膜吸收法海水脱硫研究

实验采用疏水性聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件为膜接触器,以清水、海水以及与海水相同pH值的NaOH溶液作吸收液,比较了3种不同的吸收液对SO2与空气混合气体的脱硫效果.研究了气液压力差、吸收液流量、进气流量以及进气浓度等因素对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明,与清水及相同pH值的NaOH溶液相比,海水是一种对二氧化硫缓冲能力大,资源丰富,脱硫效率较高的吸收剂.在气液两相压力差保持在穿透压范围内时,以较低流量的海水吸收液处理较高流量的低浓度(SO2体积分数ψ为2 000×10-6以下)气体时,脱硫效率可达90%以上.因此膜吸收法海水脱硫技术在沿海地区具有广阔的应用前景.     

中空纤维膜接触器用于柠檬酸盐溶液吸收模拟烟气中SO2的研究

采用中空纤维膜接触器对柠檬酸盐溶液吸收模拟烟气中SO2的行为进行了研究.考察了柠檬酸盐溶液浓度、溶液pH值对膜吸收效果的影响,对比了不同中空纤维膜材料的吸收效果,考察了吸收液中硫酸根的生成情况.研究结果表明:增大柠檬酸盐浓度有利于提高SO2的吸收速率和容量;吸收液pH值越高,吸收效果越好;疏水性中空纤维膜吸收效果优于亲水性膜;吸收液中硫酸根离子浓度随时间基本呈线性增加,增加的速率约为0.192 g/(L.h).     

聚苯乙烯蜂窝状多孔膜的制备及应用

以线性聚苯乙烯(PS)为膜材料,采用Breath Figures法制备了高度规整的蜂窝状结构多孔膜.研究了溶液浓度、环境湿度、气体吹扫速度及不同溶剂对多孔膜结构的影响.结果表明,相比于苯和二氯甲烷,氯仿作为溶剂因其挥发度适宜,PS浓度在20～80mg/mL的铸膜溶液可形成规整的蜂窝状结构多孔膜,且膜孔分布均匀、大小均一;制膜的湿度需高于环境湿度,但随着湿度的增加孔径增大;气体吹扫速度可在400～1000mL/min范围,但吹扫速度较大时孔径略有降低.该膜可作为固定诸如辣根过氧化酶等活性酶的载体,用于酶催化反应.     

膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用自行研制的新型错流式气-液膜接触器,以NaClO2海水溶液为吸收液,分别以NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2为添加剂,对电厂燃煤烟气开展膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝现场试验研究.考察了吸收液流量、浓度、活化时间、初始pH以及烟气流量、SO2浓度等因素对脱硫脱硝效果的影响.试验表明:增大吸收液流量和浓度,NOx和SO2脱除率升高;延长吸收液活化时间,增大烟气流量,脱硫脱硝率略有降低;吸收液初始pH升高,脱硫率几乎不变,而脱硝率却略有降低;随着SO2浓度增大,脱硝率出现极值点;另外,添加剂NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2对NaClO2氧化吸收NOx和SO2均有增强作用.采用膜气体吸收技术,可实现烟气同时脱硫脱硝,具有一定应用潜力.     

海水烟气脱硫膜吸收单元及工艺研究

以海水作为吸收剂,采用自行研制的中空纤维管式膜接触器作为吸收单元,进行膜吸收法海水烟气脱硫过程模拟试验研究.考察膜接触器结构、膜填充密度、膜吸收单元工艺方式、模拟烟气SO2浓度、温度、气液流量等因素对脱硫效率的影响.结果表明,提高烟气温度、海水流量、膜接触器内气液分布均匀程度、气液相有效接触面积、增加膜吸收级数,均有利于提高脱硫率;烟气流量及SO2浓度的增大不利于SO2的脱除;烟气流经管程的气液流程方式利于提高脱硫率,但是气阻大,进气压力高,工程化应用难以实现.提高膜材料传质特性和优化设计膜接触器结构是提高膜吸收法烟气脱硫效率的根本途径.     

