膨胀剂对高延性水泥基复合材料力学及变形性能的影响

为了考察膨胀剂对高延性水泥基复合材料(HDCC)力学性能和变形的影响,研究了掺膨胀剂HDCC的抗折和抗压强度、弯曲韧性、单轴拉伸性能和干燥收缩变形,并采用环境扫描电镜观察了膨胀剂在HDCC中的水化产物形貌。结果表明:膨胀剂对HDCC的抗折强度基本无影响,但略微降低了抗压强度,增大了HDCC的弯曲强度和极限拉伸强度,降低了HDCC的韧性和延性;抗压强度降低幅度在15%以内,极限拉伸应变降低幅度在1/4以内,韧性降低幅度为28%~45%。掺膨胀剂后,HDCC在前2 d有一定的膨胀变形,而长龄期收缩变形值降低了1/4~1/2。膨胀剂水化产生的钙矾石提高了HDCC的体积稳定性。     

高钙粉煤灰PVA-ECC拉伸性能试验研究

目前配制PVA-ECC(PolyvinyJ Alcohol-Engineered Cementitious Composite)采用的粉煤灰主要是低钙粉煤灰,为进一步提高高钙粉煤灰的利用效率,采用当地Ⅰ级高钙粉煤灰配制出拉伸应变稳定达到3％的PVA-ECC,为实际工程应用提供更多的材料选择.从配合比设计开始,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比以及试件形式对PVA-ECC直接拉伸性能以及裂缝模式的影响.结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,新拌PVA-ECC的流动性增大,立方体试块的抗压强度越小,拉伸开裂强度、极限抗拉强度降低,拉伸应变增大,试件断裂面不平,纤维拔出长度增长;随着水胶比的增大,拉伸开裂强度、极限抗拉强度降低,裂缝模式由横向等宽度变为轴线处细密边缘处较宽;哑铃型试件标距范围内的最大等应力区更有利于应变硬化的实现.     

断裂韧度对PVA纤维水泥基材料弯曲性能的影响

对加入超强吸水性能SAP颗粒形成的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维增强水泥基材料,通过楔劈拉伸试验研究了材料的断裂韧度,三点弯曲试验研究了材料的弯曲性能,同时基于微观力学机理分析了断裂韧度对PVA纤维水泥基材料延性的影响.断裂试验结果表明:水泥基体断裂韧度随SAP颗粒掺量增大而减小;弯曲试验结果表明:开裂强度与弯曲强度随SAP颗粒掺量增大而降低,但弯曲韧度随SAP颗粒掺量增大而提高;依据能量准则与强度准则发现:掺入SAP颗粒后的PVA纤维水泥基材料的延性提高与高的E值与S值相关.     

无表面修饰PVA纤维增强高韧应变硬化水泥基复合材料的性能研究

制备高韧应变硬化水泥基复合材料(SHCC)通常用经表面涂油处理的聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维.本文通过利用无表面修饰的PVA纤维及高掺粉煤灰,制得高韧SHCC.通过控制粉煤灰掺量,利用减水剂调节水胶比,实现对基体强度的控制,得到有利于制备SHCC的基体.弯曲和直接拉伸试验结果表明,由无表面修饰PVA纤维增强的水泥基复合材料呈现多缝开裂和应变硬化特征,具有优良韧度和延展性.纤维增韧作用主要体现在挠度硬化阶段,但对于强度较低的SHCC而言,挠度软化阶段中也呈现较明显的纤维增韧作用.高掺粉煤灰时,无表面修饰PVA纤维增强的SHCC所呈现出的直接拉伸极限应变达3％以上,与经表面涂油PVA纤维增强的SHCC相当.     

PVA纤维类型对应变硬化地聚合物基复合材料力学性能的影响

本文对比分析了4种不同聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维分别在不同配合比地聚合物基体中的增韧作用,为利用国产无表面涂油PVA纤维制备应变硬化地聚合物基复合材料(SHGC)提供实验数据。主要研究矿渣与粉煤灰的比例、碱溶液的浓度、纤维尺寸以及纤维表面特性等因素对地聚合物基复合材料抗压和直接拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,经过7 d室温养护,含矿渣的地聚合物基体和复合材料的抗压强度均高于30 MPa,而纯粉煤灰地聚合物基体和复合材料的抗压强度较低,为12~15 MPa。表面涂油PVA纤维SHGC的延展性普遍高于无表面涂油PVA纤维SHGC。然而,通过调节地聚合物基体配合比,可以提高无表面涂油PVA纤维的增韧效果。当粉煤灰质量分数为33%时,无表面涂油PVA纤维SHGC的极限拉伸应变达1.44%,与表面涂油PVA纤维SHGC相当。在纯粉煤灰的情况,4种PVA纤维复合材料均呈现出稳定的多缝开裂和应变硬化特征。     

