基于LSTM神经网络的声纹识别

声纹识别利用说话人生物特征的个体差异性,通过声音来识别说话人的身份.声纹具有非接触、易采集、特征稳定等特点,应用领域十分广泛.现有的统计模型方法具有提取特征单一、泛化能力不强等局限性.近年来,随着人工智能深度学习的快速发展,神经网络模型在声纹识别领域崭露头角.文中提出基于长短时记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络的声纹识别方法,使用语谱图提取声纹特征作为模型输入,从而实现文本无关的声纹识别.语谱图能够综合表征语音信号在时间方向上的频率和能量信息,表达的声纹特征更加丰富.LSTM神经网络擅长捕捉时序特征,着重考虑了时间维度上的信息,相比其他神经网络模型,更契合语音数据的特点.文中将LSTM神经网络长期学习的优势与声纹语谱图的时序特征有效结合,实验结果表明,在THCHS-30语音数据集上取得了84.31％的识别正确率.在自然环境下,对于3 s的短语音,该方法的识别正确率达96.67％,与现有的高斯混合模型和卷积神经网络方法相比,所提方法的识别性能更优.     

语音识别系统对抗样本攻击及防御综述

语音是人类与智能手机或智能家电等现代智能设备进行通信的一种常用而有效的方式。随着计算机和网络技术的显著进步,语音识别系统得到了广泛的应用,它可以将用户发出的语音指令解释为智能设备上可以理解的数字指令或信号,实现用户与这些设备的远程交互功能。近年来,深度学习技术的进步推动了语音识别系统发展,使得语音识别系统的精度和可用性不断提高。然而深度学习技术自身还存在未解决的安全性问题,例如对抗样本。对抗样本是指在模型的预测阶段,通过对预测样本添加细微的扰动,使模型以高置信度给出一个错误的目标类别输出。目前对于对抗样本的攻击及防御研究主要集中在计算机视觉领域而忽略了语音识别系统模型的安全问题,当今最先进的语音识别系统由于采用深度学习技术也面临着对抗样本攻击带来的巨大安全威胁。针对语音识别系统模型同样面临对抗样本的风险,本文对语音识别系统的对抗样本攻击和防御提供了一个系统的综述。我们概述了不同类型语音对抗样本攻击的基本原理并对目前最先进的语音对抗样本生成方法进行了全面的比较和讨论。同时,为了构建更安全的语音识别系统,我们讨论了现有语音对抗样本的防御策略并展望了该领域未来的研究方向。     

基于U-Net的对抗样本防御模型

对抗攻击是指对图像添加微小的扰动使深度神经网络以高置信度输出错误分类。提出一种对抗样本防御模型SE-ResU-Net,基于图像语义分割网络U-Net架构,引入残差模块和挤压激励模块,通过压缩和重建方式进行特征提取和图像还原,破坏对抗样本中的扰动结构。实验结果表明,SE-ResU-Net模型能对MI-FGSM、PGD、DeepFool、C&W攻击的对抗样本实施有效防御,在CIFAR10和Fashion-MNIST数据集上的防御成功率最高达到87.0%和93.2%,且具有较好的泛化性能。     

时空梯度迭代的声纹对抗攻击算法STI-FGSM

为了解决当前声纹对抗攻击算法梯度信息利用不足、迁移性较差等问题，针对说话人识别模型，提出一种时空迭代快速梯度符号法（space-time iterative fast gradient sign method,STI-FGSM）的声纹对抗攻击算法。该算法基于动量迭代快速梯度符号法（momentum iterative fast gradient sign method,MI-FGSM），融合动量和时序梯度信息，使用下一步观测梯度修正扰动更新方向。引入空间梯度信息，充分学习语音样本区域信息，实现不同区域的空间梯度动量累加。结合扰动集成的方法，充分利用已知的白盒模型，实现多模型扰动叠加，进一步提高黑盒攻击成功率。实验结果表明，STI-FGSM算法针对ResNetSE34V2、TDy＿ResNet34＿half、x-vector、ECAPA-TDNN四种说话人识别模型，均能取得较强的白盒攻击，并实现较高的黑盒攻击成功率，其性能优于其他算法。     

语音对抗攻击与防御方法综述

人工智能的不断发展,使得人与机器的交互变得至关重要。语音是人与智能通讯设备之间通信的重要手段,在近几年飞速发展,说话人识别、情感识别、语音识别得到广泛地普及与应用。特别的,随着深度学习的兴起,基于深度学习的语音技术使机器理解语音内容、识别说话人方面达到近似人的水平,无论是效率还是准确度都得到了前所未有的提升。例如手机语音助手、利用语音控制智能家电、银行业务,以及来远程验证用户防止诈骗等。但是正是因为语音的广泛普及,它的安全问题受到了公众的关注,研究表明,用于语音任务的深度神经网络(Deep neural network, DNN)容易受到对抗性攻击。即攻击者可以通过向原始语音中添加难以察觉的扰动,欺骗DNN模型,生成的对抗样本人耳听不出区别,但是会被模型预测错误,这种现象最初出现在视觉领域,目前引起了音频领域的研究兴趣。基于此,本文对近年来语音领域的对抗攻击、防御方法相关的研究和文献进行了详细地总结。首先我们按照应用场景对语音任务进行了划分,介绍了主流任务及其发展背景。其次我们解释了语音对抗攻击的定义,并根据其应用场景对数字攻击与物理攻击分别进行了介绍。然后我们又按照对抗防御,对抗检测...     