热泵气扫式膜蒸馏装置再生除湿溶液性能研究

除湿溶液对水蒸气有强烈吸收性,在空调、干燥等领域都有广泛应用,除湿溶液吸收一定量水蒸气后浓度下降,吸湿能力减弱,需要进行再生;针对沸腾蒸发再生方法需要配备真空设备、表面蒸发再生方法存在溶质损耗、电渗析法再生能耗较高等问题,设计了热泵结合气扫式膜蒸馏的除湿溶液再生装置,具有再生过程常压运行、除湿溶液无损耗、再生能耗低等特点;介绍了装置的流程和工作循环,给出了装置的特性方程,计算分析了装置关键影响因素如膜孔直径、除湿溶液浓度、除湿溶液温度、吹扫气流速对装置性能指标(单位膜面积再生速率、再生能耗比)的影响规律;建立热泵气扫式膜蒸馏实验装置对质量分数40%的溴化锂溶液在34.2℃进行了再生实验测试,表明单位膜面积再生速率可达0.55kg/(m²·h),再生能耗比可达3.61kg/kWh,具有较好的应用优势。     

气-液膜接触器结构优化及其传质性能研究

以海水作为吸收剂,采用模拟烟气,对气-液膜接触器进行传质性能评价试验,考察其工艺结构参数、气液介质流动速率及方式、气液压差、烟气SO2浓度等因素对传质系数、脱硫率及膜效用的影响.试验表明,在气相压力较低情况下,气液流速、气液压差对总气相传质系数影响明显,而烟气SO2浓度的影响可忽略不计.适当提高膜接触器的填充密度,增加膜吸收级数,采用错流模式的气液流动方式,均可改善烟气流场分布,增大有效传质面积,提高膜效用.与传统吸收塔相比,新型膜气体吸收装置的气液两相独立控制,可灵活应对烟气浓度变化对脱硫稳定性的影响,同时具有低气阻、耐污染、规模可线性放大等优点,工业化应用前景广阔.     

中空纤维支撑液膜去除水中氨氮的传质行为研究

以聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜为支撑体,二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(简称D2EHPA)为载体,煤油为膜溶剂,探讨D2EHPA-煤油-H2SO4中空纤维支撑液膜(SLM)体系对水中氨氮的传质行为.以去除率为指标,考察了料液初始氨氮浓度及pH值、载体浓度、反萃剂浓度对传质效果的影响;并通过对比实验分析了导致传质速率降低的主要原因.结果表明:在反萃剂H2SO4浓度为2 mol/L,料液相pH值在8～13范围内,提高料液pH值、增大膜相中载体浓度,均能提高氨氮的去除率.D2EHPA-煤油-H2SO4体系对氨氮的传质能力随氨氮浓度降低而下降.料液中氨氮浓度下降和pH值降低是导致氨氮传质速率降低的主要原因,调节料液pH值可调控和提高氨氮的去除与传质效果.     

气扫式多效膜蒸馏过程数学模型研究

针对传统气扫式膜蒸馏(SGMD)过程能耗高的问题,设计了一种气扫式多效膜蒸馏(SGMEMD)过程.该过程同时具有蒸汽的换热冷凝与料液的预热升温双重作用,从而实现蒸汽潜热的梯级回收利用.根据吹扫气流速、料液循环流量、料液进水温度、料液浓度主要操作参数对气扫式多效膜蒸馏(SGMEMD)过程性能影响的实验研究结果,运用曲线拟合法,分别建立了膜蒸馏通量J和热量回收率η随着以上参数变化的经验公式.在此基础上,建立造水比(GOR)的半经验半理论数学模型.经L9(34)正交试验验证,所建立的经验公式及数学模型均能很好的预测SGMEMD过程的J和GOR.J和GOR计算值与实验值的相对偏差均在±8.0%以内.     

脱除CO2的膜吸收过程研究

研究了用中空纤维膜组件脱除CO2的吸收过程,制备了一系列不同装填率的中空纤维膜组件．用这些膜组件进行实验,以不同浓度的单乙醇胺（MEA）溶液为吸收剂,研究了气液两相的流量和浓度、组件的装填率、吸收剂的循环使用等因素对CO2膜吸收过程的影响．实验结果表明：气、液相流量的增大和液相MEA浓度的增加都可使CO2的传质通量增大;气相CO2浓度的增加会使总传质系数减小;在组件进口气液流量和浓度相同的条件下,组件装填率（0．5％～21％）的变大有利于CO2的脱除;随着吸收液循环次数的增加,CO2的传质通量和其脱除率都会降低．     

