乳杆菌发酵对生姜副产物蒸馏液活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响

采用提取精油后的生姜副产物蒸馏液为原料,对比分析植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,Lp)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus,La)发酵生姜蒸馏液过程中发酵特性(pH、总酸)、总酚、总黄酮、姜辣素类化合物及抗氧化活性的变化规律。结果表明,两种乳杆菌在生姜蒸馏液中均表现出良好的生长状况,且Lp的发酵性能更佳,发酵24 h总酸含量达到2.89 g/kg。Lp和La发酵液中总酚、总黄酮、6-姜酚含量均呈现先降低后升高的趋势,且发酵结束时含量均显著低于初始含量,姜酮含量无显著性变化。发酵过程中,除ABTS阳离子自由基清除率降低外,Lp、La发酵液的抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、亚硝基清除率、还原力和总抗氧化能力)均呈现上升的趋势。相关性分析结果表明,抗氧化活性与6-姜酚、8-姜酚、6-姜烯酚、总酚、总黄酮含量的变化显著相关(P<0.05)。实验结果表明,这两种乳杆菌发酵可以有效利用生姜蒸馏液中的营养物质并显著提高其抗氧化活性,其中植物乳杆菌发酵效果更好。     

乳酸菌发酵前后铁皮石斛汁中功能活性物质与风味成分的比较

为研究乳酸菌发酵对石斛汁中功能活性物质及风味成分的影响。以铁皮石斛汁为原料，采用嗜酸乳杆菌（Lactobacillus acidophilus，La）与副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei，Lp）混合液态发酵，分析石斛汁中多糖、乙酸乙酯萃取成分、挥发性成分、游离氨基酸及有机酸的变化。结果表明，铁皮石斛汁发酵后，多糖平均分子量由184.40 ku减小至91.27 ku，多糖含量极显著降低21.91%（P<0.01）；试验鉴定发酵前后乙酸乙酯萃取成分分别为20种和16种，相同成分11种，差异成分14种；挥发性成分由发酵前的21种增至发酵后的26种，发酵后酚类与醇类物质相对含量增多，花香香气物质相对含量增多；发酵后检测出15种游离氨基酸，游离氨基酸种类较发酵前增加6种，赋予发酵汁甜味和鲜味，除天冬氨酸外，其他种类游离氨基酸含量均极显著升高（P<0.01）；发酵前后分别含有3种和4种有机酸，乳酸仅在发酵后检出，其含量占比有机酸总含量的76.11%，赋予发酵汁柔润的口感。由此可见，La与Lp混合发酵可使铁皮石斛汁中产生丰富的活性物质与风味成分。     

植物乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌发酵对蓝莓花色苷的影响

选用植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）FM-LP-9和发酵乳杆菌（Lactobacillus fermentum）FM-LP-SR6分别对蓝莓花色苷进行发酵,考察发酵过程中菌落总数、pH值、色差、总黄酮含量、总糖含量、总花色苷含量、单体花色苷含量、有机酸含量等指标的变化规律。结果表明,经48 h发酵后,两种乳杆菌的菌落总数均能达到9.0 lg（CFU/mL）以上,发酵液的pH值降至3.6,总糖含量相较于发酵前分别降低了48.65%和58.97%,总黄酮含量分别增加至11.4、11.8 mg/L,总花色苷含量分别降低了48.63%和46.06%,色差值升高,颜色变暗。两株乳杆菌均能代谢花色苷和转化酚类物质,发酵过程中花色苷含量呈下降趋势,主成分分析得出两株乳杆菌发酵花色苷后的单体花色苷组分差异较大,主要来自飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷。此外,两株菌发酵后,发酵液中的乳酸、乙酸含量升高,草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸含量降低。     

乳酸杆菌对东北酸菜发酵特性的影响解析

为研究不同种乳酸杆菌对于酸菜的接种效果,从自然发酵酸菜中筛选出短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、寡发酵乳杆菌（L. oligofermentans）、弯曲乳杆菌（L. curvatus）和植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）作为接种剂进行酸菜发酵。分析接种组和对照组的酸菜发酵体系的生化指标,使用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析发酵12 d和30 d的细菌群落组成及动态变化。结果显示,接种处理组的酸菜发酵体系中pH下降与乳酸的产生速度均超过对照组,乳酸菌数量在前6天显著高于对照组。高通量测序结果显示,相比对照组,接种处理乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度更高,肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）和假单胞菌属（Pseudonomnas）的相对丰度更低。各接种处理之间比较的结果显示,在发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜pH值最低,L. curvatus和L. plantarum处理乳酸质量浓度相对较高,两组处理间差异不显著。L. brevis和L. oligofermentans接种处理的酸菜乙酸质量浓度最高。从微生物纲水平组成来看,所有处理细菌均由厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）组成。在接种水平上,发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜Lactobacillus相对丰度最高,Enterobacteriaceae和Pseudonomnas相对丰度最低。该结果将为筛选符合不同发酵目的的接种剂提供技术参考。     

