2X5 ribbon as well as on other nuclear engineering materials. SAM2X5 showed the highest resistance to localized corrosion in 5 M CaCl₂ solution at 105 °C. Salt fog tests of 316L SS and alloy 22 coupons coated with amorphous SAM2X5 powder showed resistance to rusting. Partial devitrification may be responsible for isolated pinpoint rust spots in some coatings. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Materials Issues for Advanced Nuclear Systems,” which occurred February 25–March 1, 2007 during the TMS Annual Meeting in Orlando, Florida under the auspices of the Corrosion and Environmental Effects Committee of ASM-TMS.     

Comparison of Crevice Corrosion of Fe-Based Amorphous Metal and Crystalline Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy

The crevice corrosion behaviors of an Fe-based bulk metallic glass alloy (SAM1651) and a Ni-Cr-Mo crystalline alloy (C-22) were studied in 4M NaCl solution at 100 °C with cyclic potentiodynamic polarization and constant-potential tests. The corrosion damage morphologies, corrosion products, and the compositions of corroded surfaces of these two alloys were studied with optical three-dimensional reconstruction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). It was found that the Fe-based bulk metallic glass (amorphous alloy) SAM1651 had a more positive breakdown potential and repassivation potential than crystalline alloy C-22 in cyclic potentiodynamic polarization tests and required a more positive oxidizing potential to initiate crevice corrosion in constant-potential tests. Once crevice corrosion initiated, the corrosion propagation of C-22 was more localized near the crevice border compared to SAM1651, and SAM1651 repassivated more readily than C-22. The EDS results indicated that the corrosion products of both alloys contained a high amount of O and were enriched in Mo and Cr. The AES results indicated that a Cr-rich oxide passive film was formed on the surfaces of both alloys, and both alloys corroded congruently in the crevice corrosion damage areas. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Iron-Based Amorphous Metals: An Important Family of High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials,” which occurred during the MSandT meeting, September 16–20, 2007, in Detroit, Michigan, under the auspices of The American Ceramics Society (ACerS), The Association for Iron and Steel Technology (AIST), ASM International, and TMS.

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铁基非晶合金的辐照性能

铁基非晶合金由于成本低较、易制备、较好的温度稳定性等优点,并具优异的机械性能、磁性能和耐腐蚀性能而被广泛研究.并且其固有的无序结构有助于抵抗辐照导致的损伤,使得铁基非晶合金可作为抗辐照材料使用.辐照既可以试验铁基非晶合金的性能也是优化铁基非晶合金结构和性能的有效方法.本文综述了铁基非晶合金中子辐照、离子辐照和电子辐照性能的研究进展,探讨了铁基非晶合金的结构和性能与非晶合金的成分以及辐照粒子的类型、能量、注量之间的关系,以及辐照晶化的机制,为进一步促进高性能铁基非晶合金的研究提供了有价值的参考.      

高饱和磁化强度铁基非晶纳米晶软磁合金发展概况

概括了铁基非晶软磁合金和纳米晶合金的发展历史和现状,分别详述了高饱和磁化强度(B_s)铁基块体和薄带非晶以及纳米晶合金近年来的研究成果.主要内容包括:高饱和磁化强度块体铁基非晶软磁合金成分和性能,高饱和磁化强度铁基非晶薄带软磁合金的成分和性能,高饱和磁化强度铁基纳米晶合金的组织、结构和性能,各类元素对合金磁性能的影响.为进一步研究高饱和磁化强度的铁基软磁材料提供了有价值的参考.      

钛合金表面硬化与固体润滑处理层的电化学腐蚀行为研究

分别利用等离子氮化技术和离子束增强沉积(IBED)技术使钛合金表面获得硬质抗磨层和MoS2，MoS2-Ti固体润滑膜层。通过电化学测试技术研究了膜层和钛合金基材在含Cl^-介质中的抗蚀性能和接触腐蚀敏感性：研究结果表明：Ti与MoS2的复合改善了MoS2膜的环境适应性，MoS2—17Ti复合膜层与钛合会接触相容；IBED TiN较钛合金电化学活性低，阳极极化行为与Ti6Al4V合金相近，与钛合金基体间电偶腐蚀敏感性低；钛合金等离子氮化处理层在NaCl水溶液中无论处于自然腐蚀电位还上弱阳极极化状态，均较钛合金电化学活性低，且与钛合金基体间电偶腐蚀敏感性低。     

