冷藏列车跨临界CO2喷射制冷系统性能研究

目的：提出一种带喷射器的跨临界CO₂制冷系统,并研究其性能影响因素。方法：采用能量和火用的系统模型结合试验的方法,研究主要参数变化对传统和新型制冷系统的影响。结果：在给定工况下,采用喷射器代替节流阀,可使压缩机的功减少6.04%,性能系数提高11.1%,系统的火用效率提高11.08%;并找到了最佳气体冷却器压力使得系统性能最大化。结论：新系统的喷射器具有较大的优化潜力,且气体冷却器的出口温度对喷射器的性能影响最大。     

不同季节工况下变转速NH3/CO2复叠制冷系统性能研究

目的：研究在不同季节工况、蒸发温度为25 ℃条件下,高温压缩机转速对NH₃/CO₂复叠制冷系统性能的影响。方法：建立NH₃/CO₂复叠制冷系统模型并验证其可靠性,计算分析高温压缩机转速与系统高温蒸发温度、高温排气温度、中间温度、高温压缩机功率、制冷量、性能系数的变化关系。结果：仿真模型对制冷量的预测与理论值的相对误差小于14.1%。高温压缩机转速从2 300 r/min增至3 300 r/min,春季、夏季、秋季、冬季工况下的制冷量分别提升了31.7%,41.7%,33.9%,25.2%,且在低转速范围内冬季制冷量最高;高温压缩机功率呈两段式上升趋势,提升了40%～45%。结论：存在使得性能系数最大的最佳高温压缩机转速。基于系统对不同季节工况的适应性问题,提出了变转速NH₃/CO₂复叠制冷系统方案,与定转速系统相比每年可减少19.9%耗电量。     

CO2充气储藏对葵花籽营养品质的影响

为了保持葵花籽储藏中营养品质,采用CO_2充气包装,研究CO_2浓度分别为10%,50%,100%及自然空气对照组在储藏8个月的过程中葵花籽水分含量、蛋白质、脂肪、碘值变化的影响。结果表明,充气组储藏条件下,葵花籽水分含量变化为25%左右,有利于葵花籽储藏;纯CO_2组蛋白质总含量变化为0.9%,而10%CO_2、50%CO_2为16%左右;充气组葵花籽仁含油量变化基本维持在6.91%~7.38%;碘值变化维持在117.11~141.91g/100g。因此,采用纯CO_2储藏葵花籽的营养品质在整个储藏期几乎不变。     

充CO2气调储藏对青稞品质的影响研究

为了研究储藏过程中CO2气调条件对青稞品质劣化进程的影响,研究在0 ℃、25 ℃和37 ℃条件下,分别充CO2气调和常规储藏青稞300天,比较不同储藏条件下青稞品质变化差异。结果表明在相同温度条件下,充CO2气调组与常规组相比,其品质变化幅度小,气调储藏一定程度起到了延缓青稞品质下降的作用。青稞在储藏过程中,其水分含量、游离巯基含量、可溶性蛋白含量、α-淀粉酶含量和过氧化氢酶含量均随着储藏时间延长呈下降趋势,温度上升促进这些指标下降。结果亦表明,与其他储藏温度相比,青稞在37℃储藏条件下的水分含量、色泽和过氧化氢酶活性的变化更大。青稞随储藏时间的延长,其Lab值呈上升趋势,储藏温度越高,变化趋势越大。综合看来,低温条件下能更好保持青稞的品质,而高温下充CO2气调储藏能起到了延缓青稞品质降低的作用。研究结果为青稞的合理、安全储藏提供参考。     

CO2气调处理对鲜莲贮藏品质的影响

为研究CO₂气调处理对鲜莲采后贮藏品质的影响,以“十里荷一号”鲜莲为试材,在4 ℃、5% O₂条件下,分别采用不同CO₂(4%,8%和12%)贮藏鲜莲20 d,测定其外观及营养品质。结果表明:4% CO₂处理虽可降低莲子的失重率和褐变度,但淀粉消耗较为严重,贮藏20 d后淀粉含量(98.01 mg/g)比对照组(104.99 mg/g)低6.98 mg/g;8% CO₂处理在贮藏结束时褐变度、失重率、还原糖含量分别为1.63,8.54%,0.76%,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性分别为163.44 U/(min·g)和99.63 U/(min·g),均显著低于对照组和其它气调处理组(P<0.05),而淀粉含量为119.68 mg/g,显著高于其它处理组(P<0.05)。12% CO₂处理使莲子受到高浓度CO₂伤害,贮藏20 d后其a*值(-10.03)高于对照组(-12.68),而b*值(24.95)低于对照组(28.03),褐变程度也比对照组更明显。本研究结果表明,5% O₂ + 8% CO₂为较适宜新鲜莲子贮藏保鲜的气调参数。该处理在减少莲子营养物质消耗和表皮护绿等方面也表现出积极作用,研究结果为研发鲜莲采后保鲜技术提供了参考。     

