蒸汽爆破对膳食纤维改性作用的研究进展

膳食纤维具有良好的生理功能,对人体健康发挥着重要作用。综述了蒸汽爆破技术对食品副产物中膳食纤维的改性作用以及对膳食纤维的结构特性、理化性质、功能特性的影响。蒸汽爆破处理可以将膳食纤维中的部分不溶性膳食纤维转变为可溶性膳食纤维,来增加食品及其副产品中可溶性膳食纤维的含量,提高膳食纤维的品质,以期能将高品质的膳食纤维应用于食品加工中,提高膳食纤维的利用率。蒸汽爆破处理可以显著提高膳食纤维的理化功能特性,有助于更好的开发膳食纤维功能性食品。     

酶法改性影响膳食纤维的构成及生物作用效果的研究进展

膳食纤维根据溶解性分为可溶性膳食纤维与不溶性膳食纤维.一些食品中可溶性膳食纤维的含量低限制了其在食品工业中的应用,因此将不溶性膳食纤维转变成可溶性膳食纤维的改性方法成为人们研究的目标.众多方法之中,在添加外源酶的作用下对不溶性膳食纤维进行酶法改性可以有效地增加膳食纤维溶解性.酶法改性后,膳食纤维的单糖组成、官能团、结构...     

提取方式对大豆膳食纤维理化及功能特性的影响

生物解离大豆残渣中膳食纤维含量丰富,为明晰生物解离提取法对大豆膳食纤维的改性效果,获取高品质大豆膳食纤维,本研究测定生物解离大豆膳食纤维的纯度、理化性质及功能特性,并与水提法天然大豆膳食纤维,化学法、发酵法及挤压膨化法改性大豆膳食纤维进行对比。结果表明：生物解离大豆膳食纤维纯度可达82.58%,其中可溶性膳食纤维含量约占总膳食纤维的60%,属于优质膳食纤维;生物解离膳食纤维的持水性、持油性、膨胀性和溶解性分别为6.87 g/g、5.48 g/g、8.22 mL/g和5.07%,均明显高于其他方式提取的膳食纤维。功能特性测定结果表明,不同方式提取的膳食纤维功能特性强弱次序均为生物解离膳食纤维＞挤压膨化法改性膳食纤维＞发酵法改性膳食纤维＞化学法改性膳食纤维＞水提法膳食纤维。生物解离膳食纤维在pH 7.0时对Pb2＋、As＋、Cu2＋ 3 种重金属离子吸附能力分别为351.2、304.1、214.1 μmol/g。此外,生物解离大豆膳食纤维的葡萄糖吸收能力、α-淀粉酶抑制能力和胆汁酸阻滞指数分别为6.56～35.78 mmol/g、18.42%和33.12%～35.52%,均显著高于其余提取方式的膳食纤维。因此,生物解离提取法对大豆膳食纤维改性效果显著,生物解离残渣可作为一种新型的膳食纤维来源进行开发应用。     

江蓠藻膳食纤维吸附脂肪、胆固醇和胆酸钠的研究

比较江蓠藻水溶性膳食纤维、水不溶性膳食纤维和总膳食纤维对脂肪、胆固醇和胆酸钠的体外吸附作用.结果表明,3种膳食纤维对脂肪、胆固醇和胆酸钠均有一定的吸附作用,其中,江蓠藻水溶性膳食纤维对于胆固醇和胆酸钠的吸附能力大于另2种膳食纤维,对脂肪的吸附作用,江蓠藻水不溶性膳食纤维也要强于另2种膳食纤维.说明江蓠藻膳食纤维能减少机体对膳食中脂肪、胆固醇的摄入.     

超微粉碎对甘薯膳食纤维成分及物化特性影响

为明晰超微粉碎对甘薯膳食纤维成分及物化特性影响,从而拓展其在食品工业中的应用,甘薯渣经筛法制备膳食纤维再进行超微粉碎处理,以大豆膳食纤维为对照,比较不同膳食纤维成分及物化特性指标。结果表明:与大豆膳食纤维相比,甘薯膳食纤维中可溶性膳食纤维、果胶、糖醛酸含量,持水性、吸水膨胀性、葡萄糖吸收能力和α-淀粉酶抑制能力显著高于大豆膳食纤维(P0.05)。甘薯膳食纤维经超微粉碎后,可溶性膳食纤维、果胶含量上升,淀粉、纤维素含量下降,蛋白、灰分等含量无明显变化;各项物化特性指标均显著上升(P0.05)。大豆膳食纤维、甘薯膳食纤维及超微粉碎后甘薯膳食纤维粒径分别为34.59、24.43、18.27μm,扫描电镜下,膳食纤维呈片状多孔结构。     

