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1.
Our objective was to identify the sex pheromone of Lymantria bantaizana (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) whose larvae feed exclusively on walnut, Juglans spp., in China, and Japan. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed a single EAD-active component. Retention index calculations of this compound on four GC columns suggested that it was a methyl-branched octadecadiene with conjugated double bonds. In GC-EAD analyses of 2-methyloctadecenes, (Z)-2-methyl-7-octadecene and (E)-2-methyl-7-octadecene elicited the strongest antennal responses, suggesting that the double bond positions were at C7 and C9. In comparative GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extract and stereoselectively synthesized isomers (E,E; E,Z; Z,E; Z,Z) of 2-methyl-7,9-octadecadiene, the (E,Z)- and (Z,E)-isomer had retention times identical to that of the candidate pheromone, but only the latter isomer elicited strong EAD activity. Results of field experiments in Japan substantiated that (7Z,9E)-2-methyl-7,9-octadecadiene is the L. bantaizana sex pheromone, a compound previously unknown in the Lepidoptera. Detection surveys in North America for exotic Eurasian forest defoliators could include traps baited with the L. bantaizana pheromone. 相似文献
2.
Martin N. Andersson Jenny Haftmann Jeffrey J. Stuart Sue E. Cambron Marion O. Harris Stephen P. Foster Stephan Franke Wittko Francke Ylva Hillbur 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(1):81-95
Coupled gas chromatographic (GC)–electroantennographic detection (EAD) analyses of ovipositor extract of calling Hessian fly,
Mayetiola destructor, females revealed that seven compounds elicited responses from male antennae. Four of the compounds—(2S)-tridec-2-yl acetate, (2S,10Z)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, and (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-ol—were identified previously in female extracts. Two new EAD-active compounds, (2S,8Z,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate and (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, were identified by GC–mass spectroscopy (MS) and the use of synthetic reference samples.
In a Y-tube bioassay, a five-component blend (1 ng (2S)-tridec-2-yl acetate, 10 ng (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate, 1 ng (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-ol, 1 ng (2S,8Z,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate, and 1 ng (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate) was as attractive to male Hessian flies as a similar amount of female extract (with respect
to the main compound, (2S,10E)-10-tridecen-2-yl acetate). The five-component blend was more attractive to male flies than a three-component blend lacking
the two dienes. Furthermore, the five-component blend was more attractive than a blend with the same compounds but that contained
one tenth the concentration of (2S,8E,10E)-8,10-tridecadien-2-yl acetate (more accurately mimicking the ratios found in female extract). This suggests that the ratios
emitted by females might deviate from those in gland extracts. In a field-trapping experiment, the five-component blend applied
to polyethylene cap dispensers in a 100:10 μg ratio between the main component and each of the other blend components attracted
a significant number of male Hessian flies. Also, a small-plot field test demonstrated the attractiveness of the five-component
blend to male Hessian flies and suggests that this pheromone blend may be useful for monitoring and predicting Hessian fly
outbreaks in agricultural systems. 相似文献
3.
Ya-Jia Liu David Hall Jerry Cross Dudley Farman Lakmali Amarawardana Qing-Ran Liu Xiong-Kui He 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(6):715-723
The sex pheromone of the chrysanthemum gall midge, Rhopalomyia longicauda (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), the most important insect pest in commercial plantations of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvel., in China, was identified, synthesized, and field-tested. Volatile chemicals from virgin females and males were collected
on Porapak in China and sent to the United Kingdom for analysis. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection
(GC-EAG) analysis of volatile collections from females revealed two compounds that elicited responses from antennae of males.
These compounds were not present in collections from males. The major EAG-active compound was identified as 2-butyroxy-8-heptadecene
by gas chromatographic (GC) retention indices, mass spectra, in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes, hydrogenation,
epoxidation, and derivatization with dimethyldisulfide. The lesser EAG-active compound was identified as the corresponding
alcohol. The ratio of butyrate to alcohol in the collections was 1:0.26. Racemic (Z)-8-heptadecen-2-ol and the corresponding butyrate ester were synthesized from (Z)-7-hexadecenyl acetate, and the synthetic compounds found to have identical GC retention indices and mass spectra to those
of the natural, female-specific components. Analysis of the volatile collections on an enantioselective cyclodextrin GC column
showed the natural pheromone contained (2S,8Z)-2-butyroxy-8-heptadecene. Field tests showed that rubber septa containing racemic (Z)-2-butyroxy-8-heptadecene were attractive to R. longicauda males. The (naturally occurring) S-enantiomer was equally as attractive as the racemate, while the R-enantiomer was not attractive to males, and did not inhibit the activity of the S-enantiomer. The attractiveness of the butyrate was significantly reduced by the presence of even small amounts of the corresponding
alcohol. 相似文献
4.
