啤酒花中黄腐酚提取和纯化的研究进展

黄腐酚(xanthohumol,简称XN)是啤酒花中主要的异戊二烯基黄酮类物质,目前发现它仅存在于酒花中,其含量约占啤酒花干重的0.1%¹.2%。研究发现黄腐酚具有多种生理功效作用如抗癌、抗氧化、抗艾滋病毒等,因此从啤酒花中提取和纯化黄腐酚的研究备受关注。本文概述了近年来国内外对啤酒花中黄腐酚提取和纯化的研究进展,总结出了黄腐酚的提取纯化流程,重点介绍了多步溶剂法,色谱法,柱层析法,硅藻土吸附法,钠盐沉淀法以及重结晶法分离纯化黄腐酚的工艺,并简要分析其特点,以期为建立高效低廉的黄腐酚提取工业化生产工艺提供理论依据。     

不同种类啤酒花中黄腐酚含量的研究

以甲醇作溶剂采用超声波提取法对来自不同国家和地区的34个酒花样品中的黄腐酚进行了分离提取,并使用HPLC对其含量进行测定。结果表明不同类型的酒花之间黄腐酚含量存在很大的差异性,苦型啤酒花中黄腐酚含量要高于香型啤酒花;且酒花中黄腐酚的百分含量与α-酸的含量总体上呈现正相关的线性关系;酒花储藏时间的长短会影响黄府酚含量的高低;酒花由原花加工成酒花颗粒的过程中也会导致黄腐酚含量发生变化;此外,啤酒花的产地、年代等因素也都对黄腐酚含量有一定的影响。     

响应面法优化提取啤酒花中黄腐酚的工艺研究

通过单因素结合响应面分析,采用超声波辅助提取方法,对啤酒花活性成分黄腐酚的提取工艺进行优化.在单因素试验的基础上,根据中心组合(Box-Benhnken)试验设计原理,采用4因素3水平的响应面分析法,以黄腐酚提取率为响应值进行回归分析.结果表明,啤酒花中黄腐酚的最佳提取工艺为:提取时间20min、乙醇浓度90％、提取温...     

硅胶柱层析分离啤酒花中的黄腐酚

利用硅胶柱层析法对啤酒花浸膏中的黄腐酚进行了分离,采取了2种洗脱方法。方法一是采用石油醚和乙酸乙酯固定比例(2:1)洗脱2次,第1次洗脱后合并含有黄腐酚的洗脱液,浓缩成浸膏,进行第2次洗脱;方法二是以石油醚和乙酸乙酯的混合溶剂梯度洗脱2次,第1次梯度洗脱后合并含有黄腐酚的洗脱液,浓缩成浸膏,进行第2次梯度洗脱。结果表明,方法一的分离效率高、速度快,黄腐酚得率较高(44.88%),但黄腐酚的纯度较低(57.78%);方法二的黄腐酚得率较低(43.16%),但纯度高(81.10%),部分馏分浓缩后有结晶析出,经HPLC检测为黄腐酚结晶单体,纯度达到98.1%,因此可以应用硅胶柱层析法高效分离和纯化啤酒花黄腐酚。     

啤酒花的抑菌作用及其应用拓展

啤酒花是大麻科葎草属多年生攀岩植物,它的主要活性成分为啤酒花的苦味树脂、多酚类和啤酒花精油。啤酒花最初应用于啤酒酿造主要是为了抑菌从而延长啤酒的保存期。除酿造特性之外,啤酒花还具有药用功能和其他用途。文章综述了啤酒花的抑菌作用和酿造工业之外的其它用途,为其进一步的研究开发提供参考。     

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正肥胖和高血压新对手——啤酒花来源:俄罗斯卫星网啤酒花是啤酒酿造不可缺少的原料,美国俄勒冈大学生物学家发现,啤酒花中的黄腐酚或可用于对抗肥胖、高血压和糖尿病。相关学术论文发表在《科学报告》杂志上。研究采用喂食高脂肪食物的超重小鼠,以模拟"西方饮食"。滥用这种饮食会导致一系列健康问题,包括肥胖和高血压。科学家发现,注射黄腐酚衍生物的小鼠对2型糖尿病的易     

