红宝石无核和红地球葡萄果实着色与糖、酸含量的关系

以避雨栽培条件下欧亚种葡萄红宝石无核和红地球为试材,测定套袋果实果皮中的色素（叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷）及果肉中的总糖、总酸含量,分析果实着色与果肉糖、酸含量的关系。结果表明,在果实成熟过程中,果肉中的糖、酸含量是果实着色的重要影响因子,红宝石无核和红地球果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷的含量与果肉中糖积累的相关性均达到极显著水平,与果肉中的酸含量均呈极显著的负相关。     

红宝石无核和红地球葡萄果实着色与糖、酸含量的关系

以避雨栽培条件下欧亚种葡萄红宝石无核和红地球为试材,测定套袋果实果皮中的色素(叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷)及果肉中的总糖、总酸含量,分析果实着色与果肉糖、酸含量的关系.结果表明,在果实成熟过程中,果肉中的糖、酸含量是果实着色的重要影响因子,红宝石无核和红地球果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷的含量与果肉中糖积累的相关性均达到极显著水平,与果肉中的酸含量均呈极显著的负相关.     

山西老陈醋沉淀物的营养成分分析与评价

对3 种不同品牌的山西老陈醋的沉淀物中水分、蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、还原糖、总酸等常规营养成分及总多酚、总黄酮、川芎嗪等功能性成分的含量进行测定分析;并采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定老陈醋沉淀物中17种常见氨基酸的含量。结果表明：山西老陈醋沉淀物的营养较为丰富,蛋白质含量最高达14.96%,氨基酸种类比较齐全,含有7 种人体必需的氨基酸,组成相对合理,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量比例为22.12%～28.28%,接近WHO/FAO模式推荐的比值（35.38%）,且鲜味氨基酸比例较高,均超过50%,此外总多酚和总黄酮含量较高,最高分别达10.44 mg/g和14.73 mg/g,具有开发利用的价值。     

樱桃番茄与普通番茄部分品质指标及氨基酸组成比较

以樱桃番茄（YT）和普通番茄（PT）各9 个品种为材料,比较2 种番茄果实相关品质指标,包括可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、糖酸比、VC、番茄红素及氨基酸。结果表明：所有YT品种可溶性固形物含量均高于PT品种,YT的平均含量比PT高48%;9 个YT品种可溶性糖的平均含量比PT高34.08%,而可滴定酸的平均含量比PT低10%,糖酸比高出46.10%,VC的平均含量比PT高84.59%,番茄红素的平均含量比PT高76.30%。YT的果实品质要明显高于PT。对综合指标表现最好的YT-5和PT-3果实中氨基酸含量及组成进行鉴定,测出13 种氨基酸,总含量分别为2.176%和1.115%,其中含量最高的为谷氨酸,含量最低的为甘氨酸,人体必需氨基酸有5 种,分别占氨基酸总量的24.82%和30.94%。YT品种与PT品种相比,增加幅度最大的是精氨酸,为241.67%;变化幅度最小的为缬氨酸,增加了38.71%。与YT相比,PT的人体必需氨基酸含量与非必需氨基酸含量之比为0.448,较接近理想蛋白质的要求。YT中各种人体必需氨基酸,苯丙氨酸＋酪氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸的含量占氨基酸总量的比例,与1973年FAO/WHO修订的人体必需氨基酸含量模式谱基本一致,仅缬氨酸较缺乏;而PT中均基本一致。YT中的儿童必需氨基酸含量显著高于PT;YT中鲜味类、芳香族、甜味类氨基酸含量均高于PT。因此,与PT相比,YT的品质更高,且氨基酸组成更加优质合理。     

HPLC测定番荔枝果实中酚类成分及抗氧化相关性

目的：建立高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法同时测定番荔枝果实3 个部位中13 种酚类成分的种类及含量,并分析含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。方法：采用福林-酚法测定总酚含量;通过HPLC法对番荔枝果实中的单酚成分进行比较;通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基与2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力的检测方法测定番荔枝果实的抗氧化活性。结果：番荔枝果实中总酚含量为果皮＞果肉＞种子,果皮含量最高为59.48～127.84 mg/g;番荔枝单酚含量结果表明果皮显著高于果肉和种子部位,各产地酚类种类和含量差异显著。果皮和果肉中对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸、表儿茶素含量相对较高,表儿茶素最高为2 398.17 mg/mL。抗氧化结果表明番荔枝果实清除ABTS阳离子自由基能力高于DPPH自由基,且果皮活性最好,分别在质量浓度为0.39、1.56 mg/mL时均达到最高清除率。结论：番荔枝果实中果皮、果肉、种子3 个部位中所含酚类物质种类及含量有显著性差异;果皮部位所含种类及含量均最高,且抗氧化活性最佳,可作为天然抗氧化剂。     

