LPG／柴油双燃烧发动机压缩比优化研究

采用燃料复合供给方式,在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了LPG／柴油双燃料发动机压缩比的试验研究,对比分析了使用纯柴油和LPG／柴油双燃料的燃烧特性,着重研究分析了双燃料发动机在不同压缩比下的最高燃料压力、最大压力升高率、压力循环波动及燃烧放热率,并以此为依据优选了双燃料发动机的压缩比。试验结果表明：降低压缩比后,双燃料发动机的最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率均有较大降低,同时压力循环波动变小,但滞燃期、燃烧持续期都会有所增加。经过优化,压缩比确定为14.5时,ZH1105W柴油机改燃LPG／柴油双燃料后在高负荷工况下无严重爆震现象,压力循环波动较小,且经济性较好,热效率损失不大。     

引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响

以一台涡轮增压六缸柴油机改造的发动机为试验对象,研究引燃柴油喷油正时对LNG-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响。研究了不同喷油正时下的双燃料发动机的缸内压力、压力升高率、缸内温度、燃烧放热规律、循环变动等参数。研究结果表明:引燃柴油喷油正时对双燃料发动机燃烧特性影响很大。随引燃柴油喷油正时的增大,最高缸内压力、最高压力升高率、最大燃烧温度和最大瞬时放热率先升高后降低且所对应的曲轴转角减小;峰值压力循环变动系数先降低后增大,峰值压力升高率循环变动系数降低。     

燃用小桐子油柴油机怠速工况工作过程及循环波动

采用柴油、柴油-小桐子掺混油、小桐子油、高温小桐子油,在单缸水冷四冲程柴油机上进行了怠速工况试验,测录了多循环的瞬时气缸压力与高压油管燃油压力,对比分析了喷油与燃烧过程中各参数的循环波动。结果发现,怠速工况喷油过程中,喷油持续期的循环波动最明显,小桐子油的喷油始点滞后,喷油持续期长,喷油压力大,喷油过程的循环波动略大;怠速工况燃烧过程中,最大燃烧压力升高率和滞燃期的循环波动率最为明显,小桐子油滞燃期略短,燃烧压力升高率小,最高燃烧压力低,滞燃期和最大燃烧压力升高率的循环波动明显大于柴油;燃用小桐子油增大了原机的循环波动,怠速运转不如柴油稳定。     

柴油/汽油反应活性控制压燃发动机喷油协调控制与排放特性研究

对某4缸高压共轨柴油机进气道进行改造,搭建了柴油/汽油双燃料反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机专用试验台架,设计了柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧汽油喷射控制策略,实现了全工况下汽油与柴油的协调喷射控制,系统地研究了不同运行工况下,不同汽油替代率对柴油机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:采用柴油/汽油双燃料RCCI燃烧控制策略,发动机可在其运行工况范围内实现高效清洁燃烧,随着汽油替代率的增加,发动机缸内最高压力逐渐增大,缸压峰值出现时刻推迟,放热率峰值降低,燃烧持续期延长,燃油消耗率降低,有效热效率升高,全碳氢、CO排放增加,NO_x和碳烟排放降低。     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机放热规律试验研究

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,用作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料。测量生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,计算分析放热规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点延迟,最大燃烧压力降低,最大放热率和排气温度增加,后燃较严重。负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃较严重。供油提前角提前时,后燃减小,燃烧过程明显改善。     

柴油机TR燃烧系统实现低温预混合燃烧的研究

为了验证TR燃烧系统降低发动机排放、实现低温预混合燃烧的能力,在一台经过改造的单缸135柴油机上进行了降低压缩比、燃用柴油-乙醇混合燃料和推迟供油的试验研究.结果表明,压缩比ε降低后,着火推迟,最大放热率增加,缸内最高压力和最高温度降低,NOx排放也降低.但是中高负荷时燃烧速率降低,有效油耗率增加.当燃用乙醇体积含量20%的乙醇-柴油混合燃料时,与燃用柴油燃料相比,着火延迟期延长,烟度大幅度降低.小负荷时缸内最高压力、最高温度、最大放热率和燃烧速率都降低,NOx降低较多;中高负荷时最大放热率高于后者,燃烧速率提高,NOx降低得较少.当供油定时从15°CA BT-DC推迟到13°CA BTDC后,烟度基本不变.     

