超声辅助酶解改性对花生分离蛋白功能性的影响

以花生分离蛋白为原料,研究了超声作用对碱性蛋白酶酶解改性花生分离蛋白的影响,并确定了超声辅助酶解改性的最佳反应条件。结果表明,超声作用不改变花生蛋白溶解度与反应温度、pH、底物质量浓度、加酶量之间关系曲线的变化趋势,但使花生分离蛋白的溶解度提高了30.9%。超声辅助酶解改性的最佳工艺条件为:底物质量浓度60 g/L,加酶量4%,反应温度50℃,pH 8.0,超声功率200 W。经超声辅助酶解改性后,花生分离蛋白的水解度、溶解度、乳化性、起泡性分别比无超声酶解改性提高了40.6%、30.9%、58.8%和85.9%,泡沫稳定性和乳化稳定性则降低了21.5%和47.9%。     

响应面优化转谷氨酰胺酶改性花生分离蛋白工艺的研究

为了改善花生分离蛋白的凝胶特性,研究了利用转谷氨酰胺酶交联改性花生分离蛋白的工艺。在进行了酶添加量、花生分离蛋白浓度和酶作用时间单因素试验基础上,利用响应面试验设计优化了酶交联改性的最佳条件。并分别测定了酶改性前后花生分离蛋白的功能性,包括:溶解性、吸油性、持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性。通过响应面分析得到酶改性的最佳条件:酶添加量、花生分离蛋白质量浓度和酶作用时间分别为17.75 U/g、29.60 g/mL和376 min,在此条件下,凝胶的硬度可达到333.49 g。经转谷氨酰胺酶改性后,花生分离蛋白的吸油性和持水性均有不同程度的提高,分别提高了27.41%和61.24%。     

花生蛋白的高静压联合酶法改性及其性质

为促进花生蛋白的深加工和更广泛的应用,采用高静压联合碱性蛋白酶酶法改性花生蛋白。通过单因素试验考察了静压力、pH、酶添加量、酶解时间和酶解温度对花生蛋白溶解度的影响,在此基础上,采用正交试验优化花生蛋白联合改性工艺条件,并测定了联合改性花生蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性、巯基和二硫键含量以及总还原能力。结果表明：花生蛋白联合改性最佳工艺条件为静压力300 MPa、1 g/100 mL碱性蛋白酶（20万U/g）添加量3.0 mL（100 mL质量分数5%的花生蛋白溶液）、酶解时间60 min、pH 10、酶解温度50 ℃,在此条件下联合改性花生蛋白溶解度为（82.87±0.51）%;联合改性花生蛋白的起泡性、泡沫稳定性、巯基含量、总还原能力显著提高,二硫键含量显著下降。综上,高静压联合酶法改性改善了花生蛋白的理化性质及功能特性,有利于其深加工及更广泛的应用。     

桑叶蛋白的功能特性研究

采用超声波辅助提取结合盐酸沉析法提取桑叶蛋白,研究pH值、离子强度、蔗糖质量浓度和温度对桑叶蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：远离其等电点时,桑叶蛋白具有良好的持水性、溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性;桑叶蛋白的持水性、溶解度和起泡性与NaCl浓度(0～1.0mol/L)呈正相关,而过高的离子强度(NaCl浓度高于0.6～0.8mol/L)会使桑叶蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性下降;蔗糖的加入会增加桑叶蛋白的持水性,但会降低其溶解度和起泡性,对桑叶蛋白的乳化性和乳化稳定性影响不大;桑叶蛋白的吸油性和起泡性与温度(4～80℃)呈正相关,持水性、溶解度、乳化性及乳化稳定性于60℃时最好。     

酶法改性对米糠蛋白凝胶硬度及功能性质的影响

以米糠蛋白为原料,采用转谷氨酰胺酶(TG)将其改性,通过单因素试验和响应面优化试验研究蛋白质质量分数、改性时间及加酶量对改性的米糠蛋白凝胶硬度的影响,并比较改性前、后米糠蛋白的溶解性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、起泡性和起泡稳定性以及持油性等功能性质。结果表明,在蛋白质质量分数12.8%,改性时间3.2 h,加酶量19.7 U/g的条件下得到蛋白质最佳凝胶硬度,即93.58 g。经改性处理后蛋白质持水力增加162%,溶解度增加31.1%,乳化性和乳化稳定性分别提高52.7%,25.4%,起泡性和泡沫稳定性分别提高33.3%,7.2%,持油性提高114%。用扫描电子显微镜观察其微观结构,发现改性的米糠蛋白呈类似海绵结构,其结构有较明显的改善,说明酶法改性米糠蛋白效果显著。     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