双菌协同发酵苹果醋研究及其品质分析

以苹果为原材料，利用巴氏醋杆菌（Acetobacter pasteurianus）和植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）进行双菌协同发酵生产苹果醋。采用单因素和响应面试验优化发酵工艺条件，并与巴氏醋杆菌发酵苹果醋的主要理化指标及风味物质进行对比。结果表明，双菌协同发酵苹果醋最佳工艺条件为初始酒精度9%vol、发酵温度31 ℃、巴氏醋杆菌与植物乳杆菌接种量均为10%（V/V）、转速170 r/min，发酵时间12 d。此优化发酵工艺条件下，苹果醋总酸为56.13 g/L。与单菌发酵苹果醋相比，双菌协同发酵苹果醋总多酚、总黄酮、维生素C、游离氨基酸质量浓度显著增多（P＜0.05），抗氧化性明显增强。在单菌和双菌协同发酵苹果醋中分别检测到25种和36种挥发性化合物，双菌协同发酵苹果醋具有更多的酮类和酯类化合物，表现出更好的风味。     

发酵蔬菜源食品用益生乳酸菌的筛选及降胆固醇能力评价

为了从发酵蔬菜中筛选出具有降解胆固醇能力的食品用益生乳酸菌,作者以融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confuse) RW作为对照,采用定向分离法结合16S rDNA分析不同来源的发酵蔬菜样品中得到5株具有降胆固醇能力的益生乳酸菌。结果表明,5株菌对pH 2.0、质量浓度为3 g/L的胆盐以及模拟胃肠液均具有耐受性,降胆固醇能力强（54.79%~62.54%）、能够抑制病原菌且黏附于Caco-2细胞上,表现出优良的益生特性。此外,5株菌均无溶血现象,不产生物胺,对多数抗生素敏感,安全性高。通过16S rDNA鉴定5株菌分别为植物乳植杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum）JCSMC-1、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）SYB和JCSMC6-2、副干酪乳酸菌（Lacticaseibacillus paracasei）SYD和XSMC-1。本研究获得的1株植物乳植杆菌、2株植物乳杆菌、2株副干酪乳酸菌均具有食品用益生菌的基本特性,为开发食品用益生菌提供了新资源。     

乳酸菌发酵对山楂汁理化性质、酚类化合物、抗氧化性及风味的影响

选用6 种商品乳酸菌植物乳杆菌90（Lactobacillus plantarum 90,Lp）、干酪乳杆菌37（Lactobacillus casei 37,Lc）、副干酪乳杆菌01（Lactobacillus paracasei 01,Lpc）、嗜酸乳杆菌85（Lactobacillus acidophilus 85,La）、双歧乳杆菌80（Bifidobacterium lactis 80,Bla）、瑞士乳杆菌76（Lactobacillus helveticus 76,Lh）,分别对山楂汁进行发酵,比较不同乳酸菌发酵对山楂汁理化性质（pH值、可溶性固形物、总可滴定酸）、酚类物质、体外抗氧化性、色值和风味物质的影响,并进行感官评价。结果表明：6 种乳酸菌在调酸后的山楂汁中（pH 4.70）表现出良好的生长状况且无显著差异,发酵结束时活菌数高于8.5（lg（CFU/mL））,同时表现出良好的发酵性能,乳酸产量超过2.6 mg/mL。Bla和Lh发酵显著提高了总酚含量,但对总黄酮无显著影响,而La、Lc和Lpc发酵显著降低了总黄酮含量,对总酚无显著影响。此外,Lpc、Bla和Lh发酵山楂汁的抗氧化活性有所增强（P＜0.05）,表现出较强的2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除活性（约49.0%）和Fe3＋还原能力（约25.0 mmol/L,以Trolox计）。相关性分析结果表明,抗氧化活性与对香豆酸、绿原酸、槲皮素和表儿茶素的含量呈负相关。乳酸菌发酵使山楂汁挥发性成分种类及总量增加,形成了17 种新的醇和17 种新的酯,并降低了醛含量。感官评价结果表明,乳酸菌发酵改善了山楂汁的香气和滋味,Bla发酵山楂汁的总体感官品质最好,Lh次之。与其他乳酸菌相比,Bla发酵山楂汁具有较高的抗氧化性、丰富的香气物质和良好的感官品质,具有更大的研究和开发价值。     

