吉林省肉及肉制品食源性致病菌检测与分析

目的 了解吉林省肉及肉制品食源性致病菌污染情况,分析主要的危险因素,为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法 按照随机采样原则和食源性致病菌监测样本采样要求,对2011-2019年吉林省9个市的肉及肉制品采集5683株样品,依据GB/T 4789的标准方法,对沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌进行检测。结果 共检出阳性食源性致病菌314株, 总体检出率为5.53%, 其中沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检出率依次为1.47%、5.51%、9.41%。在不同地点采集的标本中,农贸市场、酒店和超市检出率较高,集体食堂和学校周围小商铺均未检出。结论 吉林省各市不同场所的肉及肉制品存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,食品安全监管部门应根据污染程度实施有针对性的食品安全监督管理。     

9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解吉林省9274份肉及肉制品食源性致病菌污染情况,为防控食源性疾病提供科学依据。方法从吉林省9个地市级行政区采集市售6类肉及肉制品样品共9274份,包括生畜肉、生禽肉、熟肉制品、调理肉制品、冷冻肉糜制品和动物血液及制品。按照国家标准方法检测10种食源性致病菌。结果 全部9274份样本食源性致病菌总阳性检出率为3.9%(366/9274)。检出率最高为调理肉制品 (13.0%,63/483),其次是生禽肉(5.6%,107/1900)和生畜肉(5.0%,71/1428)。检出的主要致病菌为单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌。生禽肉中弯曲菌检出率(7.5%,31/411)和产气荚膜梭菌检出率(3.9%,7/180)均高于沙门菌检出率(3.5%,8/231)。生禽肉、生畜肉中未检出小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。动物血液及制品未检出单细胞增生李斯特菌、弯曲菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌。冷冻肉糜制品未检出沙门菌。熟肉制品未检出大肠埃希氏菌O157、志贺菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌。熟肉制品各年度检出率范围为1.3%-4.4%。结论 吉林省市售的肉及肉制品较长时间受到不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,存在食源性疾病发生的风险。     

Isolation and molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant lactic acid bacteria from poultry and swine meat products

The transfer via the food chain from animals to humans of microbes that are resistant to antimicrobial agents is of increasing concern. To determine the contributions of nonpathogenic microflora to the occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes in the food chain, 123 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from 29 samples of raw and processed pork and chicken meat products that had previously tested positive for one or more AR genes that encode clinically relevant ARs: tet(M), tet(O), tet(K), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), aac (6')-Ie aph (2")-Ia, mecA, and blaZ. All of the isolates were initially tested for their AR gene profiles by PCR. The 59 isolates carrying a tet, erm, or blaZ gene were taken through molecular identification, analyzed by determination of the MIC, and subjected to genetic fingerprinting. Lactococcus garvieae was the predominant species (28 isolates), followed by Lactobacillus plantarum (11 isolates) and L. salivarius (6 isolates), whereas Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, L. reuteri, L. crispatus, and L. brevis were identified at lower frequencies. The tet(M) and erm(B) genes were the most frequently detected. Assessment of multiple resistances in 18 tet positive (tet+) isolates revealed that tet(M) plus erm(B) and tet(K) plus erm(B) were the most frequent AR gene patterns. Partial sequencing of the tet(M) open reading frame of three selected strains showed high sequence similarities (> 99%) with tet(M) genes previously found in human pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Neisseria meningitidis). Southern hybridization with plasmid profiles revealed these strains contained tet(M)-carrying plasmids.     

Prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from Australian dairy farm environments

