IGBT串联均压方法综述

绝缘栅双极性晶体管IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)在高电压场合应用时需串联使用满足电压需求。由于器件内部的性能差异和外围电路参数不一致等,引起IGBT模块之间电压不均衡问题,威胁其运行安全。综述了国内外IGBT串联均压方法的发展及其研究现状。根据均压方法机理的不同,将IGBT串联均压方法分为被动均压方法和主动均压方法两种,进一步将主动均压方法归纳为无源控制方法和有源控制方法两类。根据各类方法的基本电路拓扑分析了均压原理,梳理了不同方法在电路拓扑、参数选择和控制策略等方面的优化和最新进展。通过均压效果、附加损耗和可靠性等多方面对不同均压方法进行对比,被动均压方法拓扑简单不需外加控制电路更适合在低频应用场合,在高频应用场合中,准有源栅极控制法以单驱动与无源器件相结合的方式,具有良好的发展前景。最后对IGBT串联均压方法进行了展望。     

电压源换流器中IGBT串联动态均压新方法

由动态电压不均衡引起的器件击穿致使串联失败是串联的关键问题。传统无源缓冲电路是以牺牲绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)快速性换取电压均衡,IGBT损耗大。建立功率端与驱动端反馈的新型剩余电流动作保护器(RCD)动态均压电路替代传统无源缓冲电路,对电路的均压效果和串联IGBT开关损耗进行仿真分析。试验验证了该动态均压电路在IGBT串联运行时能很好地抑制其驱动信号不同步造成的动态电压不均衡,确保了电压源换流器的安全运行。     

基于驱动信号同步的串联IGBT动态均压方法

为解决由驱动信号不同步引起的多个IGBT串联动态电压不均衡问题,以实现串联IGBT在大功率高电压场合的应用。在研究国内外多种IGBT动态串联均压技术的基础上,采用同步变压器和端电压钳位电路相结合以实现动态电压均衡,并对其工作原理进行了说明。然后运用Saber仿真软件,建立串联IGBT的动态均压仿真电路。仿真结果表明,动态均压电路在IGBT串联运行时不仅能够很好地抑制IGBT驱动信号不同步造成的动态电压不均衡,而且能够使开关瞬态的过电压≤10%,确保了串联IGBT的安全运行。     

IGBT模块直接串联电压均衡驱动控制技术

高压绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)模块直接串联技术是实现柔性直流输电、高压直流断路器等高压大功率控制设备的一个重要基础,其中最难解决的是串联IGBT模块之间的电压均衡问题。文中分析了电压不平衡的机制,得出了实现电压均衡的关键在于解决断态电压不平衡和关断电压不平衡问题,门极侧均衡控制方法是较好的解决手段。对基于有源电压控制技术的驱动设计和基于延时补偿的控制策略进行了探讨,并分别采用在有源区对关断波形进行跟随控制和补偿IGBT器件间关断延时的方法,有效实现了串联器件的电压均衡。最后,通过6只3 300V/1 200AIGBT模块直接串联的阀段脉冲和基于该阀段的三相换流阀运行测试,对这两种方法进行了验证,所述方法获得了较好的电压均衡效果。     

High-performance active gate drive for high-power IGBT's

This paper deals with an active gate drive (AGD) technology for high-power insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). It is based on an optimal combination of several requirements necessary for good switching performance under hard-switching conditions. The scheme specifically combines together the slow drive requirements for low noise and switching stress and the fast drive requirements for high-speed switching and low switching energy loss. The gate drive can also effectively dampen oscillations during low-current turn-on transient in the IGBT. This paper looks at the conflicting requirements of the conventional gate drive circuit design and demonstrates using experimental results that the proposed three-stage AGD technique can be an effective solution     

Voltage-balancing method for IGBTs connected in series

This paper presents a new method for balancing voltages of series-connected insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). This method can be implemented only by adding simple circuits to the gate drive system of the IGBTs, and its effect of balancing the IGBT's collector-emitter voltages during the switching transients is remarkable. This principal strategy and experimental results with series-connected IGBTs are first described. After that, further experimental results are shown from the switching tests of four 2.5-kV flat-packaged IGBTs connected in series. Through the switching tests, superior characteristics of the proposed method have been confirmed.     