协同发酵生产的鲜湿米粉及其品质特性和风味研究

为探究不同微生物组合协同发酵对鲜湿米粉品质和风味的影响,将筛选的酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae.23,S.c.23)、干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei.17,L.c.17)与植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum.9,L.p.9)协同发酵,并测定产酸能力、植物乳杆菌活菌数、理化性质、蒸煮特性、质构特性、挥发性风味物质。结果表明,协同发酵生产的发酵米粉品质良好,挥发性风味物质显著增加。L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17的产酸能力最强,植物乳杆菌活菌数最高达到(9.06±0.15) lg CFU/g;蛋白质、脂肪含量显著降低,直链淀粉含量显著升高。结合蒸煮和质构特性测定,L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17制得的米粉蒸煮损失率、硬度、弹性等方面优于其他发酵组。L.p.9+S.c.23+L.c.17发酵米粉的挥发性风味物质高达37种,主要为酯类和醇类。多菌种协同发酵显著提升了鲜湿米粉的品质,增加了风味,在发酵米粉产业开发中具有良好的应用潜力。     

不同乳酸菌发酵酸面团对面包品质及风味的影响

以酸面团典型菌株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,Lp)、类食品乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paralimentarius,Lpa)和发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum,Lf)为发酵菌,探讨自然发酵酸面团(对照),3种单一乳酸菌和4种复合乳酸菌Lpa+Lp (1...     

发酵型核桃乳生产专用乳杆菌的选育

从发酵面包、白芥丝、泡菜、酸菜中分离到14株乳杆菌,经核桃乳发酵产酸特性初筛,确定菌株L5、L7、L8及L12适合核桃乳发酵。通过菌落形态、菌体形态和16S rRNA基因序列分析,确定4株菌分别为鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）、副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracasei）、食窦魏斯氏菌（Weissella cibaria）干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）。将上述菌株与实验室保存的嗜热链球菌SA进行核桃乳发酵实验,感官评分分别为78分、95分、83分和82分;4个发酵核桃乳中9种氨基酸含量均有不同程度提高,其中菌株L7发酵产品的氨基酸含量增幅最大,由0.67%增至1.60%。因此副干酪乳杆菌L7更适合发酵型核桃乳的生产。     

抑制副溶血性弧菌的乳酸菌筛选鉴定及其生物学特性研究

目的:丰富功能性乳酸菌资源库，寻找具有副溶血性弧菌拮抗能力的优良乳酸菌出发菌株。方法:采用牛津杯抑菌试验筛选具有广谱抑菌潜力的乳酸菌菌株，通过生长代谢性能、胃肠液耐受性能、耐盐性、抗生素敏感性、抑菌谱等指标探讨其生物学特性。结果:以副溶血性弧菌为指示菌，筛选得到6株乳酸菌，经形态学、生理生化、分子生物学鉴定，分别归类于类干酪乳酪杆菌、发酵黏液乳杆菌和植物乳植物杆菌。其中，类干酪乳酪杆菌A1抑菌活性最佳，24 h内菌落总数超过1×10⁹ CFU/mL,发酵液pH值稳定在4.1左右，经人工模拟胃液处理2 h后，存活率为54.61%,再经人工模拟肠液处理8 h后，存活率仍可达45.46%,经10%NaCl胁迫处理24 h后，活菌总数>1×10⁵ CFU/mL。同时，类干酪乳酪杆菌A1细菌素粗提物对13种致病菌呈良好抑菌活性，具有广谱抑菌潜力，且对8种常见抗生素未见耐药性。结论:筛选得到了能够抑制副溶血性弧菌且生物学特性优良的类干酪乳酪杆菌A1。     

Lactic acid bacteria from fermented table olives

Table olives are one of the main fermented vegetables in the world. Olives can be processed as treated or natural. Both have to be fermented but treated green olives have to undergo an alkaline treatment before they are placed in brine to start their fermentation. It has been generally established that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are responsible for the fermentation of treated olives. However, LAB and yeasts compete for the fermentation of natural olives. Yeasts play a minor role in some cases, contributing to the flavour and aroma of table olives and in LAB development.     