含P元素铁基非晶合金涂层在碱性溶液中的耐蚀性能影响因素的研究

本文采用含有P元素的铁基合金粉末,通过大气等离子喷涂工艺(APS)制备具有不同非晶相含量、孔隙率和表面粗糙度的非晶合金涂层,通过电化学工作站对涂层在碱性腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性能进行了研究。提出贡献率的概念,为非晶合金涂层的耐蚀性能提供了评价方法。研究表明非晶相含量、孔隙率和表面粗糙度对铁基非晶合金涂层在碱性溶液中自腐蚀电位贡献率的大小分别为66.34%,33.66%和0%;对自腐蚀电流密度贡献率的大小分别为86.19%,13.19%和0.6%。     

热喷涂Fe基非晶合金涂层的研究现状

综述了超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF),等离子喷涂(PS)技术的性能特征,以及运用热喷涂技术制备Fe基非晶涂层的发展历史与现状。从非晶合金涂层的高硬度、耐磨性及腐蚀性能等方面阐述了非晶合金涂层的优越性,对新型Fe基非晶涂层的形成机理进行研究,探讨采用超音速火焰喷涂技术制备高质量非晶合金涂层的关键因素。并展望了采用热喷涂技术制备非晶合金涂层的未来发展趋势。     

Electrodeposition and characterization of sacrificial copper-manganese alloy coatings: Part II. Structural,mechanical, and corrosion-resistance properties

The structure and properties of electrodeposited Mn-rich Cu-Mn coatings were studied in order to assess their potential to provide sacrificial galvanic protection to steels. It is found that a small amount of codeposited copper can stabilize the ductile as-deposited centered tetragonal γ′ phase against roomtemperature recrystallization to the stable bcc α phase. The time to transformation is increasingly delayed with increasing copper content. Phase transformation of crystalline films does not follow the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation for nucleation and growth transformation. Amorphous coatings do not show any structural transformation at room temperature. Nanomechanical and tribological measurements showed that Cu-Mn coatings have a lower friction coefficient than reference Cd coatings. Cu codeposition reduces the coating’s hardness and elastic modulus and increases the resistance to plastic penetration with respect to pure Mn. Cu-Mn coatings show a barrier or passive behavior under anodic polarization, while the sacrificial characteristics are still preserved. The corrosion appears uniform, and the formation of MnO₂ and Cu₂O upon anodic polarization may account for the good corrosion performance of the coatings.     

Galvanic Corrosion of Carbon and Steel in Aggressive Environments

The demand for the use of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) in rehabilitation of deteriorating infrastructure is increasing worldwide. The design characteristics of reinforced concrete or steel members can be enhanced significantly by epoxy bonding CFRP laminates to the critically stressed tension areas. There is, however, a concern regarding possible galvanic corrosion when carbon and steel are bonded together. This paper presents the result of a study on the galvanic corrosion between CFRP laminates and steel. A total of 38 specimens made of steel and carbon fibers were prepared and tested. Two simulated aggressive environments and three different amounts of epoxy coating were used in addition to samples with no coating at all. Furthermore, the effect of the sizing agent on the galvanic corrosion rate was investigated, and three different solvents were used to remove the sizing agents from the surface of the carbon fibers. Potentiodynamic polarization and galvanic corrosion tests were conducted. The results of the experiments showed the existence of galvanic corrosion; however, the rate of such corrosion could be decreased significantly by epoxy coating.     

Development of Fe-based shape memory alloys associated with face-centered cubic-hexagonal close-packed martensitic transformations: Part III. microstructures

As part of a study on the newly developed Fe-based shape memory alloys associated with face-centered cubic-hexagonal close-packed (fcc-hcp) martensitic transformations, micro-structures are investigated in relation to the shape memory behavior for different experimental conditions. The shape memory behavior of several typical alloys is interpreted well in terms of the thermodynamic and mechanical aspects of the ε martensitic transformation in competition with various irreversible deformation modes. For the poly crystalline alloys, favorable conditions for a perfect shape memory effect (SME) can be achieved by properly controlling various physical factors, such as the stacking fault energy, strength of the matrix,M _s andT _N (Néel) temperatures, andc/a ratio of the ε phase. The potential competence of the present alloys for a fairly high recovery strain is also discussed in light of microstructural features.     

