基于信息融合的城市自主车辆实时目标识别

针对单一传感器感知维度不足、实时性差的问题,提出一种激光雷达与相机融合的城市自主车辆实时目标识别方法。建立两传感器间的坐标变换模型,实现两传感器的像素级匹配。改进yolov3-tiny算法,提高目标检测准确率。对激光雷达点进行体素网格滤波,根据点云坡度进行地面分割。建立聚类半径与距离作用模型,对非地面点云进行聚类。引入图像中包络的思想,获取目标三维边界框以及位姿信息;将视觉目标特征与激光雷达目标特征融合。试验结果表明,改进的yolov3-tiny算法对于城市密集目标具有更高的识别率,雷达算法能够完整的完成三维目标检测以及位姿估计,融合识别系统在准确率、实时性方面达到实际行驶要求。     

局部阈值自适应的地面点云分割

为了进一步提高自动驾驶感应模块中激光雷达点云地面分割算法的分割精度，提出一种基于种子点距离阈值和路面波动加权幅值自适应的地面点云分割算法。该算法在极坐标栅格地图划分的基础上，将种子点的选取判断阈值与二维平面的水平距离特征相关联，通过点云间的水平距离变化控制种子点集的更新；在道路模型拟合过程中，为解决斜坡路面模型更新停滞问题引入坡度连续性判断准则，根据路面波动加权幅值的变化建立点云的分割阈值方程，最终实现关于点云距离特征的自适应阈值分割。对开源数据集Semantic KITTI进行点云二分类数据处理，并在此基础上测试算法性能。实验结果表明：与现有算法相比，本文所述地面分割算法的精确率和召回率均提升了2%～4%，具有较高的准确性。     

激光雷达目标三维姿态估计

针对现有激光雷达目标姿态估计算法对遮挡较为敏感的问题,提出了一种新的三维姿态估计算法.分析了现有算法的内在本质和地面装甲目标固有的表面结构特性,提出了投影点云密度熵(PDE)特征,研究了PDE特征与目标姿态的内在关系,给出了对目标点云迭代地进行旋转投影并寻找PDE最小值以实现三维姿态估计的方法.采用25类地面装甲目标的激光雷达点云数据进行仿真实验,分析了自遮挡、遮挡以及噪声下的估计性能,讨论了参数选择对估算结果的影响.实验结果表明,本文方法在自遮挡下的估计误差小于3°,在遮挡率达到80％时的估计误差小于10°.实验显示,本文方法对遮挡和噪声具有很强的稳健性,且收敛迅速,能很好地实现激光雷达目标三维姿态估计.     

基于深度投影的三维点云目标分割和碰撞检测

三维激光雷达被广泛应用在无人驾驶系统中对道路环境的检测和防碰撞检测。为增加激光雷达对扫描点云进行分割的准确性,提出一种基于深度投影的点云目标实时分割方法。首先采用体素化滤波去除噪声点,然后使用渐进式形态学滤波方法去除地面点,最后将点云进行深度投影,建立三维点云与深度投影图像的映射关系,利用深度投影图像的自适应角度阈值对点云进行目标分割,并将分割后的点云目标构造混合层次包围盒进行碰撞检测。实验结果表明该方法相对于传统聚类算法在时间效率上有明显提升,并且能有效降低过分割问题,实验数据目标分割准确率达到了78.82%,结合混合层次包围盒算法对分割后的点云目标进行碰撞检测,可有效地识别并判断物体空间位置关系,提升碰撞识别的准确性。     

基于改进Hough变换的激光雷达点云特征提取方法研究

针对激光雷达点云数据,提出了一种改进的Hough变换算法,用于激光雷达点云数据中几何特征的提取。首先对激光雷达采集到的三维点云数据进行精简与修正;其次对精简、修正后的点云数据进行聚类处理,去除地面、顶面点云数据;其次,将聚类后的点云数据投影至地面所在的水平面,并将点云投影分布区域按照给定的大小进行分块,统计每个区块内落下的点云个数,生成点云分布矩阵;最后将点云分布矩阵转换成二值图像,并采用大范围粗粒度和焦点区域细粒度相结合的改进Hough变换方法,从二值图像中提取出线段,进而恢复出三维空间中的墙面等几何特征,用于室内移动机器人的导航。     

