热气旁通对磁悬浮离心式冷水机组卸载能力的影响

针对热气旁通对磁悬浮离心式冷水机组卸载能力的影响进行理论分析和试验验证。结果表明:热气旁通有助于增强冷水机组的卸载能力,对机组卸载能力的增强程度随着冷凝器进水温度的升高而增大,机组最小制冷量约为额定制冷量的3%;随着热气旁通阀开度增大,机组最小制冷量降低,但由于机组功耗基本维持恒定,机组制冷性能系数持续衰减;机组稳定运行的最小制冷量受主路电子膨胀阀与热气旁通阀的协调控制、蒸发器或冷凝器液位控制、压缩机最小压比/压差限制等因素的制约。     

经济器在磁悬浮离心式冷水机组中的应用研究

为研究经济器在磁悬浮离心式冷水机组中的应用效果,首先通过理论分析得出不同压缩机压比下经济器对机组性能系数的影响,随后测试经济器膨胀阀不同目标过热度下机组的性能系数,在膨胀阀的最优目标过热度设定下,测试相同冷凝器进水温度、不同制冷量和不同冷凝器进水温度、相同制冷量2种情况下经济器开启和关闭对机组性能系数的影响。试验结果表明:对于磁悬浮离心式冷水机组,经济器膨胀阀目标过热度最优设定值为6.0℃左右;压缩机压比大于1.8时经济器能够起到提升机组性能系数的作用,随着压比的增大,对性能系数的提升能力增大;相同制冷量条件下,随着冷凝器进水温度的升高,经济器的应用使得机组性能系数最大能够提高10%。     

热回收型离心式冷水机组的控制优化设计

某光伏硅材料生产企业新建厂房面积大、负荷变化大,且当地属于温带大陆性气候,春秋季昼夜温差大,气温波动明显。针对厂房的不同负荷需求和使用特点,空调系统冷源采用离心式冷水机组和热回收型离心式冷水机组进行集中供冷。热回收型离心式冷水机组采用新型带热回收功能的冷凝器,体积比常规冷凝器大,且制冷剂充注量大于常规热回收机组。长时间处于停机状态的热回收型离心式冷水机组蒸发器和冷凝器温差过大,会发生制冷剂迁移,再次启动时容易出现吸气带液现象,在启动时增加排制冷剂控制程序可以有效解决吸气带液问题。昼夜温差大时,冷负荷与热回收负荷不平衡,热回收型离心式冷水机组在启动后只调节冷负荷,无法平衡热回收负荷,严重时会引起冷凝压力过高,在冷却水路和热回收水路增加可调节电动阀及其控制程序可以解决冷凝高压报警问题。     

冷却水变流量对冷水机组性能影响的数值分析

针对冷水机组和冷凝器的传热过程建立模型,采用Matlab对冷却水变流量前后冷水机组的性能进行数值计算和分析。结果表明:与定流量相比,冷却水变流量运行会增大冷水机组的冷凝温度和冷凝压力,不会显著影响制冷剂在冷凝器出口焓值及制冷剂循环流量,会影响冷水机组的运行EER。该研究成果将对冷却水变流量改造的节能量认定提供支撑。     

冷水机组冷却水系统的除垢与排污

冷却水在冷水机组的运行中起着至关重要的作用。由于运行中很容易受到污染,导致冷凝器结垢加快,降低机组的制冷量,因此,运行中应采取有效地防除垢措施,并解决好系统的排污问题,以保证空调效果,降低运行费用。     

AHRI风冷冷水机组的测试要求

为了方便广大冷水机组厂商全面地了解AHRI风冷式冷水机组的测试要求,本文就冷水机组冷凝器进风温度测量方案,冷冻水测量系统配置及制冷量计算方法,不同大气压下测试的制冷量和能效比的修正方法等方面分别作了介绍。     

小型离心式冷水机组性能分析

以笔者公司开发的小型离心式冷水机组为研究对象,阐述了离心式压缩机小型化和冷水机组性能高效化的主要技术途径。根据机组在不同工况下的性能数据,与名义制冷量、COP相近的单螺杆冷水机组的计算结果进行比较,表明其全年能耗低于同等容量常规单螺杆冷水机组。     

满液式水冷冷水机组运行故障分析及可靠性研究

某满液式水冷冷水机组在性能测试过程中出现压缩机回液严重、蒸发器和冷凝器液位异常、主侧(蒸发器侧)制冷量和辅侧(冷凝器侧)制冷量偏差超标等故障。本文从压缩机回油、机组过热度设置、机组运行控制等方面对这些故障进行分析,并对满液式水冷冷水机组的运行可靠性进行研究。     

