Hydrology and Nutrient Enrichment at Two Coastal Lagoon Systems in Northern Greece

The lagoons of N.E. Greece, located on the western side of NestosRiver, and of N.W. Greece, located at the lower reaches of Kalamas River, are among the most important shallow, semi-enclosed ecosystems in Northern Greece. The temporal variability of nutrients at both lagoonal systems shows the strong influence of fresh water discharge on water quality. Nutrient enrichment factors showed that nitrites and ammonium were six times higher at the lagoons of N.W. Greece than those observed at N.E. Greece, while phosphates were forty times higherat Nestos River lagoons. The flushing half-life was calculatedbased on a combination of hydrological and tidal processes, foreach lagoon of these two systems, allowing for the assessment ofwater quality changes. Proper management measures for both systems should focus on the control of fresh water quality entering the lagoons, the reduction of phosphoric fertilizers used by agriculture and the better oxygenation of the water column. One way to eliminate massive fish deaths during the winter in N.E. Greece is also the transfer of fresh, warm groundwater, while bathymetric modifications and channel wideningare needed at the lagoons of N.W. Greece.     

The impact of river regulation and climate change on the barred estuary of the Oued Massa,southern Morocco

The estuary of the Oued Massa, southern Morocco, has experienced alternating phases of tidal and lagoon conditions. Using field surveys, aerial photographs and rainfall–runoff records the dominant processes and recent evolution of the estuary are described. These data suggest that the character of the estuary has changed since the upstream impoundment of the river by the Youssef Ben Tachfine reservoir. The frequency of low‐flows has been significantly increased by river regulation, as has the mean interval between flood events. Using reconstructed flow series it is speculated that lagoon conditions have become more common in the post‐impoundment era than at any time since the 1920s. Although increases in winter precipitation projected by the global climate model HadCM2 for 2030–2049 imply a higher frequency of flood flows entering the reservoir in the future, the magnitude and frequency of such inflows are still within historic variability. Nonetheless, higher inflows may produce more frequent spills with concomitant bar breaching and termination of lagoon phases. Despite this, it is argued that the presence of the dam is ultimately of greater consequence to the functioning of the estuary–lagoon system than future precipitation changes over the region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mass Exchange Between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario

The mass exchange between Hamilton Harbour and Lake Ontario waters through the Burlington Canal is important for estimating the dissolved oxygen budget of the harbour. Lake-harbour exchange is caused by either the oscillatory flow in the canal during isothermal conditions or the densimetric flow during thermal stratification. During the study period (September 1975), the canal water was found to be quasi-isothermal; consequently oscillatory flow existed. A computational method was developed to estimate the exchange based on excursion distance travelled for each limnological episode, and the final flow in each direction was checked with dissolved solids budget. An average of 2.04 × 10⁶ m³.d^?1 (24 m³.s^?l) of harbour water is estimated to flow into the lake, while 0.73 × 10⁶ m³.d^?1 (8 m³.s^?1) of lake water flowed toward the harbour during September 1975. This accounts for the total and net daily exchange of 0.98% and 0.48% of harbour volume, with net exchange being toward the lake. The total and net exchanges were respectively 8 and 4 times the natural drainage during the study period. On a monthly average, more water leaves than enters the harbour. The lake-harbour exchange is considered important for maintaining and even improving the existing harbour water quality. The harbour dilution factor was estimated as 0.0019 per day for the present study.     

Decrease in herbicide concentrations and affected factors in lagoons located around Lake Biwa.

The contamination levels and changes in the concentrations in four lagoons around Lake Biwa of paddy-use herbicide were studied. Four lagoons, Sone-numa (52 days of HRT (hydraulic residence time) estimated from the lagoon volume and the average discharge at the outlet, 21 ha area), Yanagihira-ko (40 days, 5.0 ha), Noda-numa (11 days, 6.0 ha), and Iba-naiko (2 days, 55.5 ha), were selected as monitoring sites. Intensive water sampling was carried out once a week from May to June at the outlet of each lagoon. Although twelve of the monitored herbicides were detected, the maximum concentrations did not exceed the guidelines for water-supply law in Japan. The relation between half-lives in herbicide concentrations and characteristics of a lagoon such as HRT and chlorophyll-a concentrations were examined. The shorter half-lives of herbicide concentrations in lagoons with shorter HRT means that replacement by influent water effectively decreased the pesticide concentrations. Shorter half-lives in lagoons with high chlorophyll-a concentrations between the lagoons with similar HRT suggest that biological degradation during the residence time worked more efficiently in the lagoon with high chlorophyll-a concentrations.     

东山湾水动力数值模拟及其纳潮量和水交换周期计算

东山湾属于半封闭性海湾,水文特性具有一定的代表性。在总结水体交换能力计算方法的基础上,采用对流扩散的水交换模式,建立平面二维数学模型,利用大潮、小潮实测潮位和潮流资料对模型进行了流场的验证,计算了纳潮量,半交换期以及交换率的平面分布。计算得出,大潮和小潮时,纳潮量为9.44×10~8 m~3和5.36×10~8 m~3,半交换期为8.13 d和13.0 d以及交换率的平面分布。整个海湾交换率的平面分布表明:湾口水交换能力最强,湾中部水交换能力良好,而湾顶水交换能力较弱。对东山湾开发利用的过程中,应结合海湾的纳潮量、半交换期以及交换率的分布,合理布置排污口,充分利用海洋自净能力。     

涌潮水流CFD数值模拟

涌潮是一种对涉水建筑物冲击巨大的非线性强间断流,实现涌潮的小尺度精细模拟是分析涉水建筑物在涌潮作用下结构稳定性的前提。采用大涡模拟(LES)技术求解N-S方程,利用流体体积法(VOF)实现对自由水面的追踪,边界上给定基于涌潮理论公式推导出的涨潮流速与水深条件,进行了涌潮的小尺度精细模拟。结果表明,数值模拟得到的涌潮传播速度与理论值比较接近,Fr < 1.3时为波状涌潮,Fr>1.5时为旋滚涌潮,涌潮形态分区与前人的试验成果吻合。在涌潮传播过程中,潮头处流速最大,且表层流速波动幅度始终大于中低层流速波动幅度,旋滚涌潮潮头水体紊动比波状涌潮强烈。模拟结果同时表明涌潮潮前水深与涌潮高度是影响潮头流速波动和形态的主要因素。上述涌潮模拟方法可为涌潮河段涉水建筑物的结构设计及安全评估提供参考。     

Sustainability of Natural and Mechanized Aerated Ponds for Domestic and Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Palestine

Abstract

More than half of the current wastewater treatment facilities constructed in Palestine are waste stabilization ponds (WSP) and have several problems in their operation. This article evaluates three selected case studies on the various pond systems including WSP, algae- and duckweed-based ponds (ABP and DBP, respectively) and one mechanically aerated lagoon (AL) system. The effects of various design and operating parameters on the pond system' performance, with special emphasis on nitrogen removal, are discussed. The effluent quality of WSP and AL complies only with BOD limits, but not with microbiological limits prescribed for agricultural purposes, as determined by national standards. ABP and DBP achieved nitrogen removal only under high surface area demand (5-7 m2capita-1). Suitable plans for modifying existing aerated lagoons or for upgrading natural lagoons are suggested in order to comply with microbiological standards for effluent use in restricted irrigation. Finally, the suggested sustainability criteria for the evaluated pond systems may help the decision makers, as well as their designers and donor countries, to better select and design low-cost treatment options for sustainable wastewater management in developing countries.     

Hydraulic assessment of environmental flow regimes to facilitate fish passage through natural riffles: Shoalhaven river below Tallowa Dam,New South Wales,Australia

Proposed environmental flow regime changes downstream of a major water supply dam have been assessed in terms of effects on depth, velocity and fish passage across natural, gravel‐bed riffles and rapids. This study focussed on passage requirements for Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Perciformes, Percichthyidae), a catadromous fish of considerable ecological and recreational fishing importance. Some 23 major riffles and rapids occur between the dam and the tidal limit over a river length of 25 km. Reconnaissance investigations of riffle slope, length, width, depth and morphologic characteristics indicated that wide‐shallow, steep‐turbulent and bifurcating riffle morphologies were most likely to cause problems for upstream bass passage under low flow conditions. Two approaches were used to investigate riffle depths and velocities over a range of flows. A rapid assessment approach directly measured thalweg depths and velocities under two controlled flow release rates in riffles identified as being potentially problematic to upstream bass passage. Detailed topographic surveys and two dimensional hydraulic modelling with River2D was undertaken for two riffles identified as ‘worst case’ examples of wide‐shallow and steep‐turbulent morphologies. Results from both approaches were consistent and complementary. Both approaches identified riffles where minimum depths and maximum velocities were likely to be problematic for upstream passage by Australian bass at a flow rate of 130 MLd^?1 (the current regulated flow release) but were mitigated at flow rates above 300 MLd^?1. Assessment of environmental flow regime transparency and translucency threshold options with regard to a 300 MLd^?1 target flow indicated that options where the transparency threshold was set at the 80th flow duration percentile (flows equalled or exceeded for 80% of time), and varied according to the monthly pattern of natural flows, improved hydraulic conditions for upstream bass migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a numerical model for circulation,temperature and pollutant distribution in Hamilton Harbour

The restoration of Hamilton Harbour, from an environmental standpoint, is a current concern for the agencies involved with remediation efforts in the harbour. Estimates of circulation and mixing are needed to assess the fate and transport of water quality constituents in the harbour. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling system (ELCOM) is used to study the circulation and thermal structure in the harbour. The model results were compared with profiles of temperature at several moorings and currents and water levels in the harbour. The model showed considerable skill in reproducing the thermal structure, surface currents and water levels. Mean summer circulation in the harbour showed two counter-rotating gyres occupying the harbour. The model produced harbour-lake exchange characteristics are in agreement with previous studies. Simulations using passive tracers qualitatively agreed with chemical tracer studies conducted near a sewage treatment plant outfall. The accuracy of these simulations suggests that the model is capable of describing flow and transport of material required for detailed water quality simulations.     

DEVELOPMENT OF COUPLED 1D-2D MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR TIDAL RIVERS

Some coupled 1D-2D hydrodynamic and water quality models depicting tidal water bodies with complex topography were presented. For the coupled models, finite element method was used to solve the governing equations so as to study tidal rivers with complex topography. Since the 1D and 2D models were coupled, the principle of model coupling was proposed to account appropriately for the factors of water level, flow and pollutant flux and the related dynamical behavior was simulated. Specifically the models were used to probe quantitative pollution contribution of receiving water from neighboring Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the pollution in the Huangpu River passing through Shanghai City. Numerical examples indicated that the developed coupled 1D-2D models are applicable in tidal river network region of Shanghai.     

瓯飞一期围垦工程排涝规模优化计算

根据排涝标准及闸门调度控制原则,采用平面二维数学模型对瓯飞一期围垦工程进行排涝规模优化计算,针对感潮地区围垦工程排涝布局复杂、计算工况较多等情况,将正交试验法应用到优化计算中,减少了计算组次,提高了效率;根据极差分析法找出了围区最高洪水位影响因素的主次顺序,从而进一步优化了排涝规模组合方案。通过计算推荐两个较优方案,两个方案的排涝宽度均比设计方案总净宽小,减少了工程投资,为设计及工程运行提供了依据。     

浙东引水工程萧山枢纽进水口优化数值模拟

萧山枢纽为浙东引水工程的关键工程,进水口布置合理与否直接影响浙东地区的水资源调度.加上进水口位于感潮河段,水文条件比较复杂.因此需要论证进水口引渠布置的合理性.利用平面二维数学模型对进水口布置进行了数值模拟计算,优化了工程布置,消除了原布置方案引水渠存在的大范围回流区,并分析了工程实施对上游新坝船闸通航的影响.计算成果为工程布置提供了技术依据.     

阳澄湖通江大型泵站扩建关键技术研究与实践

太湖流域七浦塘拓浚整治工程将苏州重要的饮水水源地阳澄湖与长江联通,而位于入江口的江边水利枢纽工程是阳澄湖通江的主要控制口门。在扩建该大型泵站工程中,必须考虑长江潮涨潮落的水文情势、江边软淤土地质条件、复杂结构紧邻已建枢纽和跨汛期施工等一些问题。为此,对扩建与整治项目的设计和施工的主要关键技术,以及实施效果进行了分析研究。通过优选泵型,优化工程布局和水力衔接条件,软弱地基处理,动水环境泵机安装等措施,保证了扩建工程保质按期完工。     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODELLING OF SUBMERGED DIKE ALIGNMENT IN CURVED ESTUARINE CHANNEL

1.INTRODUCTIONSubmerged dikes are frequently built in curveriver and estuarine channels to i mprove navigational conditions and/or to protect banks.Manefforts have been made to study flow characteristics around a dike in a straight channel experi mentally and numerically(Rajaratnamet al.1983;Liet al.1994;Mayerle et al.1995;Tominaga et al1997;Peng et al.1997).However,few studiehave investigated overall flowpatterns around submerged dikes in curved estuarine channels.Although many researc…     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF 2-D TIDAL FLOW AND WATER QUALITY UNDER THE CURVILINEAR COORDINATES

This paper presents a numerical method to simulate the 2-D tidal flow and water quality under the curvilinear coordinates. In order to overcome the computational difficulties in natural rivers, such as the complicated boundary figures, the great disparity between length and width of computational domain, etc. , boundary-fitted grid is used, the irregular domain in physical plane is transformed into a rectangular domain in transformed plane, and the depth-averaged momentum equations and mass equation are rewritten and discretized based on the finite volume techniques in curvilinear coordinates. Practical application of the method is illustrated by an example for the Dachangzhen Section of the Yangtze River. A fair agreement between the values measured and computed demonstrates the validity of the method developed.     

潮滩围垦对近海潮流及污染物输移的影响研究

为研究潮滩围垦对潮流和污染物输移的影响,基于二维嵌套的水动力水质模型,以通州湾为例分别模拟了不同潮滩围垦工程前后的潮流场及污染物浓度场,并用实测资料对模型进行验证,据此分析潮滩围垦作用下的流速变化和以COD为污染指标的物质输运特征。研究结果表明:通州湾围垦工程具有一定的阻水作用,且在围垦一、围垦二的堤头出现了局部挑流现象,其余海域的流速流向基本没有变化;潮滩围垦阻碍了通州湾南侧海域高浓度污染物的输移扩散,改变了该海域的污染物浓度场,且随着围垦范围的扩大,局部污染物浓度有所增加。综上所述,潮滩围垦改变了潮滩地形、水动力环境特征和污染物输移扩散能力,进而影响到潮滩的水文状况和水质环境。     

水动力模型在平原感潮河网地区的研究与应用

根据平原感潮河网的水力特性，研究复杂河网非恒定流计算问题，利用圣维南方程组、节点连续方程及边界条件建立了水动力数学混合模型。将模型应用于宁波市鄞东南水系的河网计算，并利用2005年“麦莎”台风实测水文资料对模型做了检验。验证结果表明，建立的水动力数学模型是可行的，可以用于平原感潮河网地区的水力计算。     

粤东陆丰海域温排水输运及取排水工程布置原则分析

本文对广东陆丰甲湖湾水域潮流特性及冷却水输移扩散进行模拟计算,对比分析近岸浅排与离岸深排、集中排水与分散排水在本工程中适宜性。据此,提出了类似潮流条件取排水口的布置原则。对西取东排与东取西排、深排与浅排、合排与分排等组合的分析表明,西取东排符合粤东沿岸流输运规律。受工程海域弧形海岸、防波堤修筑及工程取水、排水等因素形成的曲线流动及小尺度涡旋影响,深排方案虽不具备差位式取排水口布置的典型效果,但热水不易窝积,取水温升小。东西分排方案热水窝积且输运短路,取水温升超过2.0℃。类似潮流条件下西取东排、离岸深排、东侧分排或合排是较为适宜的取排水口布置形式。     

Modified Saint-Venant equations for flow simulation in tidal rivers

Flow in tidal rivers periodically propagates upstream or downstream under tidal influence. Hydrodynamic models based on the Saint-Venant equations (the SVN model) are extensively used to model tidal rivers. A force-corrected term expressed as the combination of flow velocity and the change rate of the tidal level was developed to represent tidal effects in the SVN model. A momentum equation incorporating with the corrected term was derived based on Newton’s second law. By combing the modified momentum equation with the continuity equation, an improved SVN model for tidal rivers (the ISVN model) was constructed. The simulation of a tidal reach of the Qiantang River shows that the ISVN model performs better than the SVN model. It indicates that the corrected force derived for tidal effects is reasonable; the ISVN model provides an appropriate enhancement of the SVN model for flow simulation of tidal rivers.     

水流掺气设施布置型式的研究总结与展望

泄水建筑物在高速水流的作用下常发生空蚀破坏,通常工程中采用掺气减蚀措施来达到对水工建筑物保护的目的。为了总结不同的水流掺气布置型式在高水头大流量的泄流建筑物中的可利用性和重要性,以及各自的主要特点及优缺点,综述了不同型式的掺气措施的结构、原理和工程应用;并对在不同的水力条件下掺气设施布置型式的优化选择及掺气设施布置型式的相关研究进行了总结与展望。