One-step syntheses of 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal from commercially available 2-ethyl- and 2-butylfuran are described. A two-step synthesis of the homolog 4-oxo-(E)-2-decenal from furan is also reported. These compounds are common components of true bug defensive secretions, and recently have been identified as pheromone components for several species. The simple syntheses reported here will make these compounds readily available for further research. 相似文献
5.
Naka H Ihomata S Matsuoka K Yamamoto M Sugie H Tsuchida K Arita Y Ando T 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(3):591-601
Two Melittini species, Macroscelesia japona and M. longipes (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), are native to Japan, but occupy different localities as their host plants seldom grow together.
The contents of the sex pheromone gland of adult females of both species, obtained after rearing larvae collected from the
field, were investigated by gas chromatograph-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) analyses. Two GC-EAD-active components were found in a crude extract of M. japona female pheromone gland, and identified as (2E,13Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol (E2,Z13-18:OH) and (2E,13Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2,Z13-18:Ald). The average ratio of these two components was about 1:10. In the field, M. japona males were attracted to traps baited with E2,Z13-18:Ald alone, but the strongest attraction was observed with a 1:100 mixture
of E2,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:Ald. The same two components were found in extracts of M. longipes females, but in a markedly different ratio. Male M. longipes were attracted most strongly to lures containing a 20:1 mixture of E2,Z13-18:OH and E2,Z13-18:Ald, although some males were
also attracted to lures with E2,Z13-18:OH alone. Although the two species do not generally occur in sympatry, our data indicate
that, in the event of overlap, cross attraction of the two species is unlikely. 相似文献
6.
Witzgall P Tasin M Buser HR Wegner-Kiss G Mancebón VS Ioriatti C Bäckman AC Bengtsson M Lehmann L Francke W 《Journal of chemical ecology》2005,31(12):2923-2932
Analysis of extracts of sex pheromone glands of grapevine moth females Lobesia botrana showed three previously unidentified compounds, (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate and the (E,E)- and (Z,E)-isomers of 7,9,11-dodecatrienyl acetate. This is the first account of a triply unsaturated pheromone component in a tortricid
moth. The monoenic acetate (E)-7-dodecenyl acetate and the trienic acetate (7Z,9E,11)-dodecatrienyl acetate significantly enhanced responses of males to the main pheromone compound, (7E,9Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate, in the wind tunnel. The identification of sex pheromone synergists in L. botrana may be of practical importance for the development of integrated pest management systems.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at and accessible for authorised users. 相似文献
7.
Trail pheromones mediate communication among western subterranean termites, Reticulitermes hesperus Banks. Repetitive passages of ≥28 termites were required to establish a pheromone trail and trails needed to be reinforced
because they lasted <48 hr. The minimal threshold concentration for inducing responses from termite workers and secondary
reproductives was between 0.01 and 0.1 fg/cm of (3Z,6Z,8E)-dodecatrien-1-ol (henceforth, dodecatrienol). Workers showed optimal trail-following behavior to dodecatrienol at a concentration
of 10 fg/cm. Trails with concentrations >10 pg/cm were repellent to workers. Workers did not detect pheromone gradients, responding
equally to increasing or decreasing gradients of dodecatrienol, and termite workers were not able to differentiate between
different concentrations of dodecatrienol. Termites preferred dodecatrienol trails to 2-phenoxyethanol trails. Antennae played
a key role in trail pheromone perception. Dodecatrienol acted as an arrestant for worker termites (10 fg/cm2) and male alates (5 ng/cm2), whereas sternal gland extracts from females attracted male alates. Workers and alates, upon contact with filter paper disks
treated with higher doses (10 fg/cm2 and 5 ng/cm2, respectively) of dodecatrienol, were highly excited (increased antennation and palpation) and repeatedly returned to the
treated disks. Dodecatrienol did not act as a phagostimulant when offered on a paper towel disk. Reticulitermes hesperus is highly responsive to dodecatrienol, and it may play an important role in orientation of workers and alates. 相似文献
8.