The ability of foodborne pathogens to gain entry into food supply systems remains an ongoing concern. In dairy products, raw milk acts as a major vehicle for this transfer; however, the sources of pathogenic bacteria that contaminate raw milk are often not clear, and environmental sources of contamination or the animals themselves may contribute to the transfer. This survey examined the occurrence of 9 foodborne pathogens in raw milk and environments of 7 dairy farms (3 bovine, 3 caprine, and 1 ovine farm) in summer and autumn, in Victoria, Australia. A total of 120 samples were taken from sampling points common to dairy farms, including pasture, soil, feed, water sources, animal feces, raw milk, and milk filters. The prevalence of the Bacillus cereus group, Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Cronobacter, Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli, Listeria, Salmonella, coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS), and Yersinia enterocolitica across the farms was investigated. The 2 most prevalent bacteria, which were detected on all farms, were the B. cereus group, isolated from 41% of samples, followed by Cl. perfringens, which was isolated from 38% of samples. The highest occurrence of any pathogen was the B. cereus group in soil, present in 93% of samples tested. Fecal samples showed the highest diversity of pathogens, containing 7 of the 9 pathogens tested. Salmonella was isolated from 1 bovine farm, although it was found in multiple samples on both visits. Out of the 14 occurrences where any pathogen was detected in milk filters, only 5 (36%) of the corresponding raw milk samples collected at the same time were positive for the same pathogen. All of the CPS were Staphylococcus aureus, and were found in raw milk or milk filter samples from 6 of the 7 farms, but not in other sample types. Pathogenic Listeria species were detected on 3 of the 7 farms, and included 4 L. ivanovii-positive samples, and 1 L. monocytogenes-positive water sample. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli were identified in fecal samples from 3 of the 7 farms and in a single raw milk sample. Cronobacter species were identified on 4 of the 7 farms, predominantly in feed samples. No Y. enterocolitica was detected. Results of this study demonstrate high standards of pathogen safety across the 7 farms, with a low incidence of pathogens detected in raw milk samples. Monitoring feed contamination levels may help control the spread of bacterial species such as Cl. perfringens and B. cereus through the farm environment, which is a natural reservoir for these organisms.     

Emergence and characterization of foodborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Korea

A total of 165 Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated from different food samples between 2003 and 2006, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. The mecA-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were further characterized by testing for various virulence genes and by molecular typing with multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Of the 165 S. aureus isolates, 150 strains (90.9%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic while no strain was resistant to vancomycin. Four strains were resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin and were mecA positive. The mecA-positive MRSA strains were isolated from raw meat and fish samples (two beef samples and two fish samples) and were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. Based on multilocus sequence typing analysis, the isolates were assigned to sequence type 1 (ST1), ST72, and an undetermined ST (ST72 slv). All four MRSA isolates were shown to be enterotoxigenic. The ST1 MRSA isolate harbored the sea-seh gene combination and the ST72 and ST72 slv MRSA strains harbored the seg-sei and the sea-seg-sei gene combinations, respectively. However, none of the MRSA isolates had the genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and exfoliative toxins. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the ST72 isolates in our study were highly similar, even though they were isolated from food samples in different years and from different regions of Korea.     

肉与肉制品中食源性致病微生物快速检测技术研究进展

随着生活水平的提高, 对肉制品的需求日渐增加。然而,肉品中的食源性致病菌严重威胁着人们的生命健康。针对肉制品基质复杂、致病微生物浓度低的特点,传统的食源性微生物检测方法耗时长、操作过程复杂,不能满足现代食品检测的要求, 以分子生物学、免疫分析、生物传感器、核酸适配体为基础的快速检测方法发展迅速, 已经成为食源性致病微生物检测的主要方法。本文主要从分子生物学检测法、基于免疫的检测方法、生物传感器检测法、核酸适配体检测技术等综述肉品中食源性致病微生物的检测方法, 并总结了各种检测技术的优缺点, 为开辟新的肉品中食源性致病微生物检测方法提供参考。     

2017—2021年河南省肉与肉制品食源性致病菌监测及部分肠杆菌耐药特征分析

目的 了解河南省肉制品中食源性致病菌的污染状况,并对肠杆菌进行血清学分型和耐药特征分析。方法 收集2017—2021年河南省郑州市等21个监测点的1 934份肉与肉制品,参考《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》和《河南省食品微生物风险监测工作手册》进行沙门菌、致泻大肠埃希菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、产气荚膜梭菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和空肠弯曲菌等7种食源性致病菌的检测,使用微量肉汤稀释法对致泻大肠埃希菌和沙门菌进行药敏试验,分析耐药率和耐药谱等特征。结果 1 934份样品中检出478株致病菌,其中沙门菌96株,共26个血清型,以肠炎沙门菌为主;致泻大肠埃希菌82株,以肠集聚性大肠埃希菌为主;产气荚膜梭菌68株,小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌38株,空肠弯曲菌33株,单核细胞增生李斯特菌140株和金黄色葡萄球菌21株。致病菌总检出率为24.72%,调理肉制品检出率最高达到89.00%,其次为生禽肉（36.79%）和生畜肉（22.35%）。96株沙门菌对氨苄西林（71.88%）、萘啶酸（63.54%）及四环素（58.33%）高水平耐药;82株致泻大肠埃希菌对四环素（84.38%）、...     