LPG/柴油混合燃料在直喷式柴油机上的应用研究

采用带传统泵嘴供给系统的自然吸气、直喷柴油机，经改装燃用LPG／柴油混合燃料。通过与原柴油机的对比试验可知，LPG混合比为30％(L30)的混合燃料的滞燃期明显延长，最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率降低，对应的曲轴转角滞后，最大燃烧放热率与原机基本相同，对应的曲轴转角滞后。在转速为2000r／min时，L30发动机的压力曲线出现双峰，近似于MK(modulated kinetics)燃烧。动力性与经济性与原机基本相同，燃烧噪声降低。碳烟和NOx排放大幅下降，CO略有降低，HC排放有所升高。     

LPG／柴油双燃料发动机燃烧特性的研究

对柴油/LPG双燃料发动机不同工况下的燃烧百分率和燃烧率进行了计算。分析了双燃料发动机的燃烧特性,找出了实现最佳燃烧所对应的引燃油量。计算了双燃料发动机最高燃烧压力循环变动,找出了它随引燃油量变化的规律。为合理组织燃烧过程提供理论依据。     

甲醇预混合气F-T柴油引燃模式下发动机燃烧特性研究

为了提高甲醇在能量转化效率方面的优势,在一台CY25TQ型柴油机上,利用F-T柴油和煤基甲醇研究了甲醇占能比、F-T柴油喷油时刻对甲醇预混合气F-T柴油引燃燃烧方式下发动机燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明:甲醇占能比增加,此燃烧方式滞燃期、持续期波动较大。在平均有效压力为0.45MPa下,缸内最大压力、瞬时放热率峰值、最大压力升率明显降低,最大降幅分别为26.40%、59.25%和58.00%。高负荷时,不同甲醇占能比下F-T柴油喷射时刻调整,能促进压升率进一步降低。与原柴油机扩散燃烧方式相比,虽然采用引燃喷射的双燃料发动机在中低负荷时的有效热效率有所降低,但是随着负荷增加,高负荷下的热效率比原柴油机高,最大提高了17.14%。     

高压缩比汽油压燃低负荷燃烧优化控制策略试验研究

基于6缸柴油发动机的汽油压燃发动机试验台架,系统研究了喷油策略对采用高压缩比燃烧室的汽油压燃低负荷燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明：提高压缩比可有效改善汽油压燃低负荷燃烧稳定性、燃烧效率和指示热效率,同时降低CO和HC排放,但存在最大压力升高率过大的问题。采用两次喷射策略可有效控制最大压力升高率;预喷油量为3 mg、喷射间隔为10°时可将最大压力升高率从1.174 MPa/（°）降低为0.380 MPa/（°）,压力循环波动率为0.97%,同时获得较高的指示热效率和较低的排放。采用高压缩比耦合优化喷油策略,可在平均有效压力为0.2 MPa工况下实现高效稳定燃烧,有效改善汽油压燃在低负荷下燃烧稳定性差的问题。     

Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds

The use of jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel was investigated for almost the first time as a way to improve the performance of dual fuel engine running on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at part load. The dual fuel engine used was Ricardo E6 variable compression diesel engine and it used either compressed natural gas (CNG) or LPG as the main fuel and jojoba methyl ester as a pilot fuel. Diesel fuel was used as a reference fuel for the dual fuel engine results. During the experimental tests, the following have been measured: engine efficiency in terms of specific fuel consumption, brake power output, combustion noise in terms of maximum pressure rise rate and maximum pressure, exhaust emissions in terms of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, knocking limits in terms of maximum torque at onset of knocking, and cyclic variability data of 100 engine cycles in terms of maximum pressure and its pressure rise rate average and standard deviation. The tests examined the following engine parameters: gaseous fuel type, engine speed and load, pilot fuel injection timing, pilot fuel mass and compression ratio. Results showed that using the jojoba fuel with its improved properties has improved the dual fuel engine performance, reduced the combustion noise, extended knocking limits and reduced the cyclic variability of the combustion.     