离心式冷水压缩机组成部件的结构分析和技术特性比较

本文介绍了离心式冷水机组的主要组成部件，包括压缩机和电机，蒸发器和冷凝器，节流装置和抽气装置等，比较了不同机型技术特性的优缺点，为选择适合的离心式冷水机组提供了选型依据。     

集中式空调系统冷却水变流量特性研究

冷却水流量的变化会对冷水机组、冷却水泵和冷却塔的运行性能产生不同程度的影响,冷却水变流量运行的节能效果一直存在争议.通过试验数据对比分析变频离心式冷水机组和变频螺杆式冷水机组在冷却水变流量下的运行特性,并通过仿真计算研究集中式空调系统在冷却水变流量下的节能特性.研究结果表明:当冷水机组负荷率在63％～100％范围内,冷...     

Steady-state model of centrifugal liquid chillers: Modèle pour des refroidisseurs de liquide centrifuges en régime permanent

A new steady-state model of vapour-compression type centrifugal liquid chillers is presented. The model has a number of advanced features and is capable of simulating both hermetic and open-drive centrifugal compressors. The model accounts for the real process phenomena such as superheating and subcooling in the heat exchangers as well as a capacity control formulation of the inlet guide vanes. The model algorithm is developed with the aim of requiring only those inputs that are readily known to the design engineer, e.g. the general parameters of the chiller, the chilled water flow temperature out of the evaporator and the return water temperature to the condenser inlet. The outputs include the condenser capacity, the refrigeration capacity (at the evaporator), the coefficient of performance, and also the mass flow rates and thermodynamic states of the refrigerant throughout the cycle. The model is validated with the experimental data on part load to full load performance of three different chillers operating at the University of Auckland and the agreement is found to be within ±10%. The model also demonstrates that the COP of the chillers increases with increasing cooling capacity.     

制冷机运行效果测试及评价

对某水源热泵在制冷工况下的运行效果进行了测试,将系统运行参数修正到设计工况进行了定量的评价.结果表明机组的制冷能力衰减62％.在对冷凝器进行检查清洗后,机组在制冷设计工况下的制冷能力可达92％.说明冷凝器结垢是性能衰减的主要原因;地下水抽取后直接进入冷凝器是结垢的主要原因.因此需要经常对冷凝器进行清洗或对抽取的地下水进行过滤除砂等措施后再进入冷凝器进行冷却.     

φ7管风冷冷凝器翅片密度对整机性能影响的实验研究

通过实验,测试两器均采用φ7管径换热管的风冷冷风型单元机在不同冷凝器翅片密度情况下整机的制冷量及能效比值。根据实验测试数据,可直观评估冷凝器翅片密度的调整对整机性能的影响程度,为使用φ7管换热器的机型的全面开发提供重要的参数依据。     

Transient simulation of vapour-compression packaged liquid chillers

This paper presents a transient simulation model that is useful for predicting the dynamic performance of vapour-compression liquid chillers over a wide range of operating conditions. The model employs a thermal capacitance approach for specific state variables to account for the dynamics of the chiller and ancillaries. The model accounts for the change in heat transfer coefficients throughout the heat exchangers thereby improving both physical realism and the accuracy of the simulation model. The model requires only a select few initial conditions (eg. the chilled water and condenser water temperatures). A simple compressor model based on empirical regression has been employed in the simulation. The outputs of the model include system performance variables such as the compressor electrical work input and the coefficient of performance (COP) as well as states of the refrigerant throughout the refrigeration cycle with respect to time. The model is validated with data from two in -situ screw chillers. Predictions are found to be within ±10%, although for one of the chillers a degree of empiricism was employed for the evaporator tube wall mass in order to give satisfactory results for the start-up process.     

Experimental investigation of a vapor absorption refrigeration system

An experimental investigation of the performance of a commercially available vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) system is described. The natural gas-fired VAR system uses aqua-ammonia solution with ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent and has a rated cooling capacity of 10 kW. The unit was extensively modified to allow fluid pressures and temperatures to be measured at strategic points in the system. The mass flow rates of refrigerant, weak solution, and strong solution were also measured. The system as supplied incorporates air-cooled condenser and absorber units. Water-cooled absorber and condenser units were fitted to extend the VAR unit's range of operating conditions by varying the cooling water inlet temperature and/or flow rates to these units. The response of the refrigeration system to variations in chilled water inlet temperature, chilled water level in the evaporator drum, chilled water flow rate, and variable heat input are presented.     