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料的微观力学设计、性能及发展趋势

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)是近20年发展起来的一种新型纤维增强水泥基复合材料。ECC在受力过程中,由于开裂处纤维的桥联作用以及纤维与基体间传递应力时裂缝能够稳定扩展,使得ECC表现出明显的多缝开裂特性和应变硬化行为。因此,ECC相对于传统的纤维增强水泥基复合材料具有更好的力学性能和耐久性。本文对ECC的微观力学设计理论、基本力学性能、耐久性以及工程应用进行了综述,介绍了4种具有特殊性能的新型ECC,最后就ECC所存在的材料选取、制备工艺和测试方法等方面的不足进行了评述和展望。     

纳米粒子和石英砂对PVA纤维水泥基复合材料单轴拉伸性能的影响

为研究纳米粒子种类和掺量以及石英砂粒径对聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA纤维)水泥基复合材料单轴拉伸性能的影响,通过单轴拉伸试验测得了试件的极限拉应变和极限拉应力,并得到了试件应力-应变关系曲线.PVA纤维的体积掺量为0.9％,选择纳米SiO2质量掺量和石英砂粒径各四种.结果 表明,纳米SiO2的掺加对PVA纤维水泥基复合材料抗拉伸性能有一定的提高,随着纳米SiO2掺量从0％增大到2.5％,试件极限拉应变和极限拉应力整体上呈逐渐增大趋势.相对于纳米CaCO3,纳米SiO2对PVA纤维水泥基复合材料抗拉伸性能的增强效果更明显.石英砂的粒径对PVA纤维水泥基复合材料抗拉性能影响较大,石英砂的粒径越小,PVA纤维水泥基复合材料的极限拉应变和极限拉应力越低.     

掺机制砂的高延性水泥基复合材料的制备

采用机制砂,经过人工破碎、筛分,研究不同的砂灰比对高延性水泥基复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,砂灰比(0.35~0.50):1时,水泥基材极限挠度超过17 mm、极限抗弯承载力接近8MPa;通过扫描电镜观察发现试件破坏断面处以纤维被拔出方式为主,以纤维拉断方式为辅,水泥基材呈现出明显的应变硬化行为和多缝开裂特征。     

高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度正交试验研究

利用正交试验设计原理,对9组不同配合比的高韧性水泥基复合材料进行了抗压试验,研究了粉煤灰掺量、水胶比、砂胶比和减水剂掺量这四种因素对高韧性水泥基复合材料抗压强度的影响,并定量分析了各个因素影响的显著性.试验结果表明:各因素对抗压强度影响的主次顺序为水胶比＞粉煤灰掺量＞减水剂掺量＞砂胶比,其中水胶比对强度的影响远大于其他因素,而砂胶比的影响并不明显;抗压强度随水胶比的增大而减小,随砂胶比的增大而缓慢增加;当粉煤灰掺量或减水剂掺量增大时,抗压强度先增大后减小,粉煤灰和减水剂存在最佳掺量.     

材料组分对UHTCC力学性能的影响研究

通过立方体抗压试验和薄板四点弯曲试验,研究了水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、石英砂粒径对超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)力学性能的影响,并结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了UHTCC薄板试件断面的微观结构.试验结果表明,UHTCC薄板最大跨中挠度可达46.3 mm,最大极限抗弯强度可达9.6 MPa,均出现了应变硬化与多缝开裂现象.随着水胶比的增大,UHTCC抗压强度降低,四点弯曲强度降低,但水胶比过低或过高都不利于提高材料的延性.大掺量的粉煤灰会显著降低UHTCC抗压强度和四点弯曲的初裂强度,但能极大的提高材料的延性.粒径小的石英砂能改善UHTCC材料的弯曲强度和延性.SEM微观结构表明,纤维与基体之间通过桥联作用抑制微裂缝的发展,水胶比过低,断面纤维易被拉断,水胶比过高,断面纤维大量拔出,两者都不利于提高UHTCC的延性.     