Selection and evaluation of seafood-borne psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria as inhibitors of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria

In this study, inhibitory psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria were isolated and investigated for future use in biopreservation of seafood products. Screening of 5575 colonies isolated from various seafood products resulted in the selection of 132 colonies presenting inhibitory properties. Among them, 52 isolates had characteristics of LAB and showed growth at 15 °C but not at 30 °C. The inhibition spectrum of these 52 isolates against 14 target strains (Gram-positive and -negative) showed inhibition of typical seafood spoiling and pathogenic bacteria and enabled the formation of seven interesting clusters. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of a representative isolate from each cluster identified three Leuconostoc gelidum, two Lactococcus piscium, one Lactobacillus fuchuensis and one Carnobacterium alterfunditum. Theses strains did not produce histamine nor tyramine, and showed no particular antibiotic resistance profile. Growth rate as a function of temperature was tested for one L. piscium and one L. gelidum isolate and confirmed their psychrotrophic behavior. One out of seven isolates showed bacteriocin-like activity. The inhibition mechanisms of the other isolates are still unknown but may be due to competition for substrate. Absence of a bacteriocin-like component could be a positive point to gain rapid authorization for food application in France. This collection of LAB is now ready for testing on products.     

Characterization of Lactobacillus isolates from fermented olives and their bacteriocin gene profiles

Near one hundred isolates of Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus plantarum from table olives were studied. Strains were genotyped by rep-PCR. Although the technique failed to differentiate some isolates at the species level, it proved a robust and easy procedure that could be useful for distinguishing between related strains of L. paraplantarum, L. pentosus and L. plantarum from a large pool of unrelated strains of these species. A PCR-based screening revealed the presence of the plantaricin encoding genes plnA, plnB, plnC, plnD, plnE/F, plnF, plnI, plnJ, plnK, plnG and plnN in most isolates of the three species. Sequences of bacteriocin genes present in L. paraplantarum and L. pentosus were homologous to L. plantarum genes. Through a discriminating analysis of the bacteriocin gene profiles, it was possible to establish a relationship between the origin of isolation and the LAB isolates, regardless of species.     

Inhibition by Lactobacillus sakei of other species in the flora of vacuum packaged raw meats during prolonged storage

The abilities of five Lactobacillus sakei strains and one Lactococcus lactis strain to retain inhibitory activity against several target organisms in the flora of product during 12 weeks storage of vacuum-packaged lamb and beef was investigated. L. sakei strains were generally found capable of developing dominant populations on both beef and lamb. L. lactis 75 grew poorly on lamb did not inhibit co-inoculated Brochothrix thermosphacta. Lamb inoculated with the Sakacin-A producer L. sakei Lb706 had lower Listeria monocytogenes populations than lamb inoculated with a bacteriocin-negative variant. In beef packs inoculated with Clostridium estertheticum spores and L. sakei strain 27, 44 or 63, the development of blown-pack spoilage was delayed by up to one week. Campylobacter jejuni inoculated onto beef was recovered from fewer packs when it was co-inoculated with 3000 CFU cm⁻² of L. sakei strain 27, 44 or 63. Observed inhibition did not always correlate with inhibition observed in earlier media-based studies, supporting the view that functionality identified using simple media-based screening methods may not be replicated in the complex environment of stored foods, and vice-versa. These findings further define a set of L. sakei strains with potential for the extended bio-preservation of minimally processed fresh beef and lamb.     

Effects of process parameters on growth and metabolism of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Candida humilis</Emphasis> during rye sourdough fermentation

The effects of temperature, pH, inoculum level, and NaCl on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Candida humilis in rye sourdough were determined. The temperature optima for growth of C. humilis and L. sanfranciscensis were 28 and 32 °C, respectively. Yeast growth was inhibited at 35 °C. The pH did not affect yeast growth in the range 3.5–5.5, whereas growth of L. sanfranciscensis was inhibited at pH 4.0. A NaCl concentration of 4% (flour base) inhibited growth of L. sanfranciscensis but not C. humilis. The effects of the process parameters on the formation of lactate, acetate, ethanol, and CO₂ by the organisms were generally in agreement with their effects on growth. However, decreased formation of acetate by L. sanfranciscensis was observed at 35 °C although lactate and ethanol formation were not affected. In conclusion, the study provides a rationale for the stable persistence of L. sanfranciscensis and C. humilis in traditional sourdoughs and will facilitate the optimisation of sourdough fermentations in traditional and new applications.     