基于深度学习的跨设备声纹识别方法研究

针对传统声纹识别方法在实际应用场景中跨设备情况下声纹识别性能较差的问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的跨设备声纹识别方法,采用了卷积循环网络的模型架构,在声纹注册阶段录制多段语音进行声纹特征的拟合建模,在识别阶段使用了切片降噪方式提取音频中的语音信息,在设备端使用了DSP芯片支持的双麦克采集现场声音。实验结果表明,在跨设备声纹识别条件下,本文提出的声纹识别方法识别准确率高于目前主流的方法,达到80%。     

深度学习中的对抗攻击与防御

对抗样本是被添加微小扰动的原始样本,用于误导深度学习模型的输出决策,严重威胁到系统的可用性,给系统带来极大的安全隐患。为此,详细分析了当前经典的对抗攻击手段,主要包括白盒攻击和黑盒攻击。根据对抗攻击和防御的发展现状,阐述了近年来国内外的相关防御策略,包括输入预处理、提高模型鲁棒性、恶意检测。最后,给出了未来对抗攻击与防御领域的研究方向。     

基于CNN-LSTM网络的声纹识别研究

传统声纹识别方法过程复杂,模型识别准确率低,是声纹识别应用发展的关键问题。利用深度学习具有自主特征提取及分类的特点,结合卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM),提出一种结合的网络模型学习声纹识别特征及对其进行身份认证。将原始语音转换为固定长度语谱图,顺序进入CNN、LSTM,结合网络进行训练以及声纹特征学习。通过对比CNN、LSTM以及DNN网络,验证CNN-LSTM网络在声纹识别中具有较少迭代次数情况下高准确率的特性。经实验结果可以得出,语音空间特征及时序特征均是声纹识别中重要的影响因素,实验中的CNN-LSTM网络模型准确率达到95.42%,损失低值达到0.097 3。该方法有利于实际声纹识别的应用。     

基于深度神经网络的对抗样本技术综述

深度学习在完成一些难度极高的任务中展现了惊人的能力,但深度神经网络难以避免对刻意添加了扰动的样本（称为“对抗样本”）进行错误的分类。“对抗样本”逐渐成为深度学习安全领域的研究热点。研究对抗样本产生的原因和作用机理,有助于从安全性和鲁棒性方面优化模型。在掌握对抗样本原理的基础上,对经典对抗样本攻击方法进行分类总结,根据不同的攻击原理将攻击方法分为白盒攻击与黑盒攻击两个大类,并引入非特定目标攻击、特定目标攻击、全像素添加扰动攻击和部分像素添加扰动攻击等细类。在ImageNet数据集上对几种典型攻击方法进行复现,通过实验结果,比较几种生成方法的优缺点,分析对抗样本生成过程中的突出问题。并对对抗样本的应用和发展作了展望。     

基于孪生结构的对抗样本攻击动态防御方法

神经网络模型已被广泛应用于多个研究领域,但神经网络模型本身存在易受到对抗样本攻击的缺点,如在图像分类中,只需在原始图片中添加微小的对抗扰动生成对抗样本,就可以轻易欺骗神经网络分类模型,这给许多领域的应用安全带来严重的威胁。因此,研究如何提高神经网络分类模型对对抗样本攻击的防御能力成为深度学习安全领域的研究热点。目前常用的对抗样本攻击防御方法往往只侧重于提高模型对对抗样本分类的鲁棒性,或者只侧重于检测拦截对抗样本,而对抗训练需要收集大量对抗样本,且难以防御新类型的对抗样本攻击,对于使用额外的分类器去检测对抗样本的方法,则存在着易受到二次攻击等缺点。针对这些问题,提出一种基于孪生神经网络结构的对抗样本攻击动态防御方法,利用孪生结构可比较两个输入相似性的特点,从孪生神经网络两侧的预测差异着手,检测图片在动态滤波前后是否存在不同的攻击效果,从而筛选出带有动态扰动的对抗样本。实验结果表明,在没有收集特定种类的对抗样本进行训练的情况下,该方法对多种对抗样本攻击取得了良好的通用防御效果,其中在FGSM对抗样本测试集上的防御准确率达到95.35%,在DeepFool和JSMA对抗样本测试集上的防御准确...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.