Tensile and fiber dispersion performance of ECC (engineered cementitious composites) produced with ground granulated blast furnace slag

An engineered cementitious composite (ECC) produced with ground granulated blast furnace slag was developed for the purpose of achieving moderately high composite strength while maintaining high ductility, represented by strain-hardening behavior in uniaxial tension. In the material development, single fiber pullout tests and matrix fracture tests were performed, followed by micromechanical analyses to properly select the range of mixture proportion. Subsequent direct tensile tests were employed to assess the strain-hardening behavior of the composite, which exhibited high ductility and strength with the addition of slag. High ductility is most likely due to enhanced workability and fiber dispersion performance which is attributed to the oxidized grain surface of slag, as verified by fiber dispersion tests. These results suggest that, within the limited slag dosage employed in the present study, the contribution of slag to fiber dispersion outweighs the side-effect of decreased potential for saturated multiple cracking, including a slight increase in matrix fracture toughness and fiber/matrix bond strength.     

高性能PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料的弯曲行为

高韧性的PVA-HPFRCC具有很高的能量吸收能力,但强度通常较低。本文采用工业废料(粉煤灰、硅灰等)替代部分水泥来制备高强度的PVA-HPFRCC,并研究粉煤灰、硅灰掺量以及PVA纤维体积掺量对高强度HPFRCC的弯曲行为的影响。研究结果表明:大掺量粉煤灰替代水泥可有效改善HPFRCC的应变-硬化特性,当粉煤灰掺量达到胶凝材料重量的60%时,其应变-硬化特性发挥的最为明显;增加PVA纤维体积掺量可提高HPFRCC的抗弯承载力和达到极限荷载时的变形能力,硅灰则降低了HPFRCC的韧性。     

Effect of matrix ductility and interface treatment on mechanical properties of glass fiber mat composites

The influence of matrix properties on randomly oriented glass fiber epoxy composites has been studied. It is shown that an increased ductility (flexibility) of the matrix does not result in greater elongation to failure of the composite under tensile and flexural loads. The tensile (and flexural) strength and the modulus of elasticity are decreased as the ductility of the resin is increased. It is concluded that since the matrix material is subjected to a triaxial state of stress when the composite specimen is subjected to uniaxial loads, the effect of matrix modulus, Poisson's ratio, and yield strength are more important than the matrix ductility measured under uniaxial stress. The effect on mechanical properties of various surface treatments applied to the fibers is also investigated. Finally, scanning electron micrographs are presented showing matrix cracks, fiber debonding, and fiber pull-out.     

高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土制备及其性能研究

为了有效提高高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的工作性能,将调整水胶比和砂率进行配制聚丙烯纤维体积掺量为0.5％的自密实混凝土并对其材料性能进行试验研究.研究表明:高掺量聚丙烯纤维的掺入对自密实混凝土的流动性有较大影响,适当调整水胶比和砂率可配制满足工作性能要求的高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土;水胶比的增大提高了高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的扩展度,同时也提高了其离析的风险,降低了其抗压强度;砂率的增大对高掺量聚丙烯纤维自密实混凝土的抗压强度基本没有影响,但可提高其拌合物的粘聚性.     

Mechanical properties of wood-fiber/toughened isotactic polypropylene composites

This study investigates the mechanical properties of wood-fiber/toughened PP composite modified by physical blending with an EPDM rubber to improve impact toughness. Wood-fiber thermoplastic composites were prepared with a modified PP matrix resin, employing high shear thermokinetic compounding aided with maleated PP for the fiber dispersion. The addition of EPDM improved the impact toughness, while it reduced stiffness and strength properties. To compensate the non-plane strain fracture toughness, the specimen strength ratio (R_sb) was adopted as a comparative measure of fracture toughness. The strength ratio increased with the addition of EPDM, while it decreased with increasing wood-fiber concentration. The work of fracture increased with EPDM level except at large wood-fiber concentration. The effectiveness of the impact modification was assessed with the balance between tensile modulus and unnotched impact energy as a function of wood-fiber concentration. EPDM rubber modification was moderately effective for wood-fiber PP composites. The examination of fracture surfaces showed twisted fibers, fiber breakage, and fiber pull-out from the matrix resin.     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心受压应力-应变全曲线试验研究

通过研究不同水胶比、塑钢纤维掺量和轻骨料种类对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土应力-应变全曲线影响,得到了各影响因素对全曲线的影响规律.研究结果表明:随着水胶比的增大,塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心受压应力-应变曲线的峰值应力有不同程度的降低,但峰值应变稍微增大,韧性和延性有所提高;而塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土轴心抗压强度随着塑钢纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,其随着筒压强度的提高峰值应力呈增大趋势.     