酒花中"黄腐酚"的最新研究进展与开发前景

啤酒花中特有的一种名叫黄腐酚的物质被越来越多的人们所关注,该物质属异戊烯类黄酮化合物(Xantho-humol,简称Xn),经科学家研究表明:黄腐酚具有明显的抗癌等功效.重点介绍了国内外学者对啤酒中所含黄腐酚的最新研究进展,进一步论述了今后对富含黄腐酚等因子的功能性保健啤酒的开发前景.     

黄腐酚与食品酸味剂的协同抗氧化活性研究

黄腐酚是啤酒花中的一种重要的生物黄酮,具有多种生理功效。文章在研究了黄腐酚的稳定性基础上,选取了β-胡萝卜素亚油酸体系和DPPH体系,以协同系数(SE)为衡量指标,考察了黄腐酚与柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠、维生素C的协同抗氧化作用。实验结果表明,在β-胡萝卜素亚油酸体系中,当黄腐酚浓度小于1.5mg/m L时,黄腐酚与各种酸味剂均不存在协同抗氧化作用,而当浓度大于1.5mg/m L时,黄腐酚与各种酸味剂之间均存在协同抗氧化活性,但相对于DPPH体系,其协同作用较弱;而对于DPPH体系,黄腐酚在0.5~3.0mg/m L的浓度范围内与各种酸味剂之间均存在协同抗氧化活性,且协同作用的高低随黄腐酚的浓度提高变化并不明显。     

生物学家:啤酒花有助对抗肥胖和高血压

正美国俄勒冈大学生物学家发现,啤酒花(啤酒主要成分)中的黄腐酚或可用于对抗肥胖、高血压和糖尿病。相关学术论文发表在《科学报告》杂志上。研究采用喂食高脂肪食物的超重小鼠,以模拟"西方饮食"。滥用这种饮食会导致一系列健康问题,包括肥胖和高血压。科学家发现,注射黄腐酚衍生物的小鼠对2型糖尿病的易感性降低。此外,小鼠对瘦素(可引起饥饿感)的敏感性也受到抑制。     

酒花制品有效成分稳定性研究

以α-酸、β-酸、总黄酮、黄腐酚含量为指标,比较了真空包装的压缩啤酒花、颗粒啤酒花、啤酒花浸膏在20℃、4℃、-20℃避光贮藏120d的成分变化.结果表明,随着温度的降低,压缩酒花、颗粒酒花、酒花浸膏中有效成分变化幅度逐渐变小,其中酒花浸膏中有效成分变化幅度最小,在20℃、4℃和-20℃贮藏条件下酒花浸膏中α-酸变化幅度分别为13.82％、7.39％、3.38％,β-酸17.13％、11.18％、6.80％,总黄酮4.48％、2.19％、1.56％,黄腐酚10.09％、5.68％、4.21％,以-20℃贮藏条件下酒花浸膏变化幅度最小.     

125th Anniversary Review: The Role of Hops in Brewing

Although hop technology has been a substantial part of brewing science for the last 130 years, we are still far from claiming to know everything about hops. As hops are considered primarily as a flavour ingredient for beer, with the added benefit of having anti‐microbial effects, hop research is focused on hops as a bittering agent, as an aroma contributor and as a preservative. Newer fields in hop research are directed toward the relevance of hops in flavour stability, brewing process utilisation, the technological benefits of hops in brewing as well as hops as a source of various substances with many health benefits. However the more we find out about the so‐called “spirit of beer” the more questions emerge that demand answers. While hop research was only an ancillary research field for decades, during the last ten years more universities and breweries have determined that hops must play a meaningful role in their research efforts. This article gives an overview of the up‐to‐date knowledge on hop aroma, hop derived bitterness, and the role of hops in flavour stability as well as light stability. Hop research is a wide field, therefore in this review only selected topics are reviewed. Other research areas such as hops utilisation, the antifoam potential of hops, or the advances in knowledge pertaining to the physiological valuable substances of hops go beyond the scope of this article.     