固态断路器多IGBT串联混合均压电路设计

固态断路器需多IGBT串联切断短路故障电流,针对多IGBT存在电压分配不均、局部电压过高、损耗大等问题,提出一种混合式均压控制电路拓扑结构。分析固态断路器多IGBT均压影响因素,研究均压拓扑性能。优化缓冲电路结构,改进充放电型缓冲电路,减小损耗;引入双阈值钳位控制电路,改善IGBT过电压;提出被动均压与辅助反馈主动均压结合的混合均压控制策略,加快响应速度,实现均压动态自适应调节。制作样机,进行固态断路器设计拓扑和控制的仿真及实验验证,结果表明：混合式均压控制电路可减小IGBT电路超调量,具备更强的抑制过电压能力,提升响应速度。     

基于增强密勒效应的IGBT串联有源均压新方法

为解决由器件驱动信号不一致引起的多个IGBT串联电压不均衡问题,以实现串联IGBT在大功率高电压场合中的应用,笔者结合功率侧和栅极侧IGBT串联均压辅助电路的优点,提出一种基于增强密勒效应的IGBT串联有源均压辅助电路,并对其工作原理进行了论述。然后,建立IGBT串联仿真电路,对不带和带该均压辅助电路两种情况进行仿真。仿真结果表明,该均压辅助电路在IGBT串联运行时不仅能够很好地抑制IGBT驱动信号不一致造成的电压不均衡,而且能够有效防止过电压的发生,确保了IGBT串联的安全运行。     

Double-stage gate drive circuit for parallel connected IGBT modules

Solid state modulators are increasingly being used in pulsed power applications. In these applications IGBT modules must often be connected in parallel due to their limited power capacity. In a previous paper, we introduced a control method for balancing the currents in the IGBTs. In this paper, we investigate techniques to minimize the modules' rise and fall times, which can positively impact the modulator's output pulse parameters, which in turn must meet the application's specifications. Further, a reduction in rise and fall times lowers switching losses and thus increases the modulator's efficiency. To reduce the voltage rise time of the pulse without increasing the maximal over-voltage of the parallel IGBTs we have investigated a double-stage gate driver with protection circuits to avoid over-voltages and over-currents. Additionally voltage edge detection has been implemented to improve current balancing. Our measurement results reveal the dependency of the rise-time and turnoff losses on the design parameters of the gate drive. We show that our design achieves a 62% reduction in the turn-off rise time, and a 32% reduction in the turn-off losses.     

大功率IGBT模块串联动态均压的研究

绝缘栅双极型晶体管IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)的串联使用是一种较为有效的提高耐压的方法。作为电感储能型脉冲功率系统中的主断路开关,IGBT串联组合会在开关的动作瞬间在各串联模块两端出现动态不均压的现象。工程应用中,各串联IGBT栅极驱动信号的不同步是导致动态不均压的主要原因。文中分别从负载侧被动均压和栅极侧主动均压对驱动信号的同步性补偿作用进行了理论分析和实验验证,结果表明均可以达到很好的动态均压效果。在此基础上提出利用阻容二极管有源均压法实现多个IGBT模块的串联应用,仿真验证了该方法在3个IGBT串联应用中的可行性。对工程实际应用具有一定的参考意义。     

Gate drive considerations for IGBT modules

The switching performance of an IGBT module depends upon the drive circuit characteristics and external DC loop inductance. This paper discusses the influence of these parameters on switching losses, diode recovery, switching voltage transients, short circuit operation, and dv/dt induced current. The paper is a tutorial and identifies trends. It is intended as an aid to the circuit designer, to help him apply the IGBT module to best advantage     

自适应IGBT串联均压电路设计

单个绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)由于耐压的限制,在节能和改善电网电能质量、柔性直流输电、高压变频器、静止同步补偿器,以及有源滤波器等高压大功率电能变换场合还不能满足需求,而串联使用是一种较好的解决方案。文中提出了一种适用于串联IGBT的自适应动态均压方案,详细分析了其工作原理,并通过仿真和实际电路对其进行了验证。在此基础上研制了一套由4组5只IGBT直接串联桥臂组成的全桥逆变演示系统,串联回路中的每只耐压1 200V的IGBT稳定工作在900V,其电压利用效率达到了75%,具有较高的实用价值。     

EMTP modeling of IGBT dynamic performance for power dissipationestimation

A new approach to the modeling of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) simulation is developed. Other commercially available simulators, such as PSPICE, model the devices on an exact semiconductor physics basis. They suffer from large amounts of CPU time for sinewave pulsewidth modulation (PWM) inverter applications which require a complete cycle simulation at fundamental frequency with a small time step to cover the details of IGBT switching transients. This approach uses a curve-fitting method, combined with the point-by-point user-defined function available in EMTP, to model the dynamic characteristics of IGBTs. Since there is no device physics modeling required, this simulation is much faster than the conventional approach. The proposed method is applicable to both static and dynamic modeling, on a cycle-by-cycle basis, which is important for dynamic power dissipation and thermal analysis. The simulation includes IGBT turn-on and turn-off transients, IGBT saturation, free-wheeling diode forward voltage and reverse recovery characteristics. The simulation results are verified by comparison with experimental measured data. Measurements show a close agreement with simulations     

Analysis and reduction of radiated EMI noise from converter systems

It is well known that high dv/dt rates on switching devices are the source of EMI noise. This paper describes a mechanism and reduction methods of radiated EMI noise on IGBTs. The radiated EMI noise is generated by oscillating current flowing through the IGBT's output capacity and the snubber circuit, which we call equivalent circuit of radiated EMI noise. The oscillating current of the equivalent circuit is forced to flow by high dv/dt rates of IGBT switching operation. Radiated EMI noise can be analyzed by frequency evolution of oscillating current. The results of this analysis show the relationship of high‐frequency impedance of the equivalent circuit to radiated EMI noise, as well as the behavior of the IGBT's switching voltage waveform. In addition, it is indicated that using a di/dt control gate drive circuit is effective as a means for reducing radiated EMI noise. It is clarified that the standard for industrial equipment of CISPR can be satisfied by using the proposed gate drive circuit. The effects of the method have been verified by experimental and simulational results. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 106–117, 2000     

Static and dynamic behavior of paralleled IGBTs

Problems associated with power device characteristics when power devices are connected in parallel, such as thermal stability and balanced switching behavior, can be solved by using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The author deals with parallel IGBT behaviors analyzing both static and dynamic characteristics. The influence of heatsink mounting, layout, and drive circuit are described in order to demonstrate the best way to make IGBTs parallel for optimum performance. In addition, the major advantages of the ISOTOP package are shown     

A Low‐Loss Medium‐Voltage Inverter Applying Series Connected General Purpose 1.2 kV Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors with Accurate Voltage Balancing Techniques

This paper presents a medium‐voltage inverter applying series connected general‐purpose 1.2 kV insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) as a switching device to achieve low switching losses compared to inverters applying high‐voltage IGBTs with over 3 kV rating. Gate signal synchronization, which is essential to keep the balance of collector‐emitter voltages across the IGBTs, is achieved by magnetically coupling all gate lines using a simple two‐windings transformer. In order to obtain better voltage balancing, influence of stray capacitance distribution associated with an insulating substrate in a two‐in‐one IGBT module on the voltage sharing is investigated, and an optimized layout of heat sinks for the IGBT modules is proposed. To validate some performances concerning the device losses and the voltage sharing, a 170 kVA inverter based on three 1.2 kV IGBTs connected in series is built and evaluated. The experimental results are shown. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

门极电压控制IGBT并联时静态均流可行性研究

IGBT并联时需要解决静态均流问题.通过对IGBT输出特性曲线的分析和对IGBT单管及模块的并联实验,阐明了通过控制门极电压来调节IGBT并联时静态均流的机制,进而分析了该机制的可行性.     

串联IGBT的一种复合均压方法

针对IGBT串联应用时的集射极电压均衡问题,提出并研究了一种门极平衡核与无源RCD缓冲电路相结合的复合均压方案。分析了门极平衡核的均压原理,借助门极驱动等效电路模型,导出了门极平衡核的参数设计方法。在IGBT门极与发射极之间引入瞬态电压抑制器,有效减缓了平衡核变压器的漏感与IGBT输入电容引发的门极信号振荡幅度,同时有效保护了IGBT门极过电压。建立了复合均压方案的仿真与实验系统,实验结果表明,复合均压方案对由于IGBT特性参数差异和门极驱动信号不同步而引起的IGBT集射极电压不均问题具有显著的平衡效果。     

一种新型软开关有源电力滤波器研制

为了有效地抑制各种电力电子装置所造成的谐波污染和补偿无功功率，并尽量减小外加补偿系统的损耗，提出了一种新型软开关三相有源滤波器的设计思想。具体方法是在每相桥臂上下2个功率开关管之间串接1个耦合电感。为了提供零电流的关断条件，先将同一相的另一管子导通，使原来导通管子两端承受反向电压而使电流为零。利用该方法，不仅能有效地抑制各次谐波的产生，而且在使用以IGBT为开关管的大功率有源滤波装置中，能完全消除IGBT关断时电流拖尾的缺点，减小了开关功率损耗，提高了系统效率。     

IGBT fault current limiting circuit

There is a growing market demand for insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with high efficiency but long short-circuit withstand time. The inherent device tradeoff, however, does not allow device designers to achieve both goals simultaneously. The proposed circuits, by limiting the fault current magnitude, extends the short-circuit withstand time of high efficiency (high-gain) IGBTs. Limiting of the fault current magnitude also results in reduced turn-off voltage transients; a desirable byproduct, especially for higher current modules. Moreover, the adverse Miller effect is counterbalanced to a great degree. If the fault current is of a short transient type, the circuit restores normal operation, a unique and desirable feature for noise-prone systems. The circuit does not require an external DC supply to operate. This feature, combined with the simplicity of the circuit, makes it feasible to insert the circuit in IGBT modules or connect it as an interface between the gate driver and module