板式蒸发式冷凝器的性能实验

对板式蒸发式冷凝器进行的性能测试结果表明,在一定的结构形式下,存在最佳的入口风速和喷淋密度。同时根据实验结果拟合出板外水膜一空气间的传质系数关系式。另外,对基于同一蒸气压缩式制冷机组的水平管式和板式蒸发式冷凝器性能进行试验对比。结果表明,在测试条件下,采用板式蒸发式冷凝器的空调冷凝系统能效比提高了2．01％～3．1％,热流密度提高了20％～26％;与管式蒸发式冷凝器相比,板式蒸发式冷凝器换热器体积有所减小,而风机阻力和水泵功率略有增加。     

Potential energy benefits of integrated refrigeration system with microturbine and absorption chiller

This paper presents and analyzes the performance potential of a refrigeration system that is integrated with a microturbine and an absorption chiller (RMA). The waste heat from the microturbine operates the absorption chiller, which provides additional cooling. This additional cooling capacity can be utilized either to subcool the liquid exiting the condenser of the refrigeration system or to precool the air entering the condenser in the refrigeration system. Moreover, any surplus cooling capacity not utilized in the subcooler can be utilized to precool the microturbine intake air. The additional assistance to the refrigeration system enhances the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle, which in turn reduces the required microturbine size. The smaller size of the microturbine enhances the part load efficiency, especially in lower ambient temperatures. With increased microturbine efficiency, RMA with subcooler, RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler, and RMA with condenser air precooler can reduce the annual energy consumption by 12, 19, and 3%, respectively, as compared to a refrigeration system operating without any waste heat utilization from the microturbine. Therefore, RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler has the best potential of energy savings. The payback period of RMA with subcooler and microturbine intake air precooler is estimated in 3 years, which facilitates it as an economically feasible solution among the options investigated.     

冰箱冷凝器的节能效应及热力分析

通过建立冰箱箱壁式冷凝器和冰箱风冷式冷凝器的传热和流动压降理论数模,计算得出在相同环境条件,制冷量和体积容量相同的两台冰箱因冷凝换热形式的改变而引起的能效差异。结果显示：翅片管风冷式冷凝器替代自然对流箱壁式冷凝器后,无论从节能上还是经济节约上来说都具有较大的优势。     

椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热性能实验研究

本文搭建了蒸发式冷凝器性能测试系统,采用控制变量法实验研究了迎面风速、喷淋密度、湿球温度、循环水温度、冷却水流量各参数变化对椭圆形套管-管翅式蒸发式冷凝器传热性能的影响。实验结果表明：该冷凝器实验系统的最佳迎面风速和喷淋密度分别为3.1 m/s和0.005 6 kg/(m·s),冷凝器管外空气压降随迎面风速的增大而迅速增加;随着空气湿球温度升高,冷凝器外传热过程的热流密度(即外热流密度)降低67.5%,而内传热过程的热流密度(即内热流密度)增大47.5%,依靠内传热过程的增强,冷凝器性能良好;随着循环水温度升高,冷凝器的内热流密度降低率高达64.6%,传热性能急剧下降;随着冷却水流量增大,冷凝器的内热流密度大幅提高2.92倍,总热流密度增大21.1%,传热性能显著增强;该冷凝器在低湿球温度、低循环水温度、大冷却水流量的工况下传热性能较优。     

Visualization of refrigerant flow at the capillary tube inlet of a high-efficiency household refrigerator

The subcooled condition at the condenser outlet ensures complete condensation, which is necessary in vapor compression systems to increase the cooling capacity and ensure the liquid conditions at the expansion device inlet. However, in household refrigerators, recent works indicate the presence of two-phase flow at the capillary tube inlet. These systems behave quite differently from other refrigeration systems due to the extremely low capacity. In the present work, a test bench was built to visualize the refrigerant flow at the condenser outlet and at the capillary tube inlet of a commercial household refrigerator. A transparent tube replaced the end of the condenser and three transparent filters were installed with different orientations. Different positions of the capillary tube within the filters were also tested. Despite measuring a certain subcooling, all the reported visualizations showed that the capillary tube was steadily drawing in two-phase flow.