食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的检测探究

在食品包装材料中加入邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂可增强塑料的可塑性、延展性和柔韧性,然而塑化剂分子具有游离性,易受周围环境因素的影响而迁移到食品中。本文介绍了PAEs的理化性质和对人体的危害性,重点针对气相色谱-质谱法展开实验实践分析,最后展望了食品包装材料中的PAEs检测方法的发展趋势,以期为今后食品塑料包装材料的科学、健康发展提供微薄力量。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的检测技术研究进展

塑化剂是一种内分泌干扰物,目前食品中的塑化剂污染日益突出,严重威胁了人们的身体健康。本文对近年来食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)的检测技术进行了总结分析,对常用的大型仪器检测法如气相色谱法、液相色谱法、质谱法、气质联用法等和新兴的快速检测法如免疫法、荧光法、电化学检测法、表面增强拉曼光谱法等做了详细地对比与分析,列举了其各自的优缺点以及在实际样品检测中的应用,为食品中PAEs检测技术的发展和应用提供了研究思路和方向。     

2019年上海市微波食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移风险监测

目的 评估微波食品包装中的邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid esters, PAEs)塑化剂至食品中的迁移风险进行。方法 采集90批次微波加热食品, 依据GB 31604.30-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定和迁移量的测定》, 采用气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/MS)对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测, 并考察样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果 90批次微波加热食品包装中, 共计有18批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂, 检出率为20%。其中15批次样品检出含量在0~10 mg/kg范围内, 最高检出含量为29.86 mg/kg。迁移实验未检出有塑化剂的迁移。结论 2019年上海市微波食品包装引入塑化剂污染的风险较低, 正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂来源和风险控制措施研究

对食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂的来源和风险控制进行了研究。针对植物油加工企业实际情况,分别从油料及其包装、加工,油脂接触的塑料制品进行全面排查和分析PAEs来源。结果表明:油料在种植过程中吸收了塑化剂导致其本身含有一定量的塑化剂;采用PP编织袋不会对油料造成塑化剂污染;油料在预榨之前有效地清理塑料杂质,可减少毛油中PAEs含量;油脂生产过程中接触的输油软管和垫片、垫圈等塑料制品的PAEs含量、温度、时间与PAEs在食用植物油中的迁移量成正比,是植物油中塑化剂污染的主要因素。脱臭工艺可脱除一定量的塑化剂。结合植物油中塑化剂来源和防治措施,可降低植物油中塑化剂风险。     

单滴微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用法检测食品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂

建立酱油、醋和果汁样品中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂的单滴微萃取结合气相色谱—质谱联用检测方法。采用气相色谱—质谱仪进行测定。结果表明:5种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂在1~10mg/mL范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.995);5种PAEs在3种样品基质中3个添加水平的平均回收率在75.4%~113.0%,日内精密度和日间精密度分别为2.4%~7.3%和1.9%~8.5%。5种PAEs中DBP检出率最大为100%,且检出量均超出GB 9685—2008规定的限值0.3 mg/kg。塑料袋、塑料瓶和纸盒包装样品中PAEs的量高于玻璃瓶包装的样品。该方法操作简单,快速,灵敏度高,可以满足酱油、醋和果汁等类样品中PAEs的检测要求。     

食用油中塑化剂的污染途径及分析方法的研究进展

塑化剂主要是指邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs),其广泛应用于工业各个领域.研究表明,PAEs的急毒性作用虽不明显,但可引起肝、肾、肺及心脏、生殖等多组织系统的中毒,其中以雄性生殖系统损害最为明显.因此,美国、日本、中国先后将PAEs列入优先控制污染物的黑名单.为了对PAEs有更深入的了解,对塑化剂的理化性质、食用油中塑化剂污染途径及食用油中塑化剂检测方法的研究状况等进行了综述,以期为塑化剂的深入研究提供帮助.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类综述