八月瓜果实营养成分分析和评价

为分析研究八月瓜果实的营养价值,本文用火焰原子吸收光谱法、液相色谱法、荧光分光光度法等实验方法对八月瓜果皮、果肉和种子中营养物质成分进行检测分析。基于检测分析可知,八月瓜果实具有很高的营养价值。其中,八月瓜果皮含有锰、钾矿物质营养成分,含量分别为0.645、342 mg/100 g;八月瓜果皮总氨基酸含量为0.313 mg/100 g,含15种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸7种,必需氨基酸比重达到WHO/FAO提出理想蛋白质条件,必需氨基酸含量不及果肉均衡,营养价值比果肉低;含有少量的维生素E、果胶、蛋白质和脂肪。八月瓜种子含有多种矿物质营养成分,即含钾、磷、钙、铁矿物质营养成分,含量分别为586、180、191、2.85 mg/100 g;八月瓜种子富含多种矿物质营养成分,即富含锰、铜、镁矿物质营养成分,含量分别为:4.63、1.3、157 mg/100 g;脂肪酸含量为2.662 g/100 g,不饱和酸含量比重为76%。八月瓜果肉含有铜矿质营养成分,含量为0.25 mg/100 g;富含锰矿物质营养成分,含量为7.51 mg/100 g;八月瓜果肉总氨基酸量含量为0.419 mg/100 g,含16种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸8种,必需氨基酸比重达到WHO/FAO提出理想蛋白质条件,必需氨基酸含量均衡,营养价值高;含有少量的维生素、脂肪、蛋白质和黄酮。本文可为八月瓜果的开发利用提供理论支持和技术指导,推动八月瓜理论研究进程。     

桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝营养成分分析

以桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体为材料,对桦褐孔菌蛋白质、脂肪、多糖、氨基酸、矿质元素等营养成分进行分析及评价。采用公认的标准方法进行粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗总糖和10种主要矿质元素、17种氨基酸等全营养成分测定。结果表明,桦褐孔菌人工培养菌丝体的一般营养成分中,粗脂肪含量最低,粗蛋白含量最高。矿质元素中,K的含量最高,Mg、Ca、Na的含量次之,Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni含量较低。氨基酸中,必需氨基酸含量(Thr、Val、Met、Ile、Leu、Phe、Lys)占总氨基酸的41.34%,非必需氨基酸占58.66%,含量高于必需氨基酸。旨在为科学合理地开发利用桦褐孔菌的食用菌资源提供科学依据。     

4种裂叶类型五指毛桃果实中氨基酸组成比较及营养价值评价

使用高效液相色谱仪检测4种裂叶五指毛桃果实中氨基酸含量,分析比较其氨基酸种类的组成成分,并对其营养价值进行评价。结果表明,4种裂叶五指毛桃果实中均含有被检测的17种氨基酸,三裂叶五指毛桃果实中氨基酸总量最高,为122.80 mg/g,而全缘叶五指毛桃果实中氨基酸总量最低,仅为83.27 mg/g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的38.94%～42.77%,精氨酸、亮氨酸和谷氨酸为含量最高的三种氨基酸。五指毛桃果实中芳香类氨基酸、甜味氨基酸及鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,平均含量分别为9.75、14.21和26.55 mg/g;药用氨基酸含量占总氨基酸比例的51.92%～57.90%;氨基酸比值系数（RC）均接近1,氨基酸比值系数分（SRC）介于88.64～96.02之间,4种裂叶五指毛桃果实品质均较好。综上所述,五指毛桃果实中氨基酸含量丰富,是高药用价值的植物蛋白来源。该结果为五指毛桃果实营养价值评价、品种选育及保健食品的开发提供理论指导。     

宁夏地区不同品种马铃薯的营养组成分析

对宁夏地区种植的8种马铃薯的基础营养成分、氨基酸组成和各矿物质含量进行研究,基于灰色关联度法分析比较其营养组成,为马铃薯的研究与开发提供理论基础。结果显示,黑美人、夏波蒂和大西洋的最佳综合营养品质居前三位。青薯9号中可溶性固形物含量最高为9.07%;大西洋中干物质和淀粉含量均最高,分别为27.44%、16.70%;费乌瑞它中类胡萝卜素含量最高83.47μg/100 g;黑美人中总糖、蛋白质、纤维素、维生素C含量均为最高,分别为7.01%、2.16%、5.07%、23.26 mg/100 g。8种马铃薯中均检测出必需氨基酸6种,非必需氨基酸11种,总氨基酸含量最高的品种是黑美人。总矿物质含量最高的品种为大西洋。     