基于高空激光雷达扫描系统的稀疏点云分割

针对高空激光雷达扫描系统的性能和复杂大尺度路面稀疏点云数据的分布特征,提出一种基于高空激光雷达扫描系统的稀疏点云分割方法。采用基于点云分块的区域生长算法,在坡路等复杂地面情况下点云数据出现曲面时可以快速准确地分割地面;采用基于密度的DBSCAN聚类算法,使得路面点云稀疏情况下也可以准确地将非路面点云聚类并标记。在港口轮胎式集装箱起重机大车上搭建实验平台,测试港口晴天、雨天两种数据皆可以很好地对路面点云实时分割处理,在应用场景中证明了该分割方法的有效性与实用性。     

无人水面艇三维激光雷达目标实时识别系统

为解决无人水面艇动态环境目标动态感知问题,研究无人艇三维激光雷达目标实时识别系统。设计出无人艇三维激光雷达目标实时识别系统结构、硬件组成及数据通信协议。基于点云库(Point cloud library,PCL)、Qt和Visual Studio平台开发了无人艇三维激光雷达目标实时识别系统软件,实现了点云数据校正、实时处理、数据显示、状态输出、远程通信等功能。考虑到无人艇航行时周边环境障碍物三维激光点云分布特征,将三维激光点云投影至多属性二维栅格进行表示,利用八邻域算法实现了障碍物栅格的聚类,解决了点云数据处理、目标分割、点云图像远程交互等关键技术。最后,构建了室外水池环境下的无人艇三维激光雷达目标实时识别系统试验平台,测试结果表明该系统能够可靠、准确识别无人艇周围100 m范围内的障碍目标。     

基于立体视觉与激光雷达的车辆目标外形 位置融合算法研究

环境感知技术是智能汽车的关键技术之一,单独使用视觉传感器或激光雷达在目标检测和目标定位方面存在局限性。本文在图像和激光雷达目标检测的基础上,提出了一种基于立体视觉与激光雷达的车辆目标外形位置融合算法。首先,采用深度学习方法对图像和点云数据进行目标检测,再通过基于目标三维点和目标种类的目标外形位置估计方法确定目标的外形和位置,最后在数据关联后对同一时刻的图像目标及点云目标进行融合处理,获取目标的外形和位置。在KITTI数据集以及实际道路场景上验证了本文算法,实验结果表明,本文方法在检测精度上分别比YOLOv3网络、Point-GNN网络提高了5.72%和1.8%。另外,在20 m内目标外形及位置平均误差分别为4.34%和4.52%。     

扫帚式激光三维扫描成像系统设计与实验

设计了一种基于单线激光雷达的扫帚式三维扫描成像系统来实现目标的三维重建。系统通过激光光束的二维扫描,配合轴向运动,形成包含距离和角度信息的三维点云数据。实测结果表明:采用设计的三维扫描成像系统对距离30m的目标进行测量,角度分辨率达到0.06°,行分辨率达到6cm,帧频达到2Hz,实现了快速扫描、高精度目标测量及系统小型化等目标。     

基于激光点云与图像融合的3D目标检测研究

目前基于激光雷达与摄像头融合的目标检测技术受到了广泛的关注,然而大部分融合算法难以精确检测行人、骑行人等较小目标物体,因此提出一种基于自注意力机制的点云特征融合网络。首先,改进Faster-RCNN目标检测网络以形成候选框,然后根据激光雷达和相机的投影关系提取出图像目标框中的视锥点云,减小点云的计算规模与空间搜索范围;其次,提出一种基于自注意力机制的Self-Attention PointNet网络结构,在视锥范围内对原始点云数据进行实例分割;然后,利用边界框回归PointNet网络和轻量级T-Net网络来预测目标点云的3D边界框参数,同时在损失函数中添加正则化项以提高检测精度;最后,在KITTI数据集上进行验证。结果表明,所提方法明显优于广泛应用的F-PointNet,在简单、中等和困难任务下,汽车、行人和骑行人的检测精度均得到较大的提升,其中骑行人的检测精度提升最为明显。同时,与许多主流的三维目标检测网络相比具有更高的准确率,有效地提高了3D目标检测的精度。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.