Morphological modifications of selenium by recrystallization of its aqueous complex solutions

Recrystallization of elemental selenium (Se) from aqueous solution in presence of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) and sodium sulphide (Na2S) acting as complexing agents has resulted in the formation of nano and microstructures of Se having five different morphological modifications. (1) An aqueous solution of sodium selenosulphate (Na2SO3Se) obtained by dissolving Se in Na2SO3 under refluxing condition yields hemispherical microcrystals. (2) The filtrate of the above reaction mixture on aging produces hexagonal prismatic microrods of Se. Addition of Na2SO3Se solution to formalin (HCHO) at room temperature and refluxing conditions generates (3) Se nanorods, and (4) spherical microcrystals, respectively. (5) Recrystallization of Se from aqueous solution of Na2S develops flower shaped microcrystals.     

Absorption of lean formaldehyde from air with Na2SO3 solution

Formaldehyde is a major indoor pollutant over the world and its high release over the national standards in developing countries, such as China, harms people's health seriously. In this work, an investigation is carried out in a stirred vessel with a plain gas-liquid interface for the absorption of lean formaldehyde from pollution air by Na(2)SO(3) solution at 25 degrees C. Experiments are conducted with Na(2)SO(3) concentrations of 0.01-0.30kmolm(-3). The results show that the Na(2)SO(3) solution is an effective absorbent to remove lean formaldehyde from polluted air. The experiments reveal that the absorption rate is considerably influenced by the gas flow rate and formaldehyde concentration. The Na(2)SO(3) concentration has little effect on the absorption rate, and the loading content of formaldehyde reduces the absorption rate only if the formaldehyde concentration approaches or exceeds the concentration of Na(2)SO(3) solution. A theoretical model is developed and used to successfully calculate the absorption rate with the overall relative deviation of less than 15% to the experimental data. A possible process of the absorption method is also proposed in this paper. The analysis shows that the proposed process is feasible in removing formaldehyde from indoor air.     

Hot corrosion of chemical vapour deposited SiC and Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 salt

The corrosion behaviour of SiC and Si3N4 prepared by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique was investigated in molten Na2SO4 salt under argon and argon–oxygen mixture gases. The CVD-SiC was more attacked than the CVD-Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 salt. This was in good agreement with the results of the thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. The corrosion of both materials in argon–oxygen mixture was less severe compared to that in argon. This was attributed to the formation of amorphous SiO2 acting as a protective film against the corrosion. The apparent activation energies of the CVD-SiC and CVD-Si3N4 in molten Na2SO4 under argon gas were 167 kJ mol-1 and 595 kJ mol-1, respectively. © 1998 Chapman & Hall     

Hot Corrosion of Iron in the Presence of Salt Mixture Deposit Containing NaCl and V_2O_5 at 600℃

Iron suffered low temperature hot corrosion (LTHC) in the presence of salt deposits of Na2SO4,Na2SO4 mixed with NaCl and Na2SO4 mixed with V2O5 in a combustion gas at 600℃. The additions of NaCl to Na2SO4 and of V2O5 to Na2SO4 changed the corrosion kinetics significantly and modified the scale structure markedly It is proposed that trivalent iron ions were more favored than divalent ions in the eutectic responsible for the occurrence of LTHC when NaCl was present, while the reaction between Na2SO4 mixed with V2O5 and the gas formed (Na2O)xV2O4(V2O5)6-x providing directly the liquid required by LTHC. The suphide formation in the inner FeO larer was related to the sites of the reduction step wher SO2 was released.     

Investigation of sodium sulfate phase transitions in a porous material using humidity- and temperature-controlled X-ray diffraction

Crystals growing in confined spaces can generate stress and are a major cause of damage in porous materials. To investigate such deleterious processes, appropriate in situ techniques are required. This paper describes the use of X-ray diffractometry under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH-XRD) for the direct observation of phase transition reactions in a porous substrate. An improved environmental chamber without temperature gradients is presented and applied to the investigation of phase transformations in the system Na2SO4 + H2O. This salt is generally considered as particularly damaging and frequently used in accelerated weathering tests. It is demonstrated that RH-XRD can be successfully applied for the direct observation of several relevant phase transitions in glass frits used as porous substrates. The conversion of Na2SO4(III) to Na2SO4(V) and the hydration of Na2SO4(V) both proceed fairly rapidly as true solid-state reactions without deliquescence of the educt phases. In contrast, crystallization from solution is kinetically hindered as there is a strong tendency of aqueous Na2SO4 to form supersaturated solutions also in narrow pores. The important implications of this behavior of the salt are also briefly discussed in the paper.     

