硝酸改性蒙脱土催化制备十六酸十六醇酯

用硝酸改性蒙脱土(MMT)制备酸性催化剂H-MMT,并以此为催化剂催化十六酸和十六醇酯化,制备十六酸十六醇酯。通过XRD、N2吸附-脱附、UV和FTIR等方法对催化剂进行表征。并考察反应时间、催化剂加入量、醇酸摩尔比、反应温度和催化剂重复利用次数对酯化率的影响。研究结果表明,反应时间3.5 h,催化剂加入量为十六酸质量的5%,醇酸摩尔比为1.3∶1,在180℃下反应酯化率能达到95%以上,催化剂重复使用4次,酯化率仍可达到88%左右。     

对甲苯磺酸催化制备油酸异丙酯及动力学研究

油酸与异丙醇在对甲苯磺酸催化剂的作用下发生酯化反应制备油酸异丙酯,研究了催化剂用量、醇酸配比、反应时间、反应温度等对转化率的影响。结果表明,催化剂的量4%,醇酸体积比2.5∶1(摩尔比10.3∶1),反应温度75℃,反应时间5 h,酯化率达到91.8%。动力学计算表明,对甲苯磺酸催化制备油酸异丙酯的反应级数为1级,频率因子A=611.1,反应活化能为24.0 kJ/mol。     

油酸异丙酯的合成及其对生物柴油低温流动性研究

油酸与异丙醇在对甲苯黄酸催化剂的作用下发生酯化反应制备油酸异丙酯。单因素研究催化剂用量、醇酸配比、反应时间、反应温度等对酯化反应得率的影响规律,并通过测定凝固点、冷滤点、粘度来考察脂肪酸异丙脂对生物柴油的降凝效果。结果表明,催化剂的量3%,醇酸体积比2∶1（摩尔比8.2∶1）,反应温度80℃,反应时间4 h,酯化率达到90.5%。降凝实验结果表明把一定量的脂肪酸异丙酯添加到生物柴油中可有效地降低生物柴油的凝固点、冷滤点,改善其低温流动性能。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成十六烷二酸二乙酯的研究

以十六烷二元酸与乙醇为原料,采用硫酸氢钠做催化剂合成十六烷二元酸二乙酯。考察了原料的摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂量和带水剂对酯化收率的影响。通过分析实验结果,得出反应的最佳条件:醇酸摩尔比7∶1,催化剂量为二元酸质量的5%,带水剂环己烷为酸醇总质量的15%,回流反应时间5h,酯化的最高收率可达94.5%。硫酸氢钠重复使用4次后酯化收率为80.7%。     

凹凸棒土负载磷钨酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

文章制备了凹凸棒土负载磷钨酸催化剂,并应用于催化合成乙酸正丁酯。考察了催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量之比、反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响。最优的反应条件为:反应温度115℃,反应时间150 min,醇酸比2.5∶1,催化剂用量3%(按反应体系总质量计算),在此条件下,酯化率可达89.3%。     

3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸十六酯的合成新路线

以3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸和正十六醇为原料,二甲苯为溶剂,对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,通过酯化合成了3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸十六酯。采用FTIR、~1HNMR对产品的结构进行表征。考察了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂加量、反应物质量分数对酯化率的影响。结果表明∶n(醇)∶n(酸)=1.2∶1,催化剂用量为体系总质量的5%,反应物为体系总质量的65%,反应时间7 h,酯化率达96.20%,单程收率为73.91%。另外,确立了产物提纯、提高单程收率和滤液去除催化剂后回收、重复使用的最佳系统工艺路线,单程收率提至78.90%,总收率为82.62%,产品的纯度高于98.00%。     

3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸十六酯的合成

以3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸和正十六醇为原料，二甲苯为溶剂，对甲苯磺酸为催化剂酯化合成3-氨基-4-氯苯甲酸十六酯。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、核磁共振光谱（NMR）的方法对产品的结构进行表征。考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂加量、反应物浓度对酯化率的影响。结果表明：醇酸摩尔比1.2:1，催化剂用量为总质量5%，反应物浓度65%，反应时间7 h，酯化率达96.20%，单程收率为73.91%。研究确立了产物提纯、提高单程收率和滤液去除催化剂后回收、重复使用的最佳系统工艺路线，单程收率提至78.90%，总收率为82.62%，产品的纯度高于使用标准。     

柠檬酸三丁酯合成工艺的改进

以柠檬酸与正丁醇为原料,KHSO4和助催化剂以适宜配比作为催化剂催化制备柠檬酸三丁酯。主要讨论催化剂的配比、用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应温度与反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响。其最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为总加料量的4.1%~4.6%,其中KHSO4和助催化剂的物质的量比为1.0∶8,醇酸摩尔比为0.48∶0.1,反应终点温度为150~155℃,反应时间t=1.6h,酯化率达97.%以上,该催化剂廉价易得,活性较高,操作简便,催化剂固体成分可重复使用多次,再生容易,酯化率高,腐蚀性小,环境污染小。     

己二酸二甲酯绿色合成新工艺研究

以NKC-9干氢型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂、己二酸和甲醇为原料采用催化酯化—吸附脱水联合工艺合成了己二酸二甲酯。实验考察了醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量和反应时间对酯化反应的影响,得到了较佳工艺条件:醇酸物质的量比为2.6∶1,催化剂用量为22g/moL,反应时间为6h,酯化率可达到99.18%。在该工艺条件下,催化剂重复使用6次,酯化率仍可达到98.32%。     

乙酸正己酯在β-沸石上的催化合成

用硅铝比为25的β-沸石分子筛作催化剂,对乙酸和正己醇的酯化反应进行了研究,考查了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等对乙酸正己酯的酯化产率的影响;并对沸石的表面酸量和酸强度进行了表征。结果表明,H-β沸石分子筛具有较好的催化性能,可循环使用,适宜的反应条件为:n(醇)∶n(酸)为1.0∶1.4,催化剂用量6g(1mol己醇),反应时间2.5h,醇的酯化率达96%以上。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。