植物乳杆菌发酵桑葚酵素工艺优化及质量评价

目的:解决新鲜桑葚难以保存的问题，将新鲜桑葚制成桑葚酵素。方法:以新鲜桑葚汁为原料，植物乳杆菌为生产菌种，总酚含量为评价指标，通过单因素试验结合响应面试验优化了植物乳杆菌桑葚酵素的发酵工艺，并对桑葚酵素的理化、微生物及感官质量指标进行评价。结果:优化后发酵工艺条件为发酵时间40 h、发酵温度32℃、接种量25%,所制得的植物乳杆菌桑葚酵素的总酚含量达(43.48±0.67)μg/mL,是未经发酵的桑葚汁的1.62倍，可溶性固体物含量为5.36%,pH值为4.08±0.01,微生物指标满足国家标准；桑葚酵素呈紫红、色泽均匀，具有浓郁的桑葚果香和发酵的香味、无异味，酸味柔和、风味好，有光泽、无杂质及沉淀。结论:经植物乳杆菌发酵制得桑葚酵素的过程有生物活性物质产生，有利于提高桑葚酵素质量。     

Fed-batch coculture of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for effective production of kefiran

In a batch coculture of kefiran-producing lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens and lactate-assimilating yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactate accumulation in the medium was observed, which inhibited kefiran production. To enhance kefiran productivity by preventing lactate accumulation, we conducted lactose-feeding batch operation with feedforward/feedback control during the coculture, so that the lactate production rate of L. kefiranofaciens was balanced with the lactate consumption rate of S. cerevisiae. The lactate concentration was maintained at less than 6 g l(-1) throughout the fed-batch coculture using a 5 l jar fermentor, although the concentration reached 33 g l(-1) in the batch coculture. Kefiran production was increased to 6.3 g in 102 h in the fed-batch coculture, whereas 4.5 g kefiran was produced in 97 h in the batch coculture. The kefiran yield on lactose basis was increased up to 0.033 g g(-1) in the fed-batch coculture, whereas that in the batch coculture was 0.027 g g(-1).     

Degradation of ascorbic acid and potassium sorbate by different Lactobacillus species isolated from packed green olives

The aim of this research was to ascertain the lactic acid bacteria responsible for the degradation of ascorbic acid and/or potassium sorbate, isolated from packed green olives where these additives had diminished. A total of 14 isolates were recovered from samples of different green olive containers. According to partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA coding gene, Lactobacillus parafarraginis, Lactobacillus rapi, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus paracollinoides, and Pediococcus ethanolidurans were identified. With the exception of L. pentosus and L. paracollinoides, the other species had not been mentioned in table olives before this study. Only three of the 14 isolates metabolized ascorbic acid in MRS broth, and the products from ascorbic acid in modified MRS broth without carbon sources were acetic and lactic acids. Except for the two L. rapi and the two P. ethanolidurans strains, the remaining 10 isolates depleted potassium sorbate added into MRS broth to some extent. The product generated by three of these strains was confirmed to be trans-4-hexenoic acid. The degradation of ascorbate or sorbate by lactic acid bacteria should be taken into account when these additives are used in food products where this group of bacteria may be present.     

Propionic acid production by cofermentation of Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus diolivorans in sourdough

Cooperative metabolism of lactobacilli in silage fermentation converts lactate to propionate. This study aimed to determine whether propionate production by Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus diolivorans can be applied for bread preservation. Propionate formation was observed in cofermentation with L. buchneri and L. diolivorans in modified MRS broth as well as sourdough with low, medium and high ash contents. 48 mM of propionate was formed in sourdough with medium ash content, but only 9 and 28 mM propionate were formed in sourdoughs prepared from white wheat flour or whole wheat flour, respectively. Acetate levels were comparable in all three sourdoughs and ranged from 160 to 175 mM. Sourdough fermented with L. buchneri and L. diolivorans was used in breadmaking and its effect on fungal spoilage was compared to traditional sourdough or propionate addition to straight doughs. Bread slices were inoculated with Aspergillus clavatus, Cladosporium spp., Mortierella spp. or Penicillium roquefortii. The use of 20% experimental sourdough inhibited growth of three of the four moulds for more than 12 days. The use of 10% experimental sourdough deferred growth of two moulds by one day. Bread from traditional sourdough with added acetate had less effect in inhibiting mould growth.