4种柠檬不同组织的酚类物质分布及其抗氧化特性

采用分光光度计法评价4种柠檬(尤力克黄柠檬、小青柠、青柠檬、香水柠檬)中果皮与果肉的总酚含量与抗氧化活性(清除ABTS+自由基能力、铁离子还原能力和清除DPPH自由基能力),并用超高效液相色谱对其酚类物质进行定性和定量。结果表明:4种柠檬果皮中的总酚含量及抗氧化活性均显著高于果肉(P0.05),其中尤力克果皮与果肉的总酚、抗氧化活性均显著高于其余3个品种(P0.05),而香水柠檬果皮与果肉中总酚、清除ABTS+自由基能力均最低。不同品种柠檬中酚酸、类黄酮种类及含量差异较大。从4种柠檬中共检出21种酚类物质,其中酚酸6种,黄酮6种,黄烷酮6种,多甲氧基黄酮3种。柠檬中的酚类物质主要是黄烷酮,占类黄酮总量61.82%～91.61%,其中青柠檬果皮中酚酸总量最高(535.62 mg/100 g DW),尤力克果皮中类黄酮总量最高(1 506.33 mg/100 g DW),果肉规律与果皮基本一致,然而其含量显著低于果皮含量(P0.05)。从尤力克果皮与果肉中共检出15种酚类物质,其中圣草枸橼含量最高,而新绿原酸是含量最高的酚酸。从小青柠、青柠檬和香水柠檬的果皮与果肉中分别检测出19,16,15种酚类物质,其中橙皮苷含量均最高,而香草酸是含量最高的酚酸。不同品种柠檬的总酚和总类黄酮含量与ABTS+呈极显著的正相关性,同时总酚含量与DPPH呈显著性的正相关性。     

Content of amino acids in fresh and frozen and cooked broad bean seeds (Vicia faba var major) depending on cultivar and degree of maturity

In broad been seeds (cultivars Comprimo RS and Threefoldwhite) harvested at four stages of maturity, which corresponded to dry matter content at the levels of I—25%, II—30%, III—35% and IV—40%, the content of amino acids was determined (g 16 g N⁻¹). The determinations concerned raw broad bean and frozen products cooked for consumption. The content of total and essential amino acids was similar in the two cultivars. With increasing maturity the content of total amino acids and essential amino acids varied, showing a tendency to increase between maturity stages I and IV in all the amino acids, except aspartic acid and alanine in Threefoldwhite. In both cultivars the content of cystine and glutamic acid showed the most rapid rise. Compared with raw broad beans, intact seeds cooked for consumption contained more total amino acids. In products of Comprimo RS the total content of amino acids and essential amino acids was similar in intact seeds and in the dehulled seeds. In products from Threefoldwhite the content of total amino acids and essential amino acids was higher in intact seeds than in dehulled seeds except in the most mature sample where these values were similar. The limiting amino acids were methionine with cystine in both raw broad bean and cooked seeds. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Compositional changes during guava fruit ripening

Compositional changes of fruit pulp and peel during ripening of white- and pink-fleshed guava fruits were studied. The white and pink guava fruits exhibited a typical climacteric pattern of respiration. Fruit tissue firmness decreased progressively, in a similar manner, in both guava fruit types. Total soluble solids (TSS) and total sugars increased in pulp and peel of both guava types with decrease in flesh firmness. More increase in total sugars was observed after the climacteric peak of respiration. Reducing sugars and titratable acidity increased up to the full-ripe stage and then decreased. Ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds decreased continuously during ripening of the two types. The peel showed higher values of ascorbic acid, total protein and phenolic compounds than the plup. The white-fleshed guavas had higher levels of TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars. titratable acidity, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid content then the pink-fleshed fruits.     

Evaluation of the Amazonian fruit Ambelania acida: Chemical and nutritional studies

Ambelania acida is native to the Amazon region, with few published studies of its fruits. We examined the proximate composition of its fruits, including minerals, fatty acids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as its antioxidant capacity. The protein contents (2.61%) of the pulp and seeds (13.6%) were higher than observed in other taxa of the family or in other tropical fruits. Peel and pulp showed high contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the potassium content in the pulp was 1125 mg/100 g. The peel had higher contents of total phenolics, tannins, and ortho-diphenols than the pulp, as well as better antioxidant activity as evidenced by 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assays. GC-MS analyses identified 42 VOCs in the peel and pulp, with more than 90% being classified as terpenes. Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in the lipid fractions of the peel, pulp, and seeds. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for humans, was the principal fatty acid in the edible portion of the fruit, therefore, evidencing its nutritionally significant profile for the fruits when considering the relationship among polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The information gathered here indicates that this native fruit is a healthy food source and its cultivation and consumption should be stimulated.     