Humulus lupulus – a story that begs to be told. A review

The hop cones of the female plant of the common hop species Humulus lupulus L. are grown almost exclusively for the brewing industry. Only the cones of the female plants are able to secrete the fine yellow resinous powder (i.e. lupulin glands). It is in these lupulin glands that the main brewing principles of hops, the resins and essential oils, are synthesized and accumulated. Hops are of interest to the brewer since they impart the typical bitter taste and aroma to beer and are responsible for the perceived hop character. In addition to the comfortable bitterness and the refreshing hoppy aroma delivered by hops, the hop acids also contribute to the overall microbial stability of beer. Another benefit of the hop resins is that they help enhance and stabilize beer foam and promote foam lacing. In an attempt to understand these contributions, the very complex nature of the chemical composition of hops is reviewed. First, a general overview of the hop chemistry and nomenclature is presented. Then, the different hop resins found in the lupulin glands of the hop cones are discussed in detail. The major hop bitter acids (α‐ and β‐acids) and the latest findings on the absolute configuration of the cis and trans iso‐α‐acids are discussed. Special attention is given to the hard resins; the known δ‐resin is reviewed and the ε‐resin is introduced. Recent data on the bittering potential and the antimicrobial properties of both hard resin fractions are disclosed. Attention is also given to the numerous essential oil constituents as well as their contributions to beer aroma. In addition to the aroma contribution of the well‐known essential oil compounds, a number of recently identified sulfur compounds and their impact on beer aroma are reviewed. The hop polyphenols and their potential health benefits are also addressed. Subsequently, the importance of hops in brewing is examined and the contributions of hops to beer quality are explained. Finally, the beer and hop market of the last century, as well as the new trends in brewing, are discussed in detail. Hop research is an ever growing field of central importance to the brewing industry, even in areas that are not traditionally associated with hops and brewing. This article attempts to give a general overview of the different areas of hop research while assessing the latest advances in hop science and their impact on brewing. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

国产酒花香气成分及酿造特性的研究

为探究国产酒花在啤酒酿造中的酿造价值,将7种中国本土种植和培育的啤酒花（卡斯卡特、D1号、拿盖特、柯密特、青岛大花、哥伦布、哈拉道）在模拟啤酒酿造过程中添加,并在关键酿造节点取样,使用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析酒花在啤酒酿造过程中不同时期香气成分,并通过感官品评综合评估其酿造价值。结果表明,7种国产酒花香气成分均能满足啤酒酿造要求,除哥伦布为高α-酸酒花,青岛大花为苦型酒花外,其余品种均为苦香兼优型酒花,该类酒花既可煮沸时添加也可用于后期酒花干投,其中,卡斯卡特酒花与D1号酒花干投样品中月桂烯含量分别为0.458μg/L、0.324μg/L,远高于一般酒花,非常适合印度淡色艾尔啤酒（IPA）酿造。     

香型酒花对啤酒酿造质量的影响

啤酒花有两种基本类型:苦型和香型酒花.它赋予啤酒特有的苦味和香味,同时也影响啤酒的泡沫形成;酒花中含有酒花树脂、酒花油和多酚物质.本文主要就香型酒花在啤酒酿造过程中的风味变化以及对啤酒香味质量的影响进行了讨论.     