HVAF喷涂铁基非晶涂层工艺优化

铁基非晶材料具有优异的耐蚀性和耐磨性,空气/丙烷超音速火焰喷涂(HVAF)技术制备铁基非晶涂层近年来引起了广泛关注。由于铁基非晶粉在高温下粘度较大,很容易造成喷枪堵塞,制约了该技术的工程应用。通过在铁基非晶粉末中掺入10 wt.%～20 wt.%的180目白刚玉砂,缓解喷枪堵塞、改善涂层的喷涂稳定性。研究了白刚玉含量、喷涂气体压力、送粉速率、喷涂距离等对涂层沉积效率、抗拉结合强度、孔隙率及粘枪情况的影响规律。结果表明,Fe基粉/白刚玉复合粉喷涂可以实现20 min以上的稳定喷涂,且制备的涂层结合强度达到40 MPa以上,涂层孔隙率<1%,涂层粘枪情况得到显著改善。优化出了适用于铁基非晶粉HVAF喷涂的工艺方法,能够指导该技术的推广应用。     

Improving the Corrosion Resistance of the Nickel–Tungsten Alloy by Optimization of the Electroplating Conditions

Nickel–tungsten (Ni–W) alloy coating was electrodeposited on the copper substrate by direct current voltammetry. The optimization of a free-ammonium bath for electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy coating was investigated. Experiments were focused on elucidating the effect of W concentration and operating conditions on the corrosion performance of the obtained Ni–W alloy coating. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) test. Experimental data such as corrosion current density, corrosion rate and polarization resistance indicated that the operating conditions used during the electroplating had significant effects on the corrosion parameters of the Ni–W alloy coating. The results showed that the highest corrosion resistance was obtained for the coating with 56.7 wt% tungsten (Ni/W ratio of 1:2.5) which was prepared at the current density of 3.8 A dm^?2. The increase in the corrosion resistance at the optimum current density was attributed to the lower interferences of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the electrodeposited Ni–W alloy with the best anti-corrosion parameters.

     

Characterization and corrosion behavior of high-chromium white cast irons

Erosion-resistant high-chromium white cast irons (CWIs) are widely used in hydrotransport components, particularly in oil-sand operations. Due to the acceptance that corrosion processes can accentuate material degradation by erosion processes andvice versa, it is important to understand the corrosion resistance of these materials in the environments in which they are used. Three CWI alloys with different chemical compositions—chromium (26 to 40 wt pct) and carbon (2.5 to 4.3 wt pct)—were investigated in this study. Electrochemical DC potentiodynamic polarization and potentiostatic tests were carried out in a solution of 1000 ppm Cl⁻ at a pH of 8.5 (obtained by adding NaOH) that simulates a recycle cooling water. A detailed characterization of the microstructures was also performed. There are significant effects of microstructural features and alloy composition on the corrosion behavior of CWIs. Two key factors have been shown to determine the corrosion behavior: the primary carbide area fraction and the amount of chromium as well as other elements in the matrix. The corrosion resistance of the CWI alloys strongly depends on the ratio of chromium content in the M₇C₃ carbide to that in the matrix (Cr_M7C3/Cr_matrix).     

Erosion-resistant coatings for gas turbine compressor blades

The effect of ion-plasma coatings made from high-hardness metal compounds on the erosion and corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of alloy (substrate) + coating compositions is comprehensively studied. The effects of the thickness, composition, deposition conditions, and design of coatings based on metal nitrides and carbides on the relative gas-abrasive wear of alloy + coating compositions in a gas-abrasive flux are analyzed. The flux contains quartz sand with an average fraction of 300–350 μm; the abrasive feed rate is 200 g/min; and the angles of flux incidence are 20° (tangential flow) and 70° (near-head-on attack flow). Alloy + coating compositions based on VN, VC, Cr₃C₂, ZrN, and TiN coatings 15–30 μ m thick or more are shown to have high erosion resistance. A detailed examination of the coatings with high erosion resistance demonstrates that a zirconium nitride coating is most appropriate for protecting gas turbine compressor blades made of titanium alloys; this coating does not decrease the fatigue strength of these alloys. A chromium carbide coating is the best coating for protecting compressor steel blades.     

