并联混合动力汽车发动机低温冷起动过程分析

通过对并联混合动力汽车发动机进行冷起动试验,研究了超级电容、ISG电机和发动机在冷起动条件下的性能,同时分析了混合动力汽车发动机的冷起动过程.利用冲击起动,发动机在ISG电机的拖动下,克服冷起动初期的摩擦力矩,达到了理想的点火转速,减少了冷起动持续时间,优化了发动机冷起动性能.     

285F型柴油机－40℃低温冷起动过程的试验研究

介绍了２８５Ｆ型直喷式风冷柴油机配套某型特种机械在－４０℃低温条件下进行的冷起动试验过程、试验情况和试验结果，对小型柴油机适应低温冷起动的设计要求和配套要求及起动方法提出了看法。     

基于循环控制的LPG电喷发动机冷起动初探

基于循环控制策略，利用单循环和多循环燃烧分析方法研究了LPG发动机的冷起动特性。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电控喷射点燃式发动机上进行。通过对冷起动循环的缸压和瞬时转速的实对测量和分析，研究了LPG首次喷射脉宽及着火循环的关系对冷起动着火特性的影响，特别对如何实现可控循环着火进行了基于单次起动喷射脉宽的单循环和多循环燃烧研究。试验结果表明：冷起动首次着火循环对整个起动过程的HC排放及着火稳定性起着至关重要的作用；起动喷射脉宽对冷起动着火特性的影响最大，合理控制起动喷射脉宽和喷射时刻，即可实现“即喷即着”的理想可控循环着火。LPG首次着火循环所需的混合气浓度约是稳定怠速时的2．2倍；单循环起动喷射脉宽起动与多循环起动脉宽起动相比，具有HC排放低和起动可靠性好的优点。在首次喷射之前空转几循环可以使发动机的首次着火循环序数提前，并能提高冷起动可靠性。     

缸内涡流比对冷起动燃烧火焰的影响探究

针对汽油发动机冷起动存在的燃烧不稳定、燃烧效率低的问题,基于单缸可视化发动机在冷起动工况下调节进气涡流,通过分析缸内燃烧火焰特性来探究增强进气涡流对发动机循环波动及输出功率的影响。试验所用发动机为单缸四气门(两进两出)缸内直喷汽油机,其中一个进气道加装有涡流控制阀,通过将一个进气道关闭或者开启来改变缸内涡流的强度。利用高速相机从活塞上的光学通道得到发动机缸内的火焰传播图像,并计算火焰传播面积,提取火焰边界,获取火焰中心速度及火焰扩散速度等信息,同时也利用燃烧分析仪对缸内压力、燃烧放热率等特性进行同步测量和记录,通过多角度的对比和分析揭示缸内燃烧状况与发动机宏观性能的相关联系,有效地发掘了在不同涡流强度下缸内火焰的传播特征。研究结果从缸内燃烧火焰的角度解释了提高涡流比能够很好地提高冷起动的燃烧稳定性,促进发动机缸内燃烧。研究表明,早期火核分布越集中,波动越小,后期循环波动就越小。试验结果还表明,由缸压计算的瞬时放热率与火焰面积存在很好的线性关系。     

LPG单一燃料电控发动机冷起动控制的研究

根据LPG发动机冷起动的特点，设计了LPG发动机冷起动控制策略，在4缸直列单一LPG气态进气道多点顺序喷射发动机上进行了9℃、15℃和20℃的冷起动试验研究。试验结果表明：通过优化初始燃油喷射脉宽、起动喷射脉宽衰减梯度、初始节气门开度、节气门开度衰减梯度等控制参数，可以实现LPG发动机燃烧稳定、起动可靠，并尽可能缩短浓混合气供给时间；为保证可靠起动，LPG发动机和汽油发动机在起动阶段都需要浓混合气，但相对于汽油机，温度对LPG发动机能够成功起动的初始喷气脉宽的影响不是很明显，使用LPG燃料可以缩短起动阶段提供浓混合气的时间，起动过程中为产生相同的转矩，LPG发动机需要较大节气门开度。     

低压空气辅助喷射甲醇发动机冷起动试验研究北大核心CSCD

针对甲醇发动机难以形成浓度合适的混合气而造成冷起动困难的问题,以一台应用自主开发的进气道低压空气辅助喷射系统(air assisted port injection,AAPI)的单缸甲醇发动机为研究对象开展试验研究,探究不采用辅助措施通过AAPI喷射实现甲醇高雾化对甲醇发动机冷起动的影响及规律。试验表明AAPI明显加快了甲醇发动机冷起动前可燃混合气的形成速率。AAPI甲醇发动机着火前过量空气系数λ的平均变化率值和峰值变化率分别是普通喷射方式的3.2倍和2.26倍。点火时刻对AAPI甲醇发动机冷起动影响较大,为使AAPI甲醇发动机的冷起动性能最优,需配合合适的点火时刻,试验条件下最佳点火时刻为活塞压缩上止点前20°。AAPI甲醇发动机的冷起动性能受环境温度影响较大,随着环境温度的降低,甲醇发动机冷起动时间增长;不采用辅助措施,AAPI甲醇发动机在5℃时能实现可靠冷起动。     