Development of Aroma Hop Cultivars in New Zealand*

Aroma hops of central Europe have traditionally been regarded as the benchmark for brewing. As population density and plant disease problems have arisen in Europe, other areas of the world have begun the development and production of aroma hops to suit the brewer's traditional specifications. Unfortunately these “noble aroma” cultivars did not readily translocate to other growing areas, including the Southern Hemisphere. New Zealand's 50-year-old hop research programme is producing “fingerprint” replicas of the noble aroma hop cultivars, now being used commercially by international brewing companies. The New Zealand aroma hop research programme concentrates on cultivars using the traditional Hallertauer mittelfrueh, Saazer, Tettnanger, Fuggle, Golding and Spalter varieties as parents in its breeding.     

A Study of the Fate of Volatile Hop Constituents in Beer

SUMMARY— The volatile material from a pilot plant brewed beer (hopped) has been analyzed by the direct combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. None of the major volatile terpenoid hydrocarbons of hops (myrcene, caryophyllene, humulene) could be detected in the beer volatiles. The only volatile constituents in the beer which could be assigned to hops with some certainty were ethyl dec-4-enoate and ethyl deca-4,9-dienoate, which exist in the hop oil as the methyl esters.
A capillary gas chromatography analysis of a beer which was brewed without hops but with methyl dec-4-enoate (0.02 g/L) showed that this ester was converted to the ethyl ester by the fermentation.
A study was also carried out using model systems to parallel the "kettle boiling" step of brewing. This involved boiling hops with water for a set period and filtering the water extract from the hops. It was found that the pattern of volatile hop constituents in the filtrate (hopped water) was quite different from hop oil and consisted principally of free organic acids, humulene epoxide, humulenol, and other hop oil oxygenated components. With fine filteration through Celite, very little myrcene, humulene, or caryophyllene were transferred into the water, even though they form the major part of hop volatiles. If, however, only coarse filtration was used, a greater amount of these hydrocarbons were found in the filtrate.
It is concluded that the amount of volatile hop oil constituents reaching the final beer probably depends upon the exact conditions of the brewing process used. No evidence could be found in the present work to support the view that the tiny amounts that do survive in beer prepared by the typical American process could contribute more than a very minor amount to the characteristic beer aroma.     

酒花老化评价的研究进展

酒花是啤酒生产的重要原料,确定酒花新鲜度更是保证啤酒酿造质量的关键。本文综述了国内外关于酒花老化评价的研究进展,根据酒花老化过程中苦味物质(α-酸和β-酸)、多酚和香气物质的变化情况,阐述了目前评价酒花老化程度的指标,为建立更为准确的酒花老化评价体系的研究提供一些理论参考。     

HOP INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE: BREWING TRIALS WITH WYE TARGET AND NORTHERN BREWER HOPS

Brewing trials with hops from the 1974 crop complete a three-year series in which Wye Target hops have been compared for brewing suitability with a control growth of Northern Brewer hops. Between 8 and 11 breweries took part each year. Physical examination of the hops used showed Wye Target to have less seed and to have a smaller cone size than the Northern Brewer but with a tendency to be loosely packed. When brewed at similar α-acid-into-brew rates as Northern Brewer hops, beers of similar analytical and flavour-assessed bitterness were produced. On general flavour grounds the beers were equally preferred. In all cases the Wye Target hops were rated as a copper hop either as equally suitable as, or more suitable than, the Northern Brewer hops.     

酒花中萜烯醇类化合物的研究进展

酒酒花添加可赋予啤酒特有的风味,使酒体丰满协调。萜类物质对酒花风味的贡献发挥着重要作用。其中,萜烯醇类物质（如里那醇、香叶醇、β-香茅醇、α-萜品醇、橙花醇等）是影响酒花香气的关键性成分,其在发酵过程中含量的微小变化对啤酒的品质及感官评价影响很大。啤酒中的萜烯醇类物质不仅与酒花品种有关,还与发酵过程中的生物转化有关,甚至在储存时期也有变化。了解酒花中的萜烯醇类香气化合物在啤酒酿造过程中的含量及变化规律与控制和稳定啤酒的风味质量密切相关。该文就酒花中萜烯醇类物质的国内外研究现状做一综述。