进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇均质压燃燃烧过程的影响

在一台经过改进的CA6110发动机上,进行了进气温度和过量空气系数对乙醇燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究．结果表明,在转速和供油量一定时,随着进气温度的升高,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率提高,平均指示压力升高．当进气温度一定时,随着过量空气系数的减小,着火始点提前,燃烧持续期逐渐变短,压力升高率变大,缸内的最大燃烧压力变大,指示效率增加．     

燃烧边界条件对乙醇均质压燃燃烧的影响

在一台由CA6110柴油机改造而成的单缸发动机上进行了燃烧边界条件对乙醇燃料均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧过程影响的试验研究。结果表明，在转速和进气温度一定时，随着过量空气系数的增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期变长，缸内的最大燃烧压力降低，放热率降低，φ50（50％乙醇燃烧放热量所在的曲轴转角）位置推迟，燃烧效率降低；在发动机转速、进气温度和过量空气系数一定时，随着EGR率的升高，着火始点推迟，燃烧持续期延长，φ50位置推迟，放热速率降低，压力升高率变小，缸内最大燃烧压力减小，燃烧效率降低。在转速和供油量一定时，随着进气温度的升高，着火始点提前，燃烧持续期变短，压力升高率变大，缸内的最大燃烧压力变大。得到了发动机转速、过量空气系数和对应于最大指示热效率点的进气温度间的MAP图。     

Performance and combustion characteristic of CI engine fueled with hydrogen enriched diesel

The combustion of hydrogen–diesel blend fuel was investigated under simulated direct injection (DI) diesel engine conditions. The investigation presented in this paper concerns numerical analysis of neat diesel combustion mode and hydrogen enriched diesel combustion in a compression ignition (CI) engine. The parameters varied in this simulation included: H₂/diesel blend fuel ratio, engine speed, and air/fuel ratio. The study on the simultaneous combustion of hydrogen and diesel fuel was conducted with various hydrogen doses in the range from 0.05% to 50% (by volume) for different engine speed from 1000 – 4000 rpm and air/fuel ratios (A/F) varies from 10 – 80. The results show that, applying hydrogen as an extra fuel, which can be added to diesel fuel in the (CI) engine results in improved engine performance and reduce emissions compared to the case of neat diesel operation because this measure approaches the combustion process to constant volume. Moreover, small amounts of hydrogen when added to a diesel engine shorten the diesel ignition lag and, in this way, decrease the rate of pressure rise which provides better conditions for soft run of the engine. Comparative results are given for various hydrogen/diesel ratio, engine speeds and loads for conventional Diesel and dual fuel operation, revealing the effect of dual fuel combustion on engine performance and exhaust emissions.     

不同海拔条件下喷油参数对柴油机性能的影响

通过内燃机高原环境模拟试验台,研究了不同海拔条件下高压共轨柴油机在最大转矩转速点(1500 r/min)全负荷(2300 N·m)和部分负荷(500 N·m)工况下喷油提前角、共轨压力及循环喷油量(全负荷)对柴油机燃烧特性与性能的影响规律.结果表明:全负荷工况下,随着喷油提前角增加,柴油机滞燃期增加,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率增大,增大趋势随海拔增加而降低,柴油机转矩在0 km和3 km海拔先增加后减小,在5 km海拔时逐步增加.随着共轨压力增加,柴油机燃烧相位提前,最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率和转矩均增加,排温降低;部分负荷工况下,有效燃油消耗率随共轨压力增加而降低.随循环喷油量增加,转矩、排温和缸内压力均逐渐增大,最大压力升高率在3 km海拔范围内逐渐增加、在5 km海拔时逐渐减小.海拔每升高1 km,柴油机在全负荷工况下,最佳循环喷油量平均降低5.81%,最佳喷油提前角和共轨压力在全负荷和部分负荷工况下平均分别增加了1.2°,CA、0.8°,CA和4 MPa、3 MPa.     

双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律分析及燃烧特性研究

从热力学和内燃机燃烧的基本理论入手 ,推导了计算分析双燃料发动机缸内工质成分和热力学参数的计算关系式以及求解双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律的微分方程式 ,基于面向对象技术开发了双燃料发动机燃烧放热规律计算软件。研究结果表明 :用传统柴油机分析方法计算双燃料发动机的放热率峰值偏小 ,所计算的缸内工质平均温度偏高 ,新模型计算的结果与实际情况更为吻合。该分析软件可以适用于多种燃料发动机 ,是内燃机燃烧放热规律的通用计算软件。双燃料发动机燃烧特性研究表明 :双燃料发动机初始放热率比纯柴油大 ,若着火始点在上止点后 ,双燃料缸内最大爆发压力比纯柴油低 ,否则比纯柴油高 ;控制双燃料发动机着火始点是控制缸内最大爆发压力和 NOx 排放的关键 ,双燃料发动机着火始点应在上止点后 ,可以使发动机爆发压力和 NOx 排放比纯柴油低。     

直喷压燃式发动机燃用柴油/碳酸二甲酯的燃烧特性和放热过程研究

在一台直喷式发动机上开展了燃用柴油／碳酸二甲酯混合燃料的燃烧特性与放热过程研究。结果表明，随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加，预混燃烧推迟，扩散燃烧期缩短。在中高负荷区，相同平均有效压力下，缸内最高压力、最高压力升高率和最大放热率随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加而增加，而在低负荷区基本上不随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加而改变。着火滞燃期随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加而增加，而快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期不随碳酸二甲酯含量的变化而改变。随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加，燃油消耗率增加，等热值燃油消耗率降低。CO和烟度随碳酸二甲酯含量的增加而降低，NOx随碳酸二甲酯含量的变化，但变化不大。     

Investigations on the combustion parameters of a dual fuel diesel engine with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels

This paper presents a detailed experimental investigations on the combustion parameters of a 4 cylinder (turbocharged and intercooled) 62.5 kW gen-set duel fuel diesel engine (with hydrogen and LPG as secondary fuels). A detailed account on maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate in first phase of combustion and combustion duration at a wide range of load conditions with different gaseous fuel substitutions has been presented in the paper. When 30% of hydrogen alone is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise increases by 0.82 bar/deg CA as compared to pure diesel operation, while, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration increase by 8.44 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. When 30% of LPG alone is used as secondary fuel, the enhancements in maximum rate of pressure rise, peak cylinder pressure and combustion duration are found to be 1.37 bar/deg CA, 6.95 bar and 5 deg CA respectively. It is also found that heat release rate in first phase of combustion reduces at all load conditions as compared to the pure diesel operation in both types of fuel substitutions.One important finding of the present work is significant enhancement in performances of dual fuel engine when hydrogen-LPG mixture is used as the secondary fuel. The highlight of this case is that when the mixture of LPG and hydrogen (40% in the ratio LPG: hydrogen = 70:30) is used as secondary fuel, maximum rate of pressure rise (by 0.88 bar/deg CA) and combustion duration reduces (by 4 deg CA), while, peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate in first phase of combustion increase by 5.25 bar and 35.24 J/deg CA respectively.     

Pressure–time characteristics in diesel engine fueled with natural gas

Combustion pressure data are measured and presented for a dual fuel engine running on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas, and compared to the diesel engine case. The maximum pressure rise rate during combustion is presented as a measure of combustion noise. Experimental investigation on diesel and dual fuel engines revealed the noise generated from combustion in both cases. A Ricardo E6 diesel version engine is converted to run on dual fuel of diesel and compressed natural gas and is used throughout the work. The engine is fully computerized and the cylinder pressure data, crank angle data are stored in a PC for off-line analysis. The effect of engine speeds, loads, pilot injection angle, and pilot fuel quantity on combustion noise is examined for both diesel and dual engine. Maximum pressure rise rate and some samples of ensemble averaged pressure–crank angle data are presented in the present work. The combustion noise, generally, is found to increase for the dual fuel engine case as compared to the diesel engine case.     

增压中冷柴油机循环波动特性及影响因素分析

根据实测增压中冷直喷式柴油机气缸压力,分析最大爆发压力、最大爆发压力对应曲轴转角、最大压力升高率、平均指示压力等参数的循环波动特性,分析了发动机转速、负荷及供油提前角的变化对循环波动的影响。结果表明:低速、中速和高速对循环波动率的影响各不相同,高速低负荷下燃烧不稳定,循环波动率会升高;供油提前角较小时,由于后燃的增加,会增加燃烧的不稳定性。