电控喷射LPG发动机冷起动失火特性

为加强冷起动阶段的排放控制,在一台125 cm3单缸电控喷射LPG点燃式发动机上进行了冷起动失火特性的试验研究.通过程序设计,以电控断点火方式造成发动机在所设定循环的完全失火,研究了冷起动过程不同循环在单循环失火、连续两循环失火和连续三循环失火的起动转速和HC排放,并对冷起动前120循环在不同失火率时的HC排放进行了研究.通过试验找到了影响LPG发动机冷起动过程起动转速和HC排放的关键着火循环,即理想的首次着火循环及其次循环.发动机理想的首次着火循环失火对起动时的HC排放和转速影响最大.在首次着火循环的下一循环失火对起动HC排放影响次之,而其余循环的失火对起动HC排放影响基本相同.提高起动初期发动机转速有利于后续循环的稳定运行.HC排放与失火率呈一定比例关系.失火率增加1倍时,HC排放升高约1倍.当失火率超过500/时,HC排放总量急剧升高.     

点燃式发动机燃用不同燃料的冷起动着火特性

基于循环控制策略,在一台125 mL单缸四行程电控喷射点燃式发动机上,分别燃用汽油、LPG和甲醇3种燃料进行了冷起动瞬态工况着火特性的试验研究.在只喷射一次燃料的情况下,确保汽油、LPG和甲醇发动机可靠起动时,研究循环喷射量和环境温度的影响.试验结果表明,循环喷射量对汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动影响显著,合适的循环喷射量即可保证汽油和LPG发动机可靠起动;环境温度对甲醇发动机可靠起动影响最显著,循环喷射量次之,环境温度低于16 ℃时,不采取辅助起动措施,低喷射压力下喷多少燃料都不能使甲醇发动机起动;同一喷射时刻,汽油和LPG发动机可实现"即喷即着"的理想着火,甲醇发动机要比汽油和LPG发动机晚一个循环着火.     

三效催化器起燃特性影响因素的仿真研究

三效催化器在冷起动期间主要靠排气来加热升温,而发动机控制策略对排温影响很大。利用FIRE仿真软件建立了催化器模型,采用仿真和试验相结合的手段对催化器的起燃特性影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：所建模型能够比较准确地模拟冷起动过程中催化器内的温度场和浓度场变化;延迟发动机的点火提前角可以明显提高进入排气管的温度,从而使催化器快速起燃。     

柴油机起动倒拖缸内喷雾仿真分析

采用三维CFD数值模拟的方法,对试验发动机冷机起动倒拖时的缸内燃油喷射雾化过程进行了仿真计算分析。研究结果表明:在燃油喷雾过程中,由于燃油蒸发吸热,导致缸内温度明显下降,与不喷油时相比下降了32K;缸内喷雾过程出现大量的燃油附壁,附壁量占总喷油量的70%左右;喷雾过程结束时形成的混合气浓度场和温度场呈极不均匀的分层分布,浓度较高的区域温度较低,且分布于靠近活塞壁面的薄层,不利于焰前反应的进行。这些因素均对冷起动过程缸内混合气的着火燃烧产生关键性的影响。此外,研究结果还表明,喷油油束速度是冷起动条件下影响缸内油滴蒸发过程的重要因素。     

高压共轨柴油机低温起动性能研究

当环境温度为0～10℃时,我们在某型号柴油发动机上进行了冷起动试验,起动效果差。针对该问题,我们从理论上进行了分析。根据分析结果,对起动喷油量、喷油提前角、预热、轨压等方面进行了优化,优化结束后进行了冷起动试验。试验结果表明：预热是改善该型号发动机冷起动性能的主要因素;起动喷油量、喷油提前角、轨压、预喷对起动性能的改善幅度有限。     

Oil strategies benefits over different driving cycles using numerical simulation

95 g/kin is the allowed quantity of CO2 emission normalized to NEDC to be set in 2020.In addition,NEDC will be replaced by more severe driving cycles and will be united worldwide.To respond to those criteria,automotive industries are working on every possible field.Thermal management has been proved to be effective in reducing fuel consumption.Cold start is a primordial reason of overconsumption,as the engine highest efficiency is at its optimal temperature.At cold start,the engine's oil is at its lowest temperature and thus its higher viscosity level.A high viscosity oil generates more friction,which is one of the most important heat losses in the engine.In this paper,hot oil storage is studied.Numerical simulations on GT-suite model were done.The model consists of a 4-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine using a storage volume of 1 liter of hot oil.Ambient temperature variation were taken into consideration as well as different driving cycles.Furthermore,different configurations of the thermal strategy (multifunction oil sump) were proposed and evaluated.Lubricant temperature and viscosity profiles are presented in the article as well as fuel consumption savings for different configurations,driving cycles and ambient temperatures.     