Preparation and properties of Al-Mn alloy coatings in NaCl-KCl-AlCl3-CeCl3 molten salts

Al-Mn alloy coatings were electrodeposited on an iron substrate from AlCl3-NaCl-KCl molten salts with anhydrous MnCl2 enhanced by the addition of CeCl3. The microstructure and properties of the Al-Mn alloy coatings were investigated, and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and polarization curves were used to determine the composition, surface morphology, phase structure, and corrosion resistance of the obtained deposits. The results showed that the surface coatings were smooth, and that the crystallites were dense and uniform when 0.22 wt.% CeCl3 was added to the molten salt. An amorphous mixture of Al and Al6Mn was obtained. CeCl3 enhanced the corrosion resistance and increased the hardness of the single amorphous phase alloys. The pitting potential of the coating was approximately -1.1239 V, and its hardness was 390 kgf/mm2.     

Deposition of Amorphous Hardening Coatings by Electrospark Treatment in a Mixture of Crystalline Granules

This article is devoted to the formation of amorphous coatings on the steel 35 surface by electrospark treatment in a mixture of crystalline granules. It is revealed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) that formed coatings contain W, Mo, Co, and Ni in various ratios. The weight of granules of various compositions decreases by 11–16 wt % for 6-h treatment due to electric erosion. The mass transfer coefficient varies in a range from 33 to 54%. X-ray structural analysis showed the prevalence of an amorphous phase (81–99%) in the structure of deposited layers. Annealing of coatings at a temperature above 1150°C leads to the crystallization of the amorphous phase into boron carbide of the M23(C, B)6 type, as well as into α-Fe. The coatings have an increased hardness of 10–15 GPa, while their wear resistance in the dry sliding wear mode under loads of 10 and 50 N is higher than for steel 35 by a factor of 3.3 and 1.6. The coating friction coefficient is lower than for steel 35 by 13–30% and was 0.27–0.31. The wear resistance of coatings in a dry abrasive wear mode is higher by a factor of 3–5 when compared with uncoated steel 35. The best characteristics are inherent without nickel and worst are inherent without cobalt. Thus, it is established that tungsten and cobalt increase the wear resistance of iron-based amorphous alloys, while nickel and molybdenum tend to worsen their tribotechnical behavior.     

导电辊用铁基非晶及纳米晶涂层在NaOH,H2SO4 和NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

采用FeCrMnMoWBCSi的母合金,通过铜模吸铸法,气雾化方法制备非晶合金粉末,然后用超音速火焰喷涂制作涂层;分别采用不同温度320 ℃、480 ℃与650 ℃在箱式电阻炉内对3组试样进行退火处理制备纳米晶涂层,非晶和纳米晶双物相涂层;SEM电镜观察非晶合金粉末尺寸及形状;经X射线衍射和电化学测试非晶及纳米晶涂层等手段,考察了铁基非晶及纳米晶涂层在NaOH,H₂SO₄和NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明:导电辊采用铁基HVOF喷涂作为外保护层时,在NaOH碱液采用经非晶退火后的纳米晶为佳,在H₂SO₄和NaCl溶液中使用时,外保护层可为纳米晶,或为非晶和纳米晶双物相状态皆可.      

Applications in the Nuclear Industry for Thermal Spray Amorphous Metal and Ceramic Coatings

Amorphous metal and ceramic thermal spray coatings have been developed with excellent corrosion resistance and neutron absorption. These coatings, with further development, could be cost-effective options to enhance the corrosion resistance of drip shields and waste packages, and limit nuclear criticality in canisters for the transportation, aging, and disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Iron-based amorphous metal formulations with chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten have shown the corrosion resistance believed to be necessary for such applications. Rare earth additions enable very low critical cooling rates to be achieved. The boron content of these materials and their stability at high neutron doses enable them to serve as high efficiency neutron absorbers for criticality control. Ceramic coatings may provide even greater corrosion resistance for waste package and drip shield applications, although the boron-containing amorphous metals are still favored for criticality control applications. These amorphous metal and ceramic materials have been produced as gas-atomized powders and applied as near full density, nonporous coatings with the high-velocity oxy-fuel process. This article summarizes the performance of these coatings as corrosion-resistant barriers and as neutron absorbers. This article also presents a simple cost model to quantify the economic benefits possible with these new materials. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Iron-Based Amorphous Metals: An Important Family of High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials,” which occurred during the MSandT meeting, September 16–20, 2007, in Detroit, Michigan, under the auspices of The American Ceramics Society (ACerS), The Association for Iron and Steel Technology (AIST), ASM International, and TMS.