Gries R Khaskin G Clearwater J Hasman D Schaefer PW Khaskin E Miroshnychenko O Hosking G Gries G 《Journal of chemical ecology》2005,31(3):603-620
(Z, Z)-6,9-Heneicosadien-11-one (Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy) was identified as the major sex pheromone component of the painted apple moth (PAM), Teia anartoides (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), on the basis of (1) comparative gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses, GC-mass spectrometry (MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS, and HPLC-UV/visible spectroscopy of pheromone gland extracts and authentic standards; (2) GC-EAD analyses of effluvia of calling females; and (3) wind tunnel and field trapping experiments with a synthetic standard. In field experiments in Australia, synthetic Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy as a single component attracted male moths. Wind tunnel experiments suggested that a 4-component blend consisting of Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy, (6Z,9R,10S)-cis-9,10-epoxy-heneicosene (Z6-9R10S-epo-21Hy), (E, E)-7,9-heneicosadien-6,11-dione (E7E9-6,11-dione-21Hy), and 6-hydroxy-(E, E)-7,9-heneicosadien-11-one (E7E9-6-ol-11-one-21Hy) (all present in pheromone gland extracts) might induce more males to orient toward, approach, and contact the source than did Z6Z9-11-one-21Hy as a single component. Additional experiments are needed to determine conclusively whether or not Z6-9R10S-epo-21Hy, E7E9-6,11-dione-21Hy, and E7E9-6-ol-11-one-21Hy might be minor sex pheromone components of PAM. Moreover, attractiveness of synthetic pheromone and virgin PAM females needs to be compared to determine whether synthetic pheromone could replace PAM females as trap baits in the program to monitor eradication of exotic PAM in New Zealand. 相似文献
9.
The sex pheromone blend of Hemileuca burnsi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from the western Mojave Desert was determined to be a combination of (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (E10,Z12-16:Ac), (10E,12Z)-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10,Z12-16:OH), (10E,12E)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (E10,E12-16:Ac), and hexadecyl acetate (16:Ac). (10E,12Z)-Hexadecadienal (E10,Z12-16:Ald) was tentatively identified in pheromone gland extracts based on electroantennographic responses and, when added
to the above blend, it enhanced trap captures at low doses. The mean ratio of the compounds in extracts of pheromone glands
was 100:23:232:14:0.4 (E10,Z12-16:Ac: E10,E12-16:Ac: 16:Ac: E10,Z12-16:OH: E10,Z12-16:Ald). Field trials indicated that although E10,Z12-16:Ac and E10,Z12-16:OH were essential for attraction, the two-component blend was not attractive by itself. Addition of the three other
compounds was necessary for maximum attraction, rendering this the most complicated pheromone blend described for a Hemileuca species to date. Similarities between the sex pheromone of H. burnsi and that of the allopatric Hemileuca electra electra and differences between the blends of H. burnsi and that of the sympatric H. electra mojavensis support a case for reproductive character displacement in the pheromone communication channel of H. electra. 相似文献
10.
The sex pheromone of Lonomia obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was studied in the laboratory. All female calling occurred during the scotophase. Most
females (70.6%) called first within 24 hr of eclosion. Calling varied with age of female, with older (5- to 6-day-old) females
calling earlier in the scotophase and for longer durations than younger (0- to 1-day-old) females. The sex pheromone gland
of 1- to 3-day-old virgin females was extracted during the calling peak. A Y-olfactometer bioassay showed significant attraction
of males to a filter paper containing the female gland extract. Gas chromatographic-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD)
analysis of the extract indicated the presence of at least two possible pheromone components. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric
analysis of the major GC-EAD-active peak indicated a hexadecenyl acetate; chemical derivatization indicated Δ11 unsaturation.
Synthetic samples of (E)- and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate were obtained by coupling 10-bromo-1-decanol and 1-hexyne, utilizing lithium chemistry. The comparison
of the retention time of dimethyl disulfide derivatives of the natural compound, to those of synthetic chemicals, confirmed
the natural compound as (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate. The minor component was identified as the related alcohol, (E)-11-hexadecenol. The ratio of the two components in female extract was 100:35. Preliminary tests of males in a Y-olfactometer
showed that their response to a mixture of the two compounds was not significantly different from that to gland extract. 相似文献
11.
Farine JP Sirugue D Abed-Vieillard D Everaerts C Le Quéré JL Bonnard O Brossut R 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(2):405-415
In Leucophaea maderae, male calling behavior involves the release of a sex pheromone from the abdominal sternal glands. An extract of sternal glands
attracted conspecific females over a distance. The compounds present were identified as hydroxy-3-butan-2-one, (2R, 3R)-butanediol, senecioic acid, and (E)-2-octenoic acid. The same components are also present in male tergal glands. The identified compounds were tested on their
own and in mixtures. Their biological function is discussed. 相似文献
12.