邻苯二甲酸酯类（Phthalic Acid Esters ,PAEs）是一种十分常见的增塑剂,广泛用于塑料、橡胶及乳化剂等工业中,用其增塑的聚氯乙烯（PVC）可用于制造包装材料、农用薄膜、电缆等。台湾塑化剂事件发生后,消费者对此类增塑剂产生恐慌。本文对PAEs类增塑剂毒性以及美国、欧盟、日本、我国法规进行小结,不同分子量PAEs类增塑剂的毒性强度不同,各国对PAEs的管理方式也不尽相同。本文还对近5年来食品,食品包装材料以及生物样品中PAEs的分析方法进行了回顾,检测结果提示食品、生物样品中均能检测出不同水平的PAEs。因此,需探索更为可靠的分析方法,加强人群暴露水平评估,制定PAEs更为合理的限制规定,以保障消费者饮食健康。     

论复合型乳品添加剂的安全问题

近年来由不法分子在食品加工环节非法添加一些非食用的工业化学物质所导致的食品安全问题层出不穷,如三聚氰胺事件、“瘦肉精”事件、台湾塑化剂(DEHP)事件等,不仅严重危害了人民群众的身体健康和生命安全,同时也使广大消费者对食品添加剂产生了误解,让本来在食品加工中不可或缺的食品添加剂成为大众所担心的不安全因素,特别是复合型食品添加剂遭受了更多不公平的待遇.本文在此背景下,结合作者多年在复合型乳品添加剂研发、生产及应用方面的经验,从添加剂原料的选择、研发及生产过程的控制以及在乳品生产加工中的应用稳定性等方面,针对复合型乳品添加剂的安全性问题进行讨论,以期为复合型乳品添加剂行业的健康发展提供一定的参考和依据,也希望复合型食品添加剂的作用和价值能够得到正确的认识和评价.     

自热火锅包装内盒中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的GC-MS法测定

为了探究市售自热火锅包装内盒中邻苯二甲酸酯类（Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs）塑化剂在加热条件下的迁移状况,本文采用气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）建立了18种PAEs塑化剂的检测方法,并对四种不同材质的182个自热火锅包装内盒中塑化剂的迁移量进行了测定。在采用标准品建立PAEs的GC-MS检测方法基础上,参照国家标准对自热火锅包装内盒进行前处理,并测定了其中的PAEs含量。结果表明,以HP-5MS石英毛细管柱为分离柱,18种PAEs的分离效果良好,方法检出限为0.005~0.02 μg/mL,线性范围0.05~5.14 μg/mL,相关系数（R）均大于0.999,相对标准偏差均小于10%,回收率为92.0%~99.6%;对四种不同材质的182个自热火锅包装内盒中的PAEs含量进行测定,均未检出。总之,本文建立的PAEs塑化剂的GC-MS测定方法,具有简单高效,实用性强,检出限低、精密度及回收率高等特点,适用于自热火锅包装内盒中PAEs的快速检测。     

气液微萃取技术与气相色谱-质谱法联合快速检测包装食品中15种邻苯二甲酸酯

本文利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)与气液微萃取技术(GLME)相联合的方法,对包装食品当中的15种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs,如邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯及邻苯二甲酸二甲氧基乙酯等)进行快速检测。最终结果得知,二者相联合的检测方法在检测包装食品中塑化剂方面有重要价值。     

食用油中邻苯二甲酸酯检测方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(phthalate esters,PAEs)具有脂溶性并且容易从塑料制品中迁移出来。在生产或储存过程中食用油与塑料制品接触是无可避免的,因此食用油容易遭受PAEs污染。食用油是人体每日摄入的食品,检测食用油中的PAEs,对PAEs人体膳食暴露相关的食品安全评估有重要意义。由于食用油基体复杂,大量脂肪色素干扰检测,同时因分析系统中广泛分布的PAEs导致难以获得稳定系统空白值,影响检测。本文综述了近年来食用油中PAEs检测的研究进展,从前处理净化技术、仪器分析技术和定量方式等3个方面进行了归纳和总结,并对存在的问题进行了探讨和展望,以期为食用油中PAEs的检测提供理论参考。     

乳制品质量快速检测原理与技术研究进展

乳制品是鲜奶以及所有以奶为主要原料加工制成的产品的总称,乳制品的安全问题是全球关注的热点。为了对乳制品质量进行监控,目前已有的检测标准和方法需要在实验室进行,检测环境条件要求较高,周期较长。研究并开发灵敏、准确、便捷的检测方法十分必要。近年来,一系列新的乳制品质量快速检测技术已经被广泛应用,本文主要介绍了电子学、光谱学和生物学检测技术的原理及其在乳制品质量检测应用中的优缺点,同时展望了乳制品质量检测技术的发展方向,旨在为乳制品质量检测技术的进一步发展提供资料参考和思路。     

The Swiss Federal Dairy Research Station

The Federal Dairy Research Station (FAM) was established at the beginning of the last century. It is one of six agricultural research stations of the Swiss Department of Agriculture and the leading national research institute in dairy technology and consulting. It is part of the Swiss Centre of Competence for Animal Production and Foods of Animal Origin. Its mission is to improve the competitive position of the Swiss milk producers and dairy industry. The institute is organized into three functional areas corresponding to its well-established core competencies: (1) production of raw milk cheese and microorganisms for fermentation, (2) knowledge transfer and consultation for the dairy industry and beekeeping, and (3) testing of, and providing expertise on dairy and bee products. Research work is carried out using a multidisciplinary approach in a matrix organization. Two product- and customer-orientated technology units and one unit for consulting, contractual work and other services for the dairy industry are supported in their projects by three scientific and technical units (microbiology; chemistry, physics and sensory analysis; engineering and production) as well as by a unit offering central services. The 4-year research programmes are based on the strategic goals of the agricultural policy as well as on the current needs of the dairy industry. An advisory board oversees the preparation and execution of the projects. FAM is connected to an international network for both scientific work and supervisory tasks. Work is carried out within the background of the political strategy of a sustainable development including economic, ecological and social aspects. A primary research focus is therefore the avoidance of excessive processing of milk and dairy products, and keeping products natural and free of residues by applying only minimal, unavoidable treatments and additives.     

Microbiological safety and quality of Mozzarella cheese assessed by the microbiological survey method

Dairy products are characterized by reduced shelf life because they are an excellent growth medium for a wide range of microorganisms. For this reason, it is important to monitor the microbiological quality of dairy products and, in particular, the total viable count and concentration of Escherichia coli, as they are indicators of the hygienic state of these products. In addition, in dairy products such as Mozzarella cheese, it is important to monitor the concentration of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as they are the major components of starter cultures used in cheese production, contributing to the taste and texture of fermented products and inhibiting food spoilage bacteria by producing growth-inhibiting substances. For these reasons, to ensure the quality and safety of their products, cheese makers should monitor frequently, during fresh cheese production, the concentration of LAB and spoilage bacteria. However, usually, small- to medium-size dairy factories do not have an internal microbiological laboratory and external laboratories of analysis are often too expensive and require several days for the results. Compared with traditional methods, the microbiological survey (MBS) method developed by Roma Tre University (Rome, Italy) allows faster and less-expensive microbiological analyses to be conducted wherever they are necessary, without the need for a microbiological laboratory or any instrumentation other than MBS vials and a thermostat. In this paper, we report the primary validation of the MBS method to monitor LAB concentration in Mozzarella cheese and the analysis, using the MBS method, of total viable count, E. coli, and LAB concentrations in the production line of Mozzarella cheese as well as during the shelf life of the product stored at 20°C. The results obtained indicate that the MBS method may be successfully used by small- to medium-size dairy factories that do not have an internal microbiological laboratory. Using the MBS method, these dairy factories can monitor autonomously the microbiological safety and quality of their products, saving both time and money.     

激光诱导击穿光谱在乳制品质量检测中的应用

乳制品是人体健康必需营养的重要来源之一,因此保证乳制品的质量和安全至关重要。作为一种新型的激光烧蚀原子发射光谱技术,激光诱导击穿光谱已经在乳制品的定性和定量分析方面展现出了巨大的应用潜力。本文简要介绍了激光诱导击穿光谱的检测原理,综述了激光诱导击穿光谱在乳制品中矿物质元素、重金属元素、脂肪和蛋白质含量,以及牛奶掺假物检测方面的最新研究进展。最后,探讨了激光诱导击穿光谱在乳制品质量检测方面存在的问题并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

分散液液微萃取技术在乳制品分析中的应用

乳制品是人体重要的营养来源,其品质和安全关乎公众健康。由于乳制品基质效应明显,使相关指标的检测分析更具挑战性,亟需发展简便、高效、绿色的前处理方法改善基质干扰。分散液液微萃取技术(dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, DLLME)是一种新型样品前处理方法,具有操作简单、溶剂消耗低和萃取效率高的特点,已广泛用于复杂基质样品中痕量无机/有机分析物的前处理。本文阐述了不同类型DLLME的原理特点,就DLLME技术在乳制品检测分析中的应用研究展开文献调研,展望了该技术在乳制品提取中的优化方向和应用前景,为乳制品分析提供新的技术选择。     

The use of bacteriophages to control and detect pathogens in the dairy industry

Dairy products are susceptible to bacterial contamination during both primary production and the processing stages. Pasteurisation and high hydrostatic pressure are used to eliminate bacteria from milk; however, some heat‐tolerant pathogens and bacterial spores may survive these processes. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect and lyse specific bacteria. These or their encoded proteins may be exploited for pathogen biocontrol in milk products and for mastitis treatment during primary production. The host specificity of phages and their proteins may also be exploited for pathogen detection. Various examples of phage‐mediated pathogen biocontrol and detection in the dairy context are discussed in this review.     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

蛋白质组学技术在不同物种乳掺假检测中的应用

乳品是人类重要的营养源，然而乳品掺假现象时常发生，近年来尤以向乳品中掺假动、植物蛋白，向特色畜乳中掺假牛乳等方式为主，这不仅损害了消费者的利益，甚至会危害消费者的健康。该研究总结了目前常见的掺假行为及相关检测方法，并介绍了蛋白质组学技术——一种通过确立特定生物标记物来区别不同物种乳的技术。作者查询了国内外近十年来牛乳和特色乳掺假方面的研究报道，关键词设置为“蛋白质组学”、“乳品”、“真实性”、“生物标记物”等，按照奶畜乳类别将所得文献进行分类。分别对奶牛乳、羊乳、驼乳、水牛乳、牦牛乳、驴乳的掺假物、潜在标记物和检出限等方面进行了总结和分析，以期为乳品真实性鉴定和保障乳品质量安全提供有效的工作思路。     

Development,validation, and application of a fast,simple, and robust SPE-based LC-MS/MS method for quantification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro,Ile-Pro-Pro,and Leu-Pro-Pro in yoghurt and other fermented dairy products

Dairy products are an important part of a nutritionally balanced diet as their constituents can affect the human state of health. By inhibiting the angiotensin I-converting enzyme, the tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro, Ile-Pro-Pro, and Leu-Pro-Pro can lower blood pressure. As these peptides are produced during fermentation, they are found in various dairy products like cheese, yoghurt, etc., but except for cheese only little is known about their content. To investigate how other dairy products contribute to a supply of these antihypertensive peptides, we developed and validated a fast and sensitive assay for quantification of the three tripeptides with LC-MS/MS combined with a simple protocol for extraction and SPE-purification from yoghurt, curd, or other products. Finally, the entire method was successfully applied to survey peptide concentrations in samples from local dairies and thus expands our awareness on the content of antihypertensive peptides in our food.