基于模型预测的孤岛微电网NPC逆变器故障穿越控制方法研究

随着新能源和微电网的高速发展,孤岛状态下逆变器的故障穿越能力显得尤为重要。针对现有控制方法下孤岛中点钳位（neutral point clamped,NPC）逆变器故障穿越能力弱的问题,提出基于模型预测控制的孤岛微电网NPC逆变器故障穿越控制方法。通过比较负载电压与参考电压实现故障高速诊断;通过提高故障相参考电流幅值提升故障相电流;通过划定计算扇区、消除冗余计算减少计算量和避免权重系数设计;为保证电能质量以及减小数据测量和算法计算产生的延时,采用两步预测方法对延时进行补偿。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建三相LCL孤岛NPC逆变器仿真模型,仿真结果表明,该控制方法在孤岛微电网正常运行时能够将三相电流THD均值控制在2%以内,发生故障时,对故障相电流THD值控制在4%以内,对非故障相电流THD值控制在1.5%以内,能够有效提升孤岛NPC逆变器的故障穿越能力。     

贝叶斯目标跟踪方法性能分析

目标跟踪中的一个核心部分就是滤波算法。经典的卡尔曼滤波算法对于具有高斯分布噪声的线性系统,可得系统状态的最小均方差估计,α-β-γ滤波器比卡尔曼滤波器计算量小且易于实现。基于贝叶斯滤波的目标跟踪原理,在线性高斯环境下对比分析了标准卡尔曼滤波器和α-β-γ滤波器的估计精度,并给出两种方法的适用条件。介绍了标准卡尔曼滤波器和α-β-γ滤波器的原理及算法实现,分别对匀速直线运动和匀加速直线运动的目标进行跟踪仿真分析。仿真表明,在高斯背景环境下,卡尔曼滤波器、α-β滤波器和α-β-γ滤波器都具有很好的跟踪精度和很强的实时性。     

热处理温度对变形后TC17合金微观组织的影响

目的 研究热处理温度对变形后TC17合金微观组织演化和组织形态分布的影响。方法 对变形后网篮组织TC17合金开展热处理试验,定量分析α相球化率、体积分数随热处理温度的变化情况,采用两点相关函数表征不同热处理温度下TC17合金混合组织形态分布。结果 随着热处理温度的升高,变形后TC17合金α相球化率增大,体积分数减小。不同热处理温度下片层α相和等轴α相对应的两点相关函数曲线波动程度不同。结论 变形程度及热处理温度较低时,随着热处理温度的升高,等轴α相的分布均匀程度升高,片层α相的分布均匀程度降低。当变形程度及热处理温度较高时,随着热处理温度的升高,由于α相体积分数的迅速减小,等轴α相的分布均匀程度降低。     

人工神经网络在不同蓄冷剂参数下保温性能评估的应用

目的 利用不同人工神经网络算法预测不同蓄冷剂参数下冷链保温箱保温时间，以寻找最适合评估其保温性能的人工神经网络。方法 将实验数据以4∶1的比例分别随机分配训练、测试的样本，分别建立BPNN、RBFNN与GRNN这3种人工神经网络模型，并提出判定系数(R²)、平均绝对误差(MAE)与均方误差(MSE)这3个评价标准。通过算法获得保温时间预测值和评价标准具体值，并且利用随机漫步算法对性能最好的神经网络进行优化。结果 通过R²、MAE和MSE这3个神经网络评价标准以及保温时间的实际值与预测值的对比图，得出RBFNN神经网络的性能最佳、精度最准、拟合最好，它的R²远高于GRNN和BPNN神经网络的，并且MSE值和MAE值远低于GRNN和BPNN神经网络的，3个评价指标分别达到0.999 93、0.009 63和0.062 86。优化后的Random-Walk-RBFNN的性能进一步提高，R²提升了0.004%，MSE值、MAE值和运行时间分别下降了60.02%、34.20%和5.29%。结论 RBFNN神经网络各方面最为突出，更适合用于冷链保温箱保温性能评估，而优化后的Random-Walk-RBFNN性能更优，R²进一步提升，MSE值、MAE值和运行时间进一步下降，评估性能更好。     

热负载条件对SiO2气凝胶组成及微观结构的影响

通过阶梯升温并结合傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段,研究了不同温度所得SiO₂气凝胶的组成和微观结构,在程序升温条件下通过TG-DTG曲线和无模式函数法研究了SiO₂气凝胶热重行为的变化.结果表明：SiO₂气凝胶主要由7~9 nm球状颗粒构成类线形团簇,进而以团簇为骨架构成三维网络多孔结构;阶梯升温下,随着热处理温度的升高,气凝胶中Si—O—Si基团的摩尔分数逐渐增加,Si—OH和Si—OC₂H₅的摩尔分数逐渐降低,1 073 K时Si—OH基本消失,但存在6.59%的Si—OC₂H₅基团;气凝胶颗粒逐渐长大,部分骨架坍塌,温度达到1 273 K时,颗粒长大至约50 nm,团簇彻底消失,材料发生明显烧结.程序升温下,升温速率越高,气凝胶的热稳定性越好;材料的失重过程分为3个阶段：当反应转化率α < 30%时,主要发生硅羟基(Si—OH)间的缩合;当30% < α < 70%时,主要是硅羟基(Si—OH)与/或硅乙氧基(Si—OC₂H₅)之间的缩合;当α>70%时,主要是硅乙氧基(Si—OC₂H₅)之间的缩合.     

Ti-55531钛合金室温强-塑-韧匹配化热处理工艺研究

目的 采用Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr(Ti-55531)钛合金,研究了不同热处理工艺条件下室温强-塑-韧性能的匹配关系,为满足不同强度、断裂延伸率、断裂韧度综合服役性能要求提供热处理工艺参考。方法 在单相区固溶+时效、双相区固溶+时效2种制度下进行了热处理试验,分析了不同单相区固溶冷却方式(空冷、炉冷)和时效温度、双相区固溶温度等条件下的室温拉伸性能(抗拉强度σb、断裂延伸率A)和断裂韧度KIC,揭示了Ti-55531钛合金室温强度、塑性、断裂韧度的匹配关系。结果 经单相区固溶+空冷+时效处理得到了细片层状次生αs相,随时效温度的升高,αs相尺寸增大,抗拉强度降低,延伸率和断裂韧度升高;经单相区固溶+炉冷+时效处理得到了较粗的α片层,随时效温度从500 ℃升高至600 ℃,α片层尺寸增大,抗拉强度降低,延伸率和断裂韧度升高,但呈现出较高的脆性;随着双相区固溶温度的升高,初生αp相尺寸显著降低,促进后续时效处理过程中析出了更细小的次生αs相,提高了强度,降低了延伸率和断裂韧度。结论 得到了2种能够实现良好强-塑-韧性能匹配的热处理工艺路线:1)850 ℃/1 h固溶后炉冷至600 ℃保温8 h,可得到片层组织以及较高的断裂韧度(KIC=110.01 MPa.m^1/2)、良好的强度(σb=1 111 MPa)和断裂延伸率(A=9.69%);2)810 ℃固溶+空冷+600 ℃/3 h时效,可得到初生αp+次生αs相的双态组织,实现了高强度(σb=1 287 MPa)和高断裂延伸率(A=12.76%),同时断裂韧度达到60.4 MPa.m^1/2。     

JS材料在不同介质润滑下的摩擦学特性

作者利用MPV-1500摩擦试验机对JS材料在20#机械油、10#汽油机油、10W30CD柴油机油、甘油及三乙醇胺润滑下的摩擦、磨损及极限Pv性能进行了系统研究.结果发现,以上介质润滑均可大大改善JS材料的摩擦、磨损及极限PV性能,使其摩擦系数比干摩擦时降低2～3个数量级,磨损量降低1～2个数量级,极限PV值则提高1个数量级以上.同时,JS材料在以上五种介质润滑时的极限PV值均大于120MPa·m/s,约为纯PTFE(聚四氟乙烯)轴承极限PV值(干摩擦)的100倍,是巴氏合金轴承在20#机械油润滑时极限PV值的数倍,因而JS材料在以上介质润滑下可以作为高PV值的滑动轴承在实际中应用.     

注塑级聚乳酸热分解动力学分析

目的 研究注塑级聚乳酸材料的热分解动力学,准确理解注塑级聚乳酸的耐热稳定性,为开发耐高温阻燃注塑级聚乳酸(PLA)材料提供理论依据。方法 通过非等温热重分析法,采用5、10、15、20、25 ℃/min的升温速率,研究注塑级PLA在氮气气氛中的热分解行为,利用1种微分法和3种积分法进行详细的动力学计算。比较相关系数及标准偏差,选取KAS等温积分法,以相对偏差Ai=|1–αc/αe|为目标函数,利用16种热分解动力学机理模拟计算注塑级PLA热分解最合适的反应机理。结果 得到了注塑级PLA热分解所需的活化能和指前因子,其中Kissinger、Madhusudanan-Krishnan-Ninan(MKN)、Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS)和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)法计算所得注塑级PLA活化能分别为177.01、174.43、173.01和173.28 kJ/mol。指前因子分别为25.84、26.69~33.75、25.83~32.89和26.38~32.94。结论 确定了随机成核和随后生长反应机理(A1/4),ln(β/T²)=ln[4.75×10⁹/–ln(1–α)]–2.08×10⁴/T是描述注塑级PLA热分解最合适的反应机理。     

南极磷虾粉真空干燥特性及对其品质的影响

目的 探究南极磷虾粉的真空干燥特性及其营养品质变化规律。方法 将磷虾原料在不同真空度(0.04、0.06、0.08 MPa)及温度(75、85、95 ℃)下进行真空干燥。通过测定干基含水率、干燥速率及水分扩散系数,研究其干燥特性。通过测定虾青素含量、TBA和色差,探究其营养品质的差异。结果 在75 ℃下,采用真空度0.06 MPa和0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其干燥时间分别缩短了15%、21%。在不同真空干燥条件下,磷虾有效水分扩散系数在(3.555 77~6.574 12)×10⁻¹⁰ m²/s之间,Midilli 模型预测值与实验值之间具有较高的拟合度(R²>0.999),能较准确地反映虾粉真空干燥过程。提高真空度可显著抑制虾青素的分解及脂肪氧化,在75 ℃条件下,采用真空度0.06 MPa和0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其虾青素含量分别提高了21%、48%。在95 ℃条件下,采用真空度0.08 MPa相较于0.04 MPa,其TBA值降低了47%。L^*、a^*受到温度的影响更明显,在同一温度下∆E随着真空度的上升而降低。结论 在0.08 MPa、75 ℃下,通过真空干燥可以有效抑制虾粉中活性物质的降解,同时保证干燥速率,此研究为南极磷虾粉的真空干燥工艺设计及生产控制提供了理论参考。     

纸张荧光增白剂对色彩复制的影响研究

目的 探究纸张荧光增白剂含量(OBA)对色彩复制的影响,有利于准确测量颜色并实现色彩在不同设备间正确转换,准确复制颜色。方法 选择含较多荧光增白剂、含少量荧光增白剂、不含荧光增白剂3种类型的纸张,分别基于M1/M2的观察条件,测量纸白、CMYK线性色表以及IT8.7/4色表,分析M1/M2观察条件下Δb^*、ΔE^*值以及ICC曲线变化趋势。结果 在M1和M2观察条件下测量纸张基色b^*值的差值绝对值可以确定基材中的OBA的含量,且OBA含量对颜色测量数据的影响与阶调值相关,基本呈负线性关系;在M1观察条件下测量数据生成ICC色彩特性文件,整体线性偏移蓝色,即b^*值往负值线性偏移。结论 基于M1观察条件的色彩管理流程,需进一步研究荧光增白剂含量对b^*值进行线性补偿校正的影响,从而减少纸张荧光增白剂对色彩管理的影响,使纸张上的颜色复制达到理想状态。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.