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meat products

The prevalence of Salmonella was determined in chicken meat (n = 26), beef (n = 49), and pork (n = 56) collected from wholesale markets, retail stores, and traditional markets in Seoul, South Korea, in 2009. Antibiotic resistance was assessed, and the molecular subtypes of Salmonella isolates were ascertained using an automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) system (DiversiLab). A total of 18 Salmonella strains were isolated from 17 of 131 samples: 16 strains from each of 16 samples and 2 strains from the same pork sample. The prevalence of Salmonella from the retail meats was 2.0% in beef, 8.9% in pork, and 42.3% in chicken meat. Among 10 different serotypes, Salmonella enterica Panama was recovered from a beef sample, and Salmonella London and Salmonella Montevideo were the predominant serotypes from pork and chicken meat, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance observed was to erythromycin (100%) followed by streptomycin (22.2%) and tetracycline and chloramphenicol (16.7%). Of the 18 isolates, 5 (27.8%) were resistant to two or more antibiotics, and 1 isolate from chicken meat was resistant to eight antibiotics, including cephalosporins. Differentiation between all of the Salmonella isolates except between Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella London was successfully performed with the automated rep-PCR system, indicating that it can be added to the toolbox for source tracking of foodborne pathogens associated with outbreaks.     

2008—2011年广东省熟肉制品中常见食源性致病菌污染状况分析

目的 了解广东省市售熟肉制品中常见食源性致病菌的污染状况,为预防食源性疾病提供科学依据.方法 2008-2011年采用随机抽样的方法对全省8个地级市的市售熟肉制品进行连续监测,并按照国家标准进行检验和评价.结果 2008-2011年间广东省市售熟肉制品中年平均检出率最高的食源性致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(4.9％),其次为单核细胞增生李斯特菌(0.9％),略高于沙门菌(0.4％).以上致病菌主要集中在第二季度和第三季度检出.结论 广东省市售熟肉制品存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌的污染最为严重,应加强卫生监督管理.     

2022年上海市生禽肉和调理肉制品中主要食源性致病菌监测

目的 分析上海市市售生禽肉和调理肉制品中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌及小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌等食源性致病菌的污染情况。方法 2022年1～8月,从上海市农贸市场、超市、餐饮店等环节采集样品348份,其中生禽肉240份,调理肉制品108份。按照食品安全国家标准分别对样品中的沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的检测。采用VITEK2全自动微生物鉴定仪对可疑菌株进行生化鉴定,并对沙门菌分离株进行血清学分型。结果 生禽肉中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的检出率分别为28.33%(68/240)、5.00%(12/240)和0.83%(2/240);调理肉制品中沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的检出率分别为5.56%(6/108)、28.70%(31/108)和1.85%(2/108);血清学分型结果显示,生禽肉中68株沙门菌分布于14种不同血清型,其中科瓦利斯沙门菌（35.29%）、鼠伤寒沙门菌（16.18%）和肠炎沙门菌（13.24%）占比较高,调理肉制品中6株沙门菌分布于3种不同血清型,分别为肠炎沙门菌（66.67%）、肯塔基沙门菌（16...     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of foodborne bacteria isolated from Sinop Province,Turkey

In this study, genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the strains, antibiotic susceptibility, and antibiotic resistance genes of the Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. isolated from various animal foods in Sinop province were determined. Resistance percentages of the isolated strains to the antibiotics penicillin, vancomycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, ampicillin/sulbactam, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol were 87.8, 71.9, 69.7, 63.4, 27.5, 23.1, 20.9, and 13.4%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes tetA, bla_CMY-2, and cat1 were found in 45, 21.25, and 6.25% of all the strains, respectively. The virulence genes were also investigated in the isolated in E. coli strains; the eae gene was found in 13.1% of the strains, while the stx1 was not identified in any strains. As a result, we can say that SDS-PAGE method may provide discrimination at species level; however, surveys at subspecies level demand molecular approaches such as ERIC and (GTG)₅-PCR. In addition, we can suggest that molecular techniques may be especially helpful in the rapid identification of multidrug-resistant and isolates with virulence genes. This study has revealed that the investigated bacteria in animal foods is a significant reservoir of resistance genes.     