Biochemical studies on some non conventional sources of protein Part 1. Tomato seeds and peels

Tomato seeds and skin wastes contain considerable amounts of protein (16.6, 5.7%) respectively. After protein hydrolysis from both seeds and peels the presence of 17 amino acids was stated. The amino acid scores (chemical scores) of tomato pomace were calculated using the FAO/WHO provisional amino acid scoring pattern and reasonable biological value was confirmed. The essential amino acid content and biological value of seed proteins are higher than that of skin proteins. Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in seeds and peels were predominant among the micro-minerals. K and P were found to be present in greater quantities than Na in seeds and peels.     

Changes in chemical composition during development of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) seeds

The level of chemical components was determined in seeds of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), cv. Krab, harvested at a dry matter content between 25.9 and 49.6 g/100 g of the raw material, and divided into five degrees of maturity. The results presented suggest that, in general, with an increasing maturity of seeds, the level of the following components increased if related to fresh matter: starch, dietary fibre, acids, total and protein nitrogen, total amino acids and sulphur amino acids, ash and its alkalinity, magnesium, calcium, total phosphorus and phytic phosphorus, and thiamine. The following components were reduced: vitamin C, riboflavin, carotenoids, beta-carotene, and chlorophylls. No such regularity could be found with respect to the accumulation of sugars, essential amino acids, and iron. By expressing the results in dry matter, increases were noted in starch, protein nitrogen, and thiamine. The content of sugars, total nitrogen, total amino acids, essential and sulphur amino acids, ash and its alkalinity, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin C, riboflavin, carotenoids, beta-carotene, and chlorophylls were reduced while that of dietary fibre, iron, calcium, and phytic phosphorus varied.     

Amino acid profile of the seed and other parts of the winged bean

The chemical composition of the seeds and other parts of the winged bean shows some variation in their nutrient content. The protein content in the seeds is similar to that in soybean while the roots have a protein level higher than that of any known tropical root crop. The amino acid composition of the different parts of the winged bean indicates high amounts of lysine and threonine with total essential amino acids similar—or even superior—to that of soybean seeds. All the parts studied except the roots, the unripe pods and the entire plant contain less total S-amino acids than soybean seeds. In terms of their percentage of FAO values adjusted for digestibility, all the different parts show good quality protein which can be utilised in supplementing cereal-based diets.     

Changes in nutritional composition,enzyme activities and bioactive compounds of germinated buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculantum M.) under unchanged air and humidity conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in nutritional and bioactive compounds in buckwheat seeds during germination under unchanged air and humidity conditions. The germination increased the crude protein, total lipid, reducing sugars, essential amino acids (EAA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but decreased the total ash, total carbohydrate and saturated fatty acids. After germinating for 48 h, the total EAA and polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly increased by 5.22% and 3.66%, respectively, as compared to those of ungerminated buckwheat. The total phenolics and flavonoids contents of both free and bound phenolic extracts of germinated buckwheat were also significantly higher than those of ungerminated buckwheat. The rutin content was found to gradually increase during germination, whereas the quercetin content was the highest in the 36 h-germinated buckwheat (0.26 mg g⁻¹ flour). Therefore, germinated buckwheat is considered as a potential material for producing healthy functional foods.     

Analysis of sugars and organic acids in ripening mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. var Keitt) by high performance liquid chromatography

The sugars and organic acids present in the pulp of Keitt mangoes at various stages of ripeness were analysed by h.p.l.c. Ripening was associated with a loss in firmness, peel chlorophyll and pulp acidity, with increasing soluble solids and total sugars. The major sugars were identified as glucose, fructose and sucrose. All three increased during ripening; sucrose was found to be in the greatest concentration throughout, with fructose the predominant reducing sugar. Acidity loss was shown by decreasing titratable acidity and increasing pH values. Citric and malic acids were found to be the major organic acids. A large decrease in citric acid and a small reduction in malic acid were responsible for the loss of acidity. Tartaric, ascorbic, oxalic and α-ketoglutaric acids were also shown to be present at low concentrations.     

油菜蜂花粉及其蜂粮的营养成分

本文以油菜蜂花粉及其蜂粮为研究对象,对其常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行测定,评价并比较二者的营养价值。结果表明:油菜蜂粮的水分、还原糖和粗脂肪含量显著高于蜂花粉(p<0.05),灰分、蛋白质和总黄酮含量显著低于后者(p<0.05);油菜蜂花粉及其蜂粮中含有8种必需氨基酸,蜂粮总必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(EEA/TAA)显著高于蜂花粉(p<0.05),分别为37.80%和34.74%;油菜蜂花粉和蜂粮的饱和脂肪酸中棕榈酸含量最高,分别为33.81%、33.50%,不饱和脂肪酸中亚麻酸含量最高,分别为32.42%、38.22%,差异显著(p<0.05)。油菜蜂粮是一种优质的必需氨基酸和必需脂肪酸营养源,可以作为一种潜在的原料应用于功能性食品的开发。