点燃式发动机排放特性研究

测量并分析了C498QAl型电控燃油喷射发动机在稳定运转工况和过渡工况(常温起动、热起动、加速、减速等工况)排气中的有害排放物CO、NO、HC的排放量及C02、02和过量空气系数随测量时间的变化。结果表明：(1)试验用发动机在闭环反馈控制的稳定工况，其过量空气系数非常接近1，其CO、HC都处于较低排放水平。在全负荷开环控制的稳定工况，CO和HC的排放出现明显增大。(2)常温起动及热起动后，CO的排放量存在一个峰值，该峰值通常为起动后怠速运转时的数倍。     

船用单体泵柴油机控制系统HiL测试与试验验证

以某型电控单体泵柴油机控制系统为例,采用船用柴油机专用的HiL(硬件在环)系统测试同步信号、转速闭环、排温修正策略及极限工况。测试结果显示:冷起动时间2.4 s;额定工况稳态转速波动率0.31%;突加突减负荷时瞬时调速率小于5%,稳定时间小于4 s;各缸排温不平均率维持在5%左右。HiL系统优化后的控制策略在实际配机试验时的应用效果良好,冷起动时间3.6 s;额定工况稳态转速波动率0.67%;负荷突变时瞬时调速率为2.67%,稳定时间为4.9 s,各缸排温不平均率为7.9%。验证结果表明:主要评价指标均满足柴油机整机性能对控制的需求;HiL测试有效提高了控制策略的稳定性和实际配机效率。     

严寒条件下车辆柴油机冷启动性能研究

为了改善严寒条件下车辆柴油机冷启动性能，对柴油机冷启动过程的启动力矩、阻力矩以及燃料着火进行了研究分析，结果发现，当环境温度较低时，柴油机的启动力矩减小，阻力矩增大以及燃料着火困难是导致柴油机冷启动困难的主要原因，在采用一些改善措施后，柴油机的冷启动性能大大改善。     

A cold‐start method and analysis for internal combustion engines particularly using a renewable fuel

A new cold‐start approach for internal combustion engines is described, which may be particularly suitable for an engine using an alternative fuel, such as ethanol or methanol. One of the cylinders in the engine may be equipped with a holding chamber in the cylinder head for the cold‐start purpose. The holding chamber may be opened or closed by a holding chamber valve to establish or block the fluid flow between the holding chamber and the cylinder space. The cold‐start procedure includes an intake stroke and a compression stroke, an expansion stroke that conserves the energy content of the earlier compressed charge without returning the compression work to the piston, and a subsequent recompression stroke to compress the charge to a much higher temperature. A thermodynamic analysis on the cold‐start process of a homogeneous charge internal combustion engine is undertaken, which includes the effect of fuel vaporization on the temperature change of the charge during the first compression stroke. It is found that the charge could be compressed effectively to a sufficiently higher temperature for ignition with pure ethanol as fuel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on combustion and emissions during cold start of direct injection (DI) diesel engine

Through experiments conducted on a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine, effects of exhaust gas recirculatoin (EGR) on combustion and emission during cold start were investigated. Combustion of first firing cycle can be promoted significantly by introducing EGR. In experiments, when partially closed choking valve and partially or fully opened EGR valve, peak cylinder pressure of first firing cycle was about 45% higher than that under normal condition without EGR, and the start of combustion (SOC) was also much earlier. EGR also had effects on combustion stability. In the case, which kept 50% or 100% opening of EGR valve (OEV) and kept 100% opening of choking valve (OCV), more stable combustion process was achieved when common rail pressure decreased during cold start. However, excessive amount of EGR led to extreme unstable combustion and even misfiring. Opacity and NO emissions were also analyzed in detail. In the case with maximum EGR, the lowest average opacity, which was less than 4%, was achieved during initial several firing cycles of cold start. But in the later phase, excessive amount of EGR led to a great deal of white smoke emission. NO emission during initial phase of cold start is mainly affected by increase in fuel amount of injection. When combustion became stable gradually, EGR showed significant effect on NO reduction.     

Catalyst light-off behavior of a spark-ignition LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) engine during cold start

The effects of the length of the gas flow path from the exhaust outlet in the cylinder head to the catalyst inlet in the exhaust line, the ignition timing and the engine idle speed on the three-way catalyst light-off behavior in an electronically controlled inlet port LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) injection SI (spark-ignition) engine during cold start were investigated experimentally. The results showed that these factors affect the catalyst light-off behavior significantly during cold start. The reduction of the gas flow path length upstream the catalyst reduces the heat loss from the exhaust gases, increases the temperature of the catalyst, and results in faster catalyst light-off. Retarding the ignition timing from 0 to 15°CA ATDC decreases 22 and 8 s catalyst light-off time for HC and CO respectively. Increasing the engine idle speed from 1400 to 1800 rpm decreases 19 and 15 s the light-off time for HC and CO respectively.     

降低轻型汽车低温冷起动后排放污染物的研究

简要分析了装载汽油机的轻型汽车按照国Ⅳ排放法规低温冷起动后排放污染物的影响因素及控制措施.排放试验证明,优化发动机控制系统在低温冷起动后的标定文件是一种行之有效的不增加车辆成本的降低轻型汽车低温排放的方法.