荞麦麸皮蛋白的制备及功能特性研究

探究了荞麦麸皮蛋白的最佳制备工艺及功能特性差异。通过单因素实验对pH、温度、料液比和时间进行初步优化，并在此基础上采用响应面实验确定最佳工艺参数：pH为10,料液比为1∶10,时间为60 min,温度为40℃。进一步分析了温度和pH对苦荞麸皮蛋白和甜荞麸皮蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，两种蛋白的溶解性及持水性均呈上升趋势，在60～80℃时，两种蛋白有较好的起泡性和乳化性，且稳定性良好。碱性环境(pH≥8)可提高两种蛋白质的溶解性、持水性、乳化性和乳化稳定性。与大豆分离蛋白相比，极酸(pH=2)或碱性(pH≥8)条件下，甜荞麸皮蛋白展现出良好的起泡性，而苦荞麸皮蛋白则展现出良好的泡沫稳定性。综上所述，适当热处理及碱性环境可改善荞麦麸皮蛋白的功能特性。     

马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白的功能特性

以碱提酸沉法制备的马铃薯淀粉废水蛋白为原料,分别考察了pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白功能特性（溶解性、持水能力、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性）的影响。结果表明,pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对蛋白的功能特性产生不同程度的影响。在等电点（pH 4.0）时,马铃薯蛋白表现出最低的溶解性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性,而泡沫稳定性最好。在较低NaCl浓度（＜0.2 mol/L）时,蛋白溶解性、持水能力、乳化性和乳化稳定性随NaCl浓度的增加而提高,而高浓度的NaCl（＞0.2 mol/L）对上述性质具有抑制作用;蛋白的起泡性和泡沫稳定性在NaCl浓度为0.4 mol/L时具有最大值。在4～80 ℃范围内,蛋白质的各项功能性质随温度的升高均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且溶解性、持水性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性在40 ℃时最佳,乳化性在60 ℃最佳。     

葛根蛋白及其酶解物的体外抗氧化活性和功能特性

以葛根为原料,采用碱提法提取葛根蛋白,对其进行酶解,研究不同蛋白酶（碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶）对葛根蛋白的酶解效果及其酶解物的抗氧化活性和功能特性,并与葛根蛋白进行对比。3种蛋白酶对葛根蛋白的酶解效果及其酶解物抗氧化特性研究结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解物水解度和蛋白回收率最佳,并具有良好的体外抗氧化活性。功能特性研究结果表明,与葛根蛋白相比,3种葛根蛋白酶解物的溶解性、持油性和起泡性均有不同程度提升,但持水性、起泡稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性均有所下降。其中碱性蛋白酶酶解物的功能特性最优,pH值为5时,溶解度达98.43%;温度为60℃时,持油性达4.23%;pH值为6时,起泡性达106%。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解效率高,且适合用于提高葛根蛋白抗氧化活性及功能特性。     

胃蛋白酶水解大米蛋白的研究

采用胃蛋白酶对大米蛋白进行水解以改善其功能性质。结果表明,酶添加量7U/g(以蛋白质干基计)、pH1.5、时间5h、温度30℃时,胃蛋白酶对大米蛋白溶解性有较好的改善作用。水解后大米蛋白的乳化稳定性与乳化性分别为33.28min、0.456,高于大豆蛋白和鸡蛋清蛋白;起泡性和起泡稳定性比未经过任何处理的大米蛋白分别提高了25.0%、82.4%;持水性和持油性为2.80、3.30g/g,是未经处理的大米蛋白的2.09、2.92 倍。     

Short communication: Muscle protein synthetic response to microparticulated whey protein in middle-aged men

Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is a high-quality dairy ingredient that is often included in formulated food products designed to stimulate muscle anabolism. Whey protein concentrate can be affected by UHT processing, and its sensory properties are not compatible with some formulated food products. Microparticulated WPC (mWPC) is a novel ingredient that is resistant to heat treatment and has enhanced sensory properties. When 16 healthy middle-aged men consumed 20 g of either WPC or mWPC, both proteins increased plasma essential AA and leucine concentrations with no detectable difference in curve kinetics. Myofibrillar protein synthesis was increased in both groups for 90 min after ingestion with no difference between groups. Ingestion of mWPC resulted in a muscle anabolic response that was equivalent to that of WPC over the full 210-min measurement period. Formulated products incorporating mWPC or standard WPC would provoke equivalent anabolic responses.     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性.在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素.蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白...     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

酶制剂在蛋白质加工行业的应用

蛋白质的加工是食品行业中发展最快的领域之一，蛋白质加工的主要用酶是蛋白质水解酶，以蛋白质加工和研究的几个热点领域，如大豆分离蛋白、米蛋白、谷朊蛋白等为例，对酶制剂在蛋白质加工中的应用进展情况进行了回顾并对未来发展进行了展望。     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

中国植物油料蛋白生产现状与发展趋势

对中国主要植物油料蛋白--大豆蛋白、花生蛋白、棉籽蛋白、菜籽蛋白工业的生产现状与发展趋势进行了论述,同时对这4种蛋白的氨基酸组成、营养效价和生物价进行了比较.结果表明,菜籽蛋白的生物价和营养效价最高,其次为大豆蛋白,再次为棉籽蛋白,最后为花生蛋白.目前我国对大豆蛋白开发利用最多,而对于菜籽蛋白和棉籽蛋白,由于脱毒技术等原因,开发利用不足.随着人民生活水平的提高、技术的成熟,这些油料蛋白将得到进一步的开发、利用,市场潜力巨大.