Effect of stress transfer between fiber and matrix on toughness of polymer composite

Thanks to their lightweight properties, formability and low cost, polymers have become an essential material for manufactured products. To improve the mechanical properties, almost all polymers are blended with some kind of fiber made from glass, carbon, organic or natural material. The importance of interfacial strength between matrix and fiber is a well known requirement for effective mechanical properties and some experimental results indicate that low interfacial strength helps increase the toughness of composites. In this paper, models of composite reinforced by fiber aligned with maximum principal stress under uni‐tensile loading are simulated. Based on the simulation result, we discuss the effect of interfacial strength, aspect ratio of fiber and friction force between matrix and fiber on stable deformation and provide the guidelines for establishing composites with high modulus and toughness. POLYM. COMPOS. 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Development of stiff, strong, yet tough composites by the addition of solvent exfoliated graphene to polyurethane

We have prepared graphene dispersions, stabilised by polyurethane in tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide. These dispersions can be drop-cast to produce free-standing composite films. The graphene mass fraction is determined by the concentration of dispersed graphene and can be controllably varied from 0% to 90%. Raman spectroscopy and helium ion microscopy show the graphene to be well-dispersed and well-exfoliated in the composites, even at mass fractions of 55%. On addition of graphene, the Young’s modulus and stress at 3% strain increase by ×100, saturating at 1 GPa and 25 MPa, respectively, for mass fractions above 50 wt%. While the ultimate tensile strength does not vary significantly with graphene content, the strain at break and toughness degrade heavily on graphene addition. Both these properties fall by ×1000 as the graphene content is increased to 90 wt%. However, the rate of increase of Young’s modulus and stress at 3% strain with mass fraction is greater than the rate of decrease of ductility and toughness. This makes it possible to prepare composites with high modulus, stress at low strain and ultimate tensile strength as well as relatively high toughness and ductility. This could lead to new materials that are stiff, strong and tough.     

Direct Deposit of Fiber Reinforced Energetic NanoComposites

The ideal situation of assembling an energetic nanoparticles‐polymer matrix is obtaining materials with high particle loading while still maintaining mechanical integrity. In this paper, we introduced a direct deposition approach to create a reactive polymer fiber reinforced composite with aluminum (Al‐NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO‐NPs) in a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) reactive binder. Even with up to 70 wt % thermite, these films still maintain a uniform morphology and considerable flexibility. With the same overall material composition, both the reactive and mechanical properties of fiber reinforced films shown marked improvement over the corresponding non‐nanofiber films. The combustion propagation velocity of fiber reinforced films is up to 1.8 times faster than the corresponding non‐nanofiber films. For the mechanical properties, the films with 110 nm diameter fibers were 2.3, 23 and 5.8 times superior in tensile strength, strain and toughness respectively, as compared to films with the same mass loading but with no fibers. The results suggest deploying a fiber reinforced structure enables fabrication of nanocomposite with high loadings of energetic materials. These result imply that a 3‐D printing approach may demonstrate significant advantages in developing advanced propulsion systems.     

乌兰布和沙漠砂制备高延性水泥基复合材料的力学性能

使用内蒙古乌兰布和沙漠砂完全代替微石英砂配置了高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC),并以砂胶比为变量,对其抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗剪强度以及抗弯强度四个方面的力学性能展开了全面的研究。抗拉试验后进一步对纤维断面使用扫描电镜(SEM)进行了观测,并采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)方法研究了沙漠砂的物质组成。结果表明,以沙漠砂配置的ECC,在相同骨料含量的条件下,其抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗剪强度以及抗弯强度均与微石英砂配置的ECC接近,延性约为微石英砂ECC的一半。除抗剪强度外,沙漠砂ECC其他各项性能均随砂胶比增大而提高,优化配比设计的沙漠砂ECC延性能够达到微石英砂ECC的水平。