挤压提高膳食纤维水溶性的研究进展

膳食纤维中水溶性膳食纤维的含量对其功能、口感和使用范围具有重要的影响.植物性食物残渣含有丰富的膳食纤维,但其主要成分为水不溶性膳食纤维,严重限制其良好资源的利用.大量研究表明,挤压加工能显著提高这类膳食纤维中水溶性膳食纤维的含量,改善膳食纤维的功能性质,在膳食纤维的开发利用方面具有广阔前景.本文在总结近年来不同富含膳食纤维原料挤压的工艺创新和最佳条件的基础上,探讨了挤压提高水溶性膳食纤维含量的影响因素及机理,旨在为今后高品质膳食纤维的开发与应用提供参考.     

米糠膳食纤维的改性及其对功能特性影响的研究进展

米糠是稻谷加工的副产物,富含膳食纤维,但由于水溶性膳食纤维含量低、功能特性差等问题,米糠膳食纤维并未得到有效利用。介绍了国内外有关米糠膳食纤维的改性及改性对米糠膳食纤维功能特性影响的研究进展,以期为米糠膳食纤维的开发利用提供参考。     

高膳食纤维对酸牛奶品质的影响

研究了膳食纤维酸牛奶的生产工艺,膳食纤维的添加对酸牛奶成分、发酵性、风味的影响.膳食纤维酸牛奶的最佳工艺条件为:膳食纤维的添加量4%、白砂糖的添加量7.5%、均质时间10min.膳食纤维不利于酸牛奶发酵,膳食纤维的添加量越大,酸牛奶发酵时间越长;膳食纤维的添加量对酸牛奶的风味无影响.     

竹笋膳食纤维提取、功能特性及应用研究进展

竹笋来源丰富,获取成本较低,拥有较高的食用、药用价值,可食部分和笋渣等下脚料中都含有丰富的膳食纤维。竹笋膳食纤维作为一种丰富低廉的膳食纤维源,虽然得到研究者的关注,但我国对竹笋膳食纤维的研究、加工和利用仍有待挖掘。为了促进竹笋膳食纤维的研究开发利用,对比竹笋膳食纤维的提取工艺及优缺点,分析竹笋膳食纤维的主要功能特性,探讨竹笋膳食纤维在食品工业中的应用,总结当前竹笋膳食纤维研究中存在问题,并对其发展前景进行展望,以期为我国竹笋膳食纤维食品的研究开发提供参考。     

复合膳食纤维在面包中的应用

将小麦膳食纤维、大豆膳食纤维复合应用于面包中,研究大豆膳食纤维与小麦膳食纤维比例、加水量、发酵时间、加糖量对膳食纤维面包体积、表皮色泽、纹理结构等面包综合品质的影响。采用正交试验和感官评定的方法,对影响复合膳食纤维面包品质的主要因素进行分析,确定了复合膳食纤维面包的最佳工艺及配方:大豆膳食纤维与小麦膳食纤维比例为1∶4时,加水量为52%,发酵时间为75 min,加糖量为6%。     

ICP/MS and ICP/AES elemental analysis (38 elements) of edible wild mushrooms growing in Poland

Thirty-eight elements, including toxic cadmium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium, were determined in 18 species of wild edible mushrooms collected from several sites in Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland in 1994. Elements were determined by double focused high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after wet digestion of the dried samples with concentrated nitric acid in closed PTFE vessels using a microwave oven. K, P and Mg were present at levels of mg/g dry matter; Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Rb, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cs, Sr, Al and Si were present at µg/g levels, while Tl, In, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, La, Lu and Ba were present at ng/g levels.     

蒽醌助剂对乙二醇溶剂脱胶苎麻纤维性能的影响

为解决苎麻在乙二醇有机溶剂脱胶中纤维易被氧化而导致性能下降的问题,在乙二醇溶剂中添加助剂蒽醌对苎麻进行脱胶,并对蒽醌不同添加量下制得的纤维进行结构和性能表征。结果表明:纤维中半纤维素含量随蒽醌添加量的增加而升高,纤维的聚合度、结晶度、物理力学性能先升高后降低,纤维的残胶率和线密度先降低后升高;当蒽醌质量分数为0.3% 时,这些性能均达到最佳值,此时纤维的聚合度、结晶度、制成率、断裂强度、断裂伸长率、断裂功比不加蒽醌时分别提高了7.32%、20.53%、1.46%、9.55%、6.89%、33.33%,纤维的残胶率、线密度比不加蒽醌时分别降低了17.91%、7.24%。     

Encapsulation of food ingredients

Microencapsulation is a relatively new technology that is used for protection, stabilization, and slow release of food ingredients. The encapsulating or wall materials used generally consist of starch, starch derivatives, proteins, gums, lipids, or any combination of them. Methods of encapsulation of food ingredients include spraydrying, freeze‐drying, fluidized bed‐coating, extrusion, cocrystallization, molecular inclusion, and coacervation. This paper reviews techniques for preparation of microencapsulated food ingredients and choices of coating material. Characterization of microcapsules, mechanisms of controlled release, and efficiency of protection/ stabilization of encapsulated food ingredients are also presented.     

Daily intake of trace metals through coffee consumption in India

The trace element contents of five varieties of instant coffee powder available in the Indian market have been analysed. Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn and Pb, Cd, Cu have been determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, respectively. The metal levels in the coffee powders observed in this study are comparable with those reported for green coffee beans (Arabica and Robusta variety) reported worldwide with the exception of Sr and Zn, which were on the lower side of the reported values. Concentrations of these metals have been converted into intake figures based on coffee consumption. The daily intakes of the above metals through ingestion of coffee are 1.4mg, 1.58 mu g, 124 mu g, 41.5mg, 4.9mg, 17.9 mu g, 2.9 mu g, 3.8 mu g, 12.5 mu g, 0.2 mu g, 0.03 mu g and 15.5 mu g, respectively. The values, which were compared with the total dietary intake of metals through ingestion by the Mumbai population, indicate that the contribution from coffee is less than or around 1% for most of the elements except for Cr and Ni which are around 3% .     

Avena sativa (Oat), A Potential Neutraceutical and Therapeutic Agent: An Overview

The aim of the present review article is to summarize the available information related to the availability, production, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, and traditional uses of Avena sativa to highlight its potential to contribute to human health. Oats are now cultivated worldwide and form an important dietary staple for the people in number of countries. Several varieties of oats are available. It is a rich source of protein, contains a number of important minerals, lipids, β-glucan, a mixed-linkage polysaccharide, which forms an important part of oat dietary fiber, and also contains various other phytoconstituents like avenanthramides, an indole alkaloid-gramine, flavonoids, flavonolignans, triterpenoid saponins, sterols, and tocols. Traditionally oats have been in use since long and are considered as stimulant, antispasmodic, antitumor, diuretic, and neurotonic. Oat possesses different pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticholesterolaemic, etc. A wide spectrum of biological activities indicates that oat is a potential therapeutic agent.     

5—THE CONSTITUTION OF THE EPICUTICLE OF WOOL

Epicuticle, isolated from wool via the Allwörden reaction, was examined by electron microscopy and analysed chemically. It is proteinaceous; lipids and carbohydrates could not be detected. The component amino acids are: cystine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine, valine, alanine, lysine, α-amino-adipic acid, and threonine. A tentative model for the epicuticle is proposed.     

Influence of different non-grain commodities on the population growth of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

We investigated the population growth of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on seven groups of commercially available non-grain commodities. Six powdered spices were used in the first group of experiments: black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon and turmeric. The second group of the tested commodities included seven animal products: powdered cow milk, powdered pork zelatin, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, dry dog food and dry cat food. The third group of commodities was consisted of six herbs: oregano, spearmint, basil, coriander, laurel and marjoram. The fourth group of commodities contained ten pulses: chickpeas, lentil, split peas, black-eyed peas, beans, soybean flour and whole kernels, lima beans, mung bean, and broad beans. The fifth group comprised six dried fruits: Corinthian currants, sultanas, banana chips, melons, apricots and figs. The sixth group was consisted of five non-grain commodities: cottonseed cake, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi and potato flour. The seventh group included seven nuts: sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, pistachios, roasted chickpeas (yellow), almonds, hazelnuts and walnuts. Finally, six cracked containment categories (0% cracked kernels, 5% cracked kernels and 95% intact kernels, 10% cracked kernels and 90% intact kernels, 25% cracked kernels and 75% intact kernels, 50% cracked kernels and 50% intact kernels and 100% cracked kernels) from five pulses were tested: chickpeas, black-eyed peas, mung bean, soybean and split peas. The highest progeny production (3.01 individuals per vial) was recorded on powdered cow milk. On pistachios, split peas, sunflower seeds, soybean flour, pumpkin seeds, walnuts, almonds and coriander, T. granarium built high population densities rapidly, while on roasted chickpeas, cottonseed cake, hazelnuts, chickpeas, dog food and lentils, its population growth was much less. Broad beans, melons, figs, lima beans, beans, Corinthian currants, pork zelatin and potato flour were less suitable diets for the development of this species. On black pepper, clove, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, turmeric, sheeps’ wool, goat’s skin, ducks’ feathers, cat food, sultanas, banana chips, apricots, tobacco, black tea, Turk kahvesi, oregano, spearmint, basil, laurel and marjoram, no progeny production was recorded. The proportion of 100% cracked black-eyed peas or mung beans was more suitable for the population growth of T. granarium. Also, the percentages of 50% cracked chickpeas or 10% cracked soybeans enhanced the development of the species, in comparison with the whole kernels of each pulse. Our study indicated that several non-grain commodities are beneficial for the population growth of T. granarium, a fact that should be seriously taken into account in international trade, as this pest may utilize them as “vehicles” of expansion.     

Matrix effects on flavour volatiles release in dark chocolates varying in particle size distribution and fat content using GC–mass spectrometry and GC–olfactometry

Influences of matrix particle size distribution (PSD) (18, 25, 35 and 50 μm) and fat content (25%, 30% and 35%) on flavour release of dark chocolate volatiles were quantified by static headspace gas chromatography using GC–MS. Sixty-eight (68) flavour compounds were identified, comprising alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, furans, pyrans, pyrazines, pyridines, pyroles, phenols, pyrones and thiozoles. From GC–olfactometry, 2-methylpropanal, 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal had chocolate notes. With cocoa/roasted/nutty notes were trimethyl-, tetramethyl-, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,5-dimethyl-, 3(or 2),5-dimethyl-2(or 3)-ethyl- and 3,5(or 6)-diethyl-2-methylpyrazine and furfuralpyrrole. Compounds with fruity/floral notes included 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol and 5-ethenyltetrahydro-R,R,5-trimethyl-cis-2-furanmethanol. Caramel-like, sweet and honey notes were conferred by 2-phenylethanol, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethylacetate, 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine, 2-carboxaldehyde-1H-pyrrole, furancarboxaldehyde, furfuryl alcohol and 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)furanone. There were direct relationships of fat content with 3-methylbutanal and branched pyrazines but inverse ones with 2-phenylethanol, furfuryl alcohol, methylpyrazine, phenylacetaldehyde, 2, 3, 5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine and 2-carboxaldehyde-1-H-pyrrole. Particle size influenced higher alcohol, aldehyde, ester, ketone and pyrazine concentrations at all fat contents. A multivariate product space suggested flavour effects of the interacting factors.     

Bioactivation of Phytoestrogens: Intestinal Bacteria and Health

Phytoestrogens are polyphenols similar to human estrogens found in plants or derived from plant precursors. Phytoestrogens are found in high concentration in soya, flaxseed and other seeds, fruits, vegetables, cereals, tea, chocolate, etc. They comprise several classes of chemical compounds (stilbenes, coumestans, isoflavones, ellagitannins, and lignans) which are structurally similar to endogenous estrogens but which can have both estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects. Although epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that intake of phytoestrogens in foods may be protective against certain chronic diseases, discrepancies have been observed between in vivo and in vitro experiments. The microbial transformations have not been reported so far in stilbenes and coumestans. However, isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans are metabolized by intestinal bacteria to produce equol, urolithins, and enterolignans, respectively. Equol, urolithin, and enterolignans are more bioavailable, and have more estrogenic/antiestrogenic and antioxidant activity than their precursors. Moreover, equol, urolithins and enterolignans have anti-inflammatory effects and induce antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities. The transformation of isoflavones, ellagitanins, and lignans by intestinal microbiota is essential to be protective against certain chronic diseases, as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability, bioactivity, and health effects of dietary phytoestrogens are strongly determined by the intestinal bacteria of each individual.     

Evaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary

In the period between December 5, 1991 and September 17, 1998, 760 maize, 367 wheat, 119 soybean, 222 barley, 85 bran, 32 triticale, 60 oat, 14 rye and 22 sunflower samples were investigated for the presence and concentration of seven fusariotoxins (T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, fusarenone-X) and OTA. The comparison of analytical data with those of the relevant literature revealed that although the incidence rate and/ or concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins and OTA in Hungarian-grown cereals is occasionally considerable, the position of the country is not worse than the average of countries. Our findings indicate that soybean tends to be good substrate for trichothecene-producing fungi and the rate of contamination is regarded as substantial. The commodities were assorted into one of three quality categories. The proportion of objectionable samples was only 3.0, 2.2, 2.3 and 1.7% in maize, wheat, barley and soybean samples, respectively. However, this low rate of objection might still be a source of great economic loss. The proportion of objectionable samples was much higher in the case of bran, oat and triticale (7.1, 6.7, and 6.3%, respectively). The results of the present investigation indicate a need for regular screening for mycotoxins of importance and individual appraisal of each commodity from the point of their use in animal feeds.