高浓度CO2胁迫对软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间细胞壁代谢的影响

为研究贮藏期间高浓度CO₂胁迫对软枣猕猴桃细胞壁代谢的影响,以“龙成二号”为试验材料,以微环境气调箱为载体,分别粘贴气调元件A(CK2)、气调元件B(TR),以不粘贴气调元件为CK1,研究高浓度CO₂胁迫对冷藏期间果实果皮强度、细胞壁多糖、细胞壁降解酶及活性氧(ROS)的影响。在60 d时分析不同处理组果实果皮微观结构的差异。结果表明:冷藏过程中,CK2组中形成适于软枣猕猴桃贮藏的环境(O₂含量17.00%～20.92%,CO₂含量1.63%～2.78%),而TR组形成高浓度CO₂胁迫的贮藏环境(O₂含量11.22%～15.55%,CO₂含量9.00%～11.93%)。与CK1和CK2相比,TR组可阻碍果皮强度的降低,影响原果胶、纤维素、半纤维素含量的正常下降,抑制水溶性果胶的升高,降低多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(CX)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)及淀粉酶活性,加快超氧阴离子(O₂·-)活性、过氧化氢(H2O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率的上升;同时果皮细胞结构破坏严重,表皮粗糙凌乱,细胞间隙增大,组织轮廓模糊紊乱。分析表明,TR组软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间环境CO₂含量超过耐受阈值,引起果实僵直,硬度下降缓慢,影响后熟进程,细胞壁多糖代谢转化受到抑制,组织内自由基大量积累,膜脂过氧化,细胞结构被破坏,丧失商品性。     

甜杏仁的超临界CO2萃取及产物分析

以新疆产甜杏仁为原料,采用超临界CO₂萃取技术进行萃取并对所得产物杏仁油的理化指标与脂肪酸组成,以及杏仁粉中微量元素与氨基酸组成进行了分析测定。结果表明：在萃取温度45℃,萃取压力33 MPa,萃取时间5.5 h,分离温度48℃的条件下,杏仁油得率为46.44%;杏仁油中富含油酸（70.98%）和亚油酸（22.93%）,不饱和脂肪酸含量达到93.96%;杏仁粉中含有丰富的蛋白质和微量元素,其中蛋白质含量为50.66%,钙含量为2 655 mg/kg,镁含量为3 995 mg/kg,铁含量为127 mg/kg,锌含量为116.5 mg/kg,锰含量为6.24 mg/kg;杏仁粉蛋白质中谷氨酸含量最高,为11.00%。     

超临界CO2萃取燕麦油工艺研究

以燕麦切粒为原料,进行超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油工艺研究及燕麦油品质分析。首先,通过单因素试验探讨各因素对燕麦油萃取率的影响;其次,采用响应面法优化超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的工艺参数;最后用GC-MS分析燕麦油的脂肪酸组成并进行品质分析。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取燕麦油的最佳工艺参数为装料量50 g、静态萃取时间74 min、动态萃取时间160 min、萃取压力45MPa、萃取温度50℃,在此工艺条件下燕麦油萃取率可达56.99%;超临界CO_2萃取的燕麦油澄清透明,呈金黄色,具有特殊的麦香味,不饱和脂肪酸含量为87.49%。     

高压CO2与超高压均质协同杀菌装置的研发

高压CO_2杀菌和超高压均质杀菌都是非常有前途的非热杀菌技术。为了进一步提升其杀菌能力,把高压CO_2杀菌与超高压均质杀菌有机地结合起来,构建一个新型的高压CO_2与超高压均质协同杀菌技术,并对其工作原理、工作特点、结构组成进行系统的阐述,搭建协同杀菌试验平台。通过酿酒酵母的杀菌试验,验证了协同杀菌系统优于单一的高压CO_2杀菌或超高压均质杀菌。     

响应面法优化超临界CO2萃取花椒油的工艺

研究超临界CO2萃取花椒油的最优工艺条件。通过单因素实验考察了萃取温度、萃取压力和萃取时间对花椒油萃取率的影响,采用响应面法进行优化。结果表明:花椒油最优萃取工艺条件为萃取温度42℃、萃取压力19. 8 MPa、萃取时间90 min,在此条件下花椒油平均萃取率为16%。     

Transfer process limited models for CO2 perception in CO2 hydrate desserts

A CO₂ hydrate dessert is a carbonated frozen dessert in which CO₂ hydrates replace some or all of the ice. When a CO₂ hydrate dessert is eaten, CO₂ perception is very strong due to formation and bursting of bubbles in the mouth as well as dissolution of CO₂ leading to nociceptor stimulation. A preliminary sensory panel indicated that a CO₂ hydrate dessert could be perceived as more carbonated than a freshly opened soda. However, it was also found that a CO₂ hydrate dessert must have a significantly higher CO₂ concentration than is typical in carbonated beverages (including champagne), just to have moderate perception of carbonation. In this work, heat transfer limited and mass transfer limited models for CO₂ hydrate dissociation are compared and the implications for CO₂ perception are discussed. It is suggested that the mass transfer limited model is most applicable to the case of eating CO₂ hydrate desserts. According to this model, a thin ice shell limits the rate of CO₂ hydrate dissociation. After dissociation, CO₂ gas is dissolved in the available aqueous phase. In a CO₂ hydrate there is much more CO₂ present than could be dissolved in the water that is present, so a large fraction of the CO₂ in the dessert may be lost with the breath of the consumer.     

CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷系统的(火用)分析

目的:提升CO₂跨临界双级压缩制冷系统性能。方法:对该系统进行了常规(火用)分析与高级(火用)分析,围绕内源可避免(火用)损失、内源不可避免(火用)损失、外源可避免(火用)损和外源不可避免(火用)损失这4个方面进行各部件(火用)损失计算。结果:CO₂跨临界双级压缩制冷系统有很大提升效率的潜力。常规(火用)分析与高级(火用)分析所得优化部件的优先级不同。高、低压级压缩机和蒸发器的性能优化是提高系统能效的重点。结论:高、低压级压缩机和蒸发器的内源可避免(火用)损失分别占系统总内源可避免(火用)损失的20.9%,15.2%,36.5%,且通过改进高、低压级压缩机和蒸发器可分别减少其58.8%,49.3%,90.2%的(火用)损失,常规(火用)分析无法提供此类建议。     

CO2热泵最优排气压力理论分析与试验

目的:优化热泵系统性能,探讨二氧化碳系统在不同工况下的最优排气压力。方法:通过建立CO₂跨临界热泵模型,分析了排气压力和制热量、吸气过热度、制冷剂质量流量及系统能效的关系,深入研究了进出水温度和环境温度对最优排气压力的影响,再利用搭建的CO₂热泵试验台验证模型的可靠性。结果:3种出水温度下,制热量随排压的升高而增大,质量流量随排压的升高而减小,循环性能系数和过热度随排压的升高呈先增大后减小趋势,最优排气压力随着进出水温度和环境温度升高而升高,但进出水温度的升高会降低系统循环性能系数,据此拟合了出水温度60℃下的最优排气压力关联式,并设计了5组试验证明了其具有可靠性。结论:通过大量的仿真数据确定了系统的最优排气压力,并与试验值对比发现,误差值均小于5%,满足试验及设计需求。     

Prolonged storage of ‘Aledo’ table grapes in a slightly CO2 enriched atmosphere in combination with generators of SO2

The quality of late-harvested (early December) ‘Aledo’ table grapes, during storage at 2±1 °C followed by a period of 4 days at 20 °C in a slightly CO₂ enriched atmosphere in combination with generators of SO₂ in cardboard boxes, was evaluated. The changes in different biochemical parameters indicative of grape quality, such as weight, texture, colour, sugars, organic acids and fungal attacks, was determined. The best quality maintenance was achieved by combining the use of generators of SO₂ with a slightly CO₂ enriched atmosphere. The rates of weight, texture and colour losses were slowed, and both fungal attack and the rachis drying were delayed. During storage at 2 °C, the levels of glucose, fructose and sucrose remained unchanged under all the tested conditions, while levels of tartaric and citric acids showed a sharp increase. However, a slightly CO₂ enriched atmosphere, SO₂ microgenerators and their combination extended the storage period of late-harvested ‘Aledo’ table grapes without relatively affecting their organoleptic characteristics.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取石榴籽油工艺条件的研究

以石榴籽为原料,对超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的工艺条件进行了研究。通过单因素试验,研究了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对石榴籽油得率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定了超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取石榴籽油最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力40 MPa,萃取温度55℃,萃取时间80 min,分离釜Ⅰ温度60℃,压力10 MPa,分离釜Ⅱ温度35℃,压力6 MPa。在最佳工艺条件下,石榴籽油得率为18.6%。     

A dissolving CO2 headspace combined with organic acids prolongs the shelf-life of fresh pork

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the effect of a novel CO₂ packaging method in combination with organic acids on the microbial growth in fresh pork meat. Fresh pork fillet was packed with a small amount of 100% CO₂ (initial gas/product ratio 0.2/1.0) and a brine solution containing citric acid (3% w/w, pH 5), acetic acid (1% w/w, pH 5) or a combination of both. Microbial counts and composition in the product were determined. CO₂, citric acid and acetic acid each reduced total growth after four weeks of storage and delayed the onset of microbial growth. Combinations of treatments increased the effects and microbial growth in samples packed with a combination of CO₂ and both acids was negligible even after 35 days. However, the addition of citric acid to the packages led to significant precipitation in the brine. Analysis of the bacterial flora showed that lactic-acid bacteria dominated the flora in samples packed with CO₂ while vacuum-packed samples contained high numbers of Pseudomonas sp. and yeast. As all CO₂ dissolved in the product within hours after packaging, the outer appearance of the package was that of a vacuum-package. As a result, this novel packaging method combined the advantages of modified atmosphere packaging (antimicrobial effect of CO₂) and vacuum packaging (low space requirement).