传统腌腊肉制品中乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

从12个传统腌腊肉制品中分离得到52株乳酸菌,通过形态学初步鉴定,选出具有代表性的12株乳酸菌进行生化鉴定,初步确定L31、L94、LS76、LS81、LS101为戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus),LS51为食品乳杆菌(L.alimentari-us),LS14为干酪乳杆菌(L.casei),LS21、LS33为弯曲乳杆菌(L.curvatus),LS41为清酒乳杆菌(L.sake),L22、LS92为乳酸球菌,未能鉴定其种类。     

Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in herbal products

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in various herbal products. Twenty-nine herbal supplements (18 traditional and 11 organic products) were purchased from stores and analyzed microbiologically. Total bacterial counts were determined by pour plate and surface spreading on tryptic soy agar (TSA). Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were enumerated on TSA supplemented with ceftriaxone (64 microg/ml) or tetracycline (16 microg/ml). Total bacterial counts ranged from <5 to 2.9 x 10(5) CFU/g. Ceftriaxone- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in ground garlic samples at 1.1 x 10(2) CFU/g and 3.0 x 102 CFU/g, respectively. Traditional and organic onion powder samples contained tetracycline-resistant bacteria at 17 and 28 CFU/g and ceftriaxone-resistant bacteria at 35 and 2.0 x 10(3) CFU/g, respectively. Other products such as ginger, rosemary, mustard, and goldenseal contained low levels of resistant bacteria. Fifty-two isolates were further evaluated against nine antibiotics, and the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was in the following order: ampicillin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, ceftriaxone, and streptomycin. Resistant bacteria were identified as Bacillus spp., Erwinia spp., and Ewingella americana. Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter cloacae, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia also were isolated. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogens in these herbal products suggests that production and use of these products may need further evaluation.     

自然发酵肉制品中乳酸菌的体外降胆固醇特性

为筛选出具有高效降胆固醇作用的乳酸菌,以自然发酵肉制品中分离出的13株乳酸菌为实验对象,采用邻苯二甲醛法对其体外降胆固醇能力进行测定,并对其中2株菌（M12、M23）的作用机理进行初步探讨。结果表明,2株菌均通过同化吸收和共沉淀作用协同降低培养基中的胆固醇;添加0.3 g/100 mL胆盐可极显著增加菌体对胆固醇的去除作用（P＜0.01）,去除率分别为56.05%和58.49%;添加胆固醇和胆盐均可显著提高菌株经超声波处理后的存活率（P＜0.05）,存活率分别为32.09%和37.93%;2株菌的热灭活菌体和休眠菌体也具有一定的胆固醇去除能力,且休眠菌体的去除率高于热灭活菌体。经16S rRNA序列分析,菌株M12为弯曲乳杆菌（Lactobacillus curvatus）,菌株M23为戊糖片球菌（Pediococcus pentosaceus）。     

自然发酵肉制品中乳酸菌的分离及特性研究

以MRS和改良TJA(改良番茄汁琼脂培养基)培养基为基础培养基,从自然发酵肉品中分离得到8个菌株,其中4株为乳酸菌,3株为杆菌,1株为球状菌。进一步测试表明:4株乳酸菌在30℃培养时,生长最好;在pH3.5～4.0时生长良好;4株乳酸菌在10%NaCl的环境中均能生长,其中以2%～6%的NaCl浓度内生长最适宜;属兼性厌氧菌;对大肠杆菌产生一定的抑制作用。分离出的4株乳酸菌均适宜作为发酵肉制品的发酵剂。     

乳酸钠对肉及肉类食品中腐败菌和致病菌的抑制作用研究进展

乳酸钠作为一种天然、无毒、稳定的食品防腐剂,在肉类工业中广泛应用,其在减少胴体污染、降低细菌总数方面具有明显的效果。基于国内外研究进展,文章概括了乳酸钠的抑菌机理及抑菌效果影响因素,重点探讨了乳酸钠单独使用及与其他防腐剂联用对肉及肉类食品中常见腐败菌和致病菌的抑制作用,例如铜绿假单胞菌、单增李斯特菌、肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌等,从而延长肉及肉类食品的货架期。乳酸钠作为一种新型无毒无害肉及肉类食品防腐剂,正越来越受到食品行业的重视。      

Identification of lactobacilli from meat and meat products

Schemes for a rapid and simple identification of lactobacilli from meat and meat products are presented which also include the species only recently published (e.g. L. divergens and L. carnis), and which were verified by the investigation of 229 strains newly isolated from meat and meat products and of nine type strains.They are primarily based on differences in the fermentation of sugars and other easily determinable physiological characteristics, and therefore permit a rapid assignment of a new isