胺型离子液体聚醚复配破乳剂的制备与性能

合成了硝酸正丁胺和醋酸正十二胺两种胺型离子液体,考察了它们与交联型聚醚破乳剂NJ-20复配产生的破乳脱水作用。结果表明,50℃、复配型破乳剂加入量为200 mg/L时(100 mg/L聚醚NJ-20破乳剂与100mg/L胺型离子液体复配),上述两种胺型离子液体与聚醚NJ-20复配型破乳剂对模拟原油乳状液2 h的脱水率分别达到75%和91%,而单独聚醚NJ-20破乳剂在同样的条件下其脱水率仅为65%。40℃、醋酸正十二胺复配型破乳剂加入量为200 mg/L时,对模拟原油乳状液的脱水率可达59%,明显高于单独聚醚NJ-20破乳剂,表现出较强的低温破乳效果。     

烷基酚聚醚破乳剂的合成与效果评价

以烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚作为引发剂与环氧丙烷聚合得到二嵌段聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚破乳剂。针对锦州JZ9-3油矿的原油进行了实验室破乳脱水实验,由于该破乳剂的分子量较低,其疏水能力较弱,故破乳效果不佳。对该破乳剂进行复配,实验结果表明,复配破乳剂的破乳效果明显优于单体破乳剂,质量比为L01∶L02=1∶4的复配破乳剂F03在加药浓度为100 mg/L,70℃,120 min下脱水率87.5%,相对于破乳剂L01、L02脱水率分别提高了50%和15.6%。     

有机硅改性破乳剂破乳脱水工艺研究

针对三次采油脱水困难,目前的大多数破乳剂遇到瓶颈,将有机硅改性破乳剂与其他4种聚醚破乳剂进行破乳性能考察,比较得出经过硅改性破乳剂用量为50 mg/L,破乳温度为65℃,破乳时间为30 min时的破乳效果都优于其他聚醚类破乳剂,经过硅改性的破乳剂在用量、破乳温度等方面有较明显的优点,适合对三次采油进行破乳。通过复配破乳剂189和硅改性破乳剂在加剂量分别为100 mg/L和50 mg/L时,破乳脱水后的三次采油油水界面齐整,脱出的水质清澈,达到生产中破乳脱水效果的要求。     

有机硅改性破乳剂破乳脱水工艺研究

针对三次采油脱水困难,目前的大多数破乳剂遇到瓶颈,将有机硅改性破乳剂与其他4种聚醚破乳剂进行破乳性能考察,比较得出经过硅改性破乳剂用量为50 mg/L,破乳温度为65℃,破乳时间为30 min时的破乳效果都优于其他聚醚类破乳剂,经过硅改性的破乳剂在用量、破乳温度等方面有较明显的优点,适合对三次采油进行破乳。通过复配破乳剂189和硅改性破乳剂在加剂量分别为100 mg/L和50 mg/L时,破乳脱水后的三次采油油水界面齐整,脱出的水质清澈,达到生产中破乳脱水效果的要求。     

新型原油破乳剂SYL-012的研究

通过评价8种破乳剂单剂对柳沟原油的脱水效果,筛选出了2种性能较好的单剂。采用优选复配方法,以破乳剂单剂SY—01和SY-02为主剂,研制出的复配破乳剂SYL-012对原油的破乳脱水性能优良。这种破乳剂在温度40℃,加量为300mg／L时,脱水率可以达到91．7％,优于现场使用的破乳剂。     

三塘湖多区块混合油破乳剂研究及应用

三塘湖油田2014年产量比2013年增加一倍,原油产量与设备部配套问题突出;三塘湖油田来液工况复杂,乳状液的性质差异较大,现场用破乳剂适应性不足,造成原油脱水效果波动的问题。通过评价10种破乳剂和3种复配破乳剂对三塘湖原油的脱水效果,确定用C4∶C2按1∶1的比例复配作为破乳剂配方,当温度为55℃,加入量为120 mg/L时,外输原油含水可达0.44%,可满足三塘湖油田目前原油处理需求。     

塔河油田稠油乳状液破乳剂优选复配初探

针对塔河油田稠油区块的稠油乳状液破乳效果不理想的情况,为了获得效果良好的破乳工艺技术,本文采用瓶试法,对8种破乳剂进行筛选评价,优选出最优的破乳剂并与絮凝剂进行复配,以期获得理想的破乳效果。研究结果表明,破乳剂R-15和P-16的脱水效果最佳,脱水率分别为25.21%和25.58%。进一步将上述优选的破乳剂与絮凝剂聚合氯化铝复配,脱水率有了很大幅度的提高,达到76.36%。对塔河油田稠油进行破乳时,可选用型号为P-16的破乳剂,当浓度为175mg·L^-1、PAC溶液浓度为100mg·L^-1、破乳温度78℃时,破乳1h,脱水率为76.36%。     

TA162824原油破乳剂的复配

以有机胺为起始剂、环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷为单体、氢氧化钾为催化剂,合成嵌段聚醚型破乳剂单剂TA162824,用TA162824分别与助剂TEAC和DMA按不同比例进行复配,用瓶试法分别对陕北油田的河庄坪和子长原油进行脱水实验。结果表明,对河庄坪原油,在55 ℃,破乳剂总用量100 mg/L,脱水时间6 h时,TA162824与TEAC以2∶3和3∶2、与DMA以4∶1的比例进行复配,脱水率最高,分别达到99.7%、97.8%;对子长原油,在65 ℃,破乳剂总用量200 mg/L,脱水时间6 h时,TA162824与TEAC以2∶3和1∶4、与DMA以4∶1的比例进行复配,脱水率最高,分别达到97.3%和99.3%。其中TA162824与TEAC以2∶3、与DMA以4∶1的复配物对这两种不同原油的脱水率等性能都好,适应性强。     

原油破乳剂与添加剂复配的实验研究

用陕北地区有代表性的宝塔区、安塞和子长原油，对该地区目前正在使用的八种商品破乳剂用瓶试法进行破乳脱水试验，从中筛选出四种破乳脱水性能较好的破乳剂：GT-940、YT-100、SP-169和HQ96-l。将这四种破乳剂与OP乳化剂、洗衣粉等添加剂按不同比例进行破乳剂-添加剂复配，用瓶试法比较这些复配破乳剂的破乳脱水性能。在55℃，破乳剂总加量lOOmg／L，脱水时间为3h的条件下，发现只有GT-940与OP乳化剂和洗衣粉的复配破乳剂对宝塔区原油的破乳脱水性能得到改善。对宝塔区原油GT-940与OP乳化剂复配脱水率最高的配比是2：3；GT-940和洗衣粉的复配物脱水率最高的配比是2：3。     

辽河油田稠油O/W乳状液的破乳实验

实验考察了TA-1、TA-3、BP-6、SP-1,SP-2、AE-3、TG-1、THO-A2、THG-A3等12种商用破乳剂对辽河油田稠油乳状液的破乳效果,并考察了破乳剂的复配破乳效果.结果表明:THG-A2、TA-1两种破乳剂破乳120 min后,稠油乳状液脱水率可以达到80%;THG-A2/SP-2在复配质量比1:2、投放量为0.3～0.35 g/L、破乳温度为60～65℃时复配处理效果最佳,采用该复配剂破乳120 min后,脱水率可高达98.7%.此外,本文通过高速摄像观察了稠油乳状液的破乳过程,并对其破乳机理进行了分析.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。