Two novel ceramides, Candidamide A (1) with a phytosphingolipid structure, and Candidamide B (2) with a tertiary amide structure, together with 12 known compounds (3–14) have been isolated from the bulbs of Zephyranthes candida, The structures of 1 and 2 have been elucidated to be 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl amino)-8-(E)-octadecadiene (1) and (2S,3S,4R,8E,2′R)-2-[N-(2′-hydroxyoctadecanoyl)-N-(1′′,2′′-dihydroxyethyl)-amino]-8-hexacosene-1,3,4-triol (2) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence including IR, MS, NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DEPT, 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC). The known compounds were identified as (2S)-3′,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavan (3), (2S)-4′-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavan (4), (2S)-4′,7-dihydroxyflavan (5), 7-hydroxy-3′, 4′-methylenedioxyflavan (6), ambrettolide (7), β-sitostero1 (8), β-daucosterin (9), rutin (10), pancratistatin (11), lycorine (12), haemanthidine (13), and haemanthamine (14). In the antimicrobial assay, candidamide A (1) and candidamide B (2) displayed moderate activities against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. 相似文献
13.
The southern cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is a major pest of stored legumes in warm temperate and tropical climates. The female sex attractant
pheromone was extracted from filter-paper shelters taken from containers that housed virgin females. The extracts were purified
by various chromatographic techniques, and the biologically active components in the fractions were screened by gas chromatographic–electroantennographic
detection analysis with male antennae. Two compounds that elicited electrophysiological responses were isolated, and gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and micro-chemical analyses suggested that the active compounds were homofarnesals,
(2Z,6E)- and (2E,6E)-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrienals. Males of C. chinensis were significantly attracted to filter paper discs loaded with the synthetic compounds at 0.01–0.1 ng compared to solvent
control in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. These pheromone components represent unique chemical structures within the genus Callosobruchus. 相似文献
14.
Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analyses of the scent gland secretions of Siro duricorius and S. exilis (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Sironidae) revealed a set of 24 components, comprising a series of saturated and unsaturated methyl ketones (C11–C15) and four naphthoquinones. Whereas the scent gland secretions of S. duricorius, collected in Austria, and S. exilis from USA were qualitatively nearly indistinguishable (with the exception of acetophenone that was specific to S. duricorius), they distinctly differed in their relative quantitative compositions: major components of the secretion of S. duricorius were 7-tridecen-2-one, tridecan-2-one, undecan-2-one, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (tentatively identified only), and 4-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone. In contrast, in S. exilis a compound tentatively identified as 6-methyl-4-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone was present in large amounts (in S. duricorius a trace component), whereas undecan-2-one only occurred in minor quantities. Secretion profiles of juveniles and adults (both sexes) of each species showed high correspondence.This is the first report on the chemistry of scent gland secretions of the opilionid suborder Cyphophthalmi. 4-Chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone was identified as a new exocrine product of arthropods, whereas 1,4-naphthoquinone and the tentatively identified 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone are known constituents of exocrine secretions from one species of palpatorid opilionids, Phalangium opilio. In contrast, all ketones identified were new for opilionid scent glands, although similar ketones are characteristic of scent gland secretions of palpatorid genera Leiobunum and Hadrobunus. With regard to the near-basic position of Cyphophthalmi in currently proposed phylogenetic trees of Opiliones, naphthoquinones and ketones from Siro may represent the condition ancestral to the (derived) naphthoquinone- and ketone-rich secretions in phalangid Palpatores. 相似文献
15.
Moraes MC Millar JG Laumann RA Sujii ER Pires CS Borges M 《Journal of chemical ecology》2005,31(6):1415-1427
Olfactometer bioassays showed that odors from mature Thyanta perditor males attracted females but not males. Furthermore, odors from females did not attract either sex, indicating that like other phytophagous pentatomid bugs, the males produce a sex pheromone. Attraction appeared to peak in late afternoon to evening. The headspace volatiles collected from male and female T. perditor were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC. A male-specific compound, methyl (2E,4Z,6Z)-decatrienoate (2E,4Z,6Z-10:COOMe), was identified along with a number of other compounds found in extracts from both sexes. Bioassays carried out with 2E,4Z,6Z-10:COOMe showed it was as attractive to females as the crude extract of male volatiles, suggesting that the male-produced sex pheromone consists of 2E,4Z,6Z-10:COOMe as a single component. Consecutive volatiles collections from males showed that 2E,4Z,6Z-10:COOMe began appearing in extracts from males about 9 d after the final molt, as the males became sexually mature. 相似文献
16.
Nitroso compounds were electrogenerated from (1S, 2S)-2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-propane-1,3-diol derivatives (derivatives of p-nitrophenylserinol) in a “redox” flow cell equipped with two consecutive porous electrodes of opposite polarities. In spite. of the relative instability in methanol-acetate buffer of the hydroxylamine intermediates produced at the first porous electrode (cathode), the nitroso derivatives were prepared in good yields at the second one (anode). A coupling reaction between some nitroso derivatives and p-toluenesulphinic acid led to N-sulphonylphenylhydroxylamines. 相似文献
17.
An-Ling Zhang Li-Ying He Jin-Ming Gao Xu Xu Shi-Qing Li Ming-Sheng Bai Jian-Chun Qin 《Lipids》2009,44(8):745-751
Two new natural compounds, a symmetrical disulfide dimer didodecyl 3,3″-dithiodipropionate (1) and a pregnane steroid 5,16-pregnadien-3β-ol-20-one acetate (2), were isolated together with two known compounds, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (3) and ergosterol peroxide (4), from the ethyl acetate soluble extract of fermentation broth of an endophytic fungus, Sphaceloma sp. LN-15 isolated from the leaves of Melia azedarach L. and grown in pure culture. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) experiments and by mass spectrometric measurements (MS). These fungal metabolites
were isolated for the first time from the genus Sphaceloma. The structure of 1 was also confirmed by chemical synthesis. 相似文献
18.
Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of the Cerambycid Beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rosalia funebris</Emphasis> 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Ann M. Ray Jocelyn G. Millar J. Steven McElfresh Ian P. Swift James D. Barbour Lawrence M. Hanks 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(1):96-103
We report the identification, synthesis, and field bioassays of a volatile, male-produced aggregation pheromone of a long-horned
beetle, the banded alder borer, Rosalia funebris Mots. Headspace collections from males contained a major male-specific compound, (Z)-3-decenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, and several minor components, identified as (Z)-3-decenol, (Z)-3-nonenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, and (Z)-3-decenyl (E)-3-hexenoate. The antennae of both males and females responded strongly to (Z)-3-decenyl (E)-2-hexenoate. We collected significant numbers of adult R. funebris in field bioassays using traps baited with this compound. This pheromone structure is unprecedented in the literature of
cerambycid pheromones and distinct from the more common diol/hydroxyketone pheromone motif of many other species of the diverse
subfamily Cerambycinae. This is the first pheromone identified for a species in the tribe Rosaliini.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
19.
Raúl A. Laumann Michely F. S. Aquino Maria C. B. Moraes Martín Pareja Miguel Borges 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(1):8-19
We tested the hypotheses that host-searching behavior of the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis may be differentially influenced by the different blends of volatiles released from the metathoracic glands of adult stink
bug host species. We further studied whether such a differential response is due to different individual components of these
glands and whether these responses reflect host preferences. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays were carried out with crude extracts
of metathoracic glands of five different host species of neotropical stink bugs. Additionally, we tested the parasitoids’
responses to synthetic standards of individual compounds identified in these stink bug glands. Results showed that females
of T. basalis and T. podisi responded differentially to crude gland extracts of the different species of host stink bugs and to the compounds tested.
The parasitoid T. basalis showed a positive taxic behavior to Nezara viridula methathoracxic gland extracts of a host species preferred in the field, i.e., N. viridula. Furthermore, T. basalis responded positively to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-decenal, two components of N. viridula glandular secretion. Higher residence time, reduced linear velocity, and higher tortuosity in the arm of the olfactometer
supplied with 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal showed that this compound modifies the kinetics of some traits of T. basalis walking pattern and suggests that it might stimulate the searching behavior of this parasitoid. The parasitoid T. podisi was attracted to crude gland extracts of the preferred host (Euschistus heros) and also to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal. Additionally, this parasitoid responded positively to (E)-2-hexenal and to the hydrocarbon tridecane, both of which are defensive compounds released from the metathoracic glands
by several stink bugs. The results indicate some degree of specialization in the response of two generalist parasitoid species
toward defensive secretions of stink bugs. 相似文献
20.
Five cerebrosides (1–5), including three new ones named cortenuamide A (1), cortenuamide B (2), and cortenuamide C (3), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basid-iomycete Cortinarius tenuipes. The structures of those compounds were elucidated as (4E,8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (1), (4E,8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxytricosanoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8 sphingadienine (2), (4E, 8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxydocosanoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (3), (4E, 8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxyoctadecanoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (4), and (4E, 8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxypalmitoyl-1-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine (5) by spectral and chemical methods. 相似文献