Recovery of H2SO4 from waste acid solution by a diffusion dialysis method

A diffusion dialysis method using anion exchange membrane was used to recover H2SO4 from waste sulfuric acid solution produced at the diamond manufacturing process. Effects of flow rate, operation temperature, and metal ion concentration on the recovery of H2SO4 were investigated. The recovery of H2SO4 increased with the concentration of H2SO4 and operation temperature. It also increased with the flow rate ratio of water/H2SO4 solution up to 1, above which no further increase was observed. The flow rate did not affect the rejection of Fe and Ni ions. About 80% of H2SO4 could be recovered from waste sulfuric acid which contained 4.5M free-H2SO4 at the flow rate of 0.26x10(-3) m3/hm3. The concentration of recovered H2SO4 was 4.3M and the total impurity was 2000 ppm. Preliminary economic evaluation has revealed that the dialysis system is highly attractive one that has payback period of only few months.     

燃煤烟气中SO3的产生与转化及其抑制对策探讨

燃煤烟气中高浓度SO3的存在,不仅使烟囱出口出现“蓝烟”现象,而且会对锅炉系统造成腐蚀和污染,严重影响机组运行.针对这一现象,探讨了烟气中SO3的发生机理和SO3在锅炉系统各环节的产生与转化过程,并提出了目前抑制燃煤烟气中SO3生成和排放的几个方向,为抑制SO3生成和排放提供解决思路.     

Electrocoagulation of synthetically prepared waters containing high concentration of NOM using iron cast electrodes

The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the treatability of synthetically prepared water with high concentration of humic substances by electrocoagulation in batch mode using iron cast electrodes. Effects of applied potential, initial humic substance concentration and supporting electrolyte type on humic substance removal efficiency were investigated. NaNO3, Na2SO4 and NaCl were used as supporting electrolyte. Among these supporting electrolytes, Na2SO4 and NaCl have provided high removal efficiencies, whereas in the experiments using NaNO3 as supporting electrolyte have been observed no flock formation. The highest removal rate is obtainable with NaCl as supporting electrolyte. Removal efficiencies for initial humic substance concentration of 500 mg L-1 with NaCl and Na2SO4 equal to 97.95% for 35 min and 92.69% for 70 min, respectively. This behavior of the system has been derived from oxidation products, available in the bulk solution, of chloride ions. When NaCl is used as supporting electrolyte, there is an advantage of providing the disinfection of water, but humic substances and chloride ions are available in the bulk solution with risk of formation undesirable organo-chlorine compounds, so the Na2SO4 is the most favorable supporting electrolyte.     

A composite photocatalyst of cdS nanoparticles deposited on TiO2 nanosheets

A nanocomposite photocatalyst consisting of deposited CdS nanoparticles on TiO2 nanosheets was fabricated by a simple one-pot method. The contact between two phases was maximized by making a composite structure of TiO2 nanosheet decorated with CdS nanoparticles. The composite photocatalyst showed higher photoactivity for hydrogen production from aqueous Na2S/Na2SO3 solution and decomposition of methylene blue under visible light irradiation (lamda > or =420 nm) compared with single component CdS nanoparticles or a physical mixture of CdS nanoparticles and TiO2 nanorods. The intentional formation of nanoscale heterojunctions between two phases appears beneficial for inducing an efficient electron-hole separation.     

褐煤腐植酸磺化工艺研究

以褐煤腐植酸、Na2SO3、NaOH为原料对褐煤腐植酸进行磺化改性;采用电导法对其磺化度进行测定;通过考察固液比、反应时间、反应温度对磺化腐植酸磺化度的影响获得最佳工艺参数：磺化剂与腐植酸钠溶液的液固比2：20、磺化温度50℃、磺化时间90min;产品磺化度为17．7％;红外光谱表明,磺化腐植酸中磺酸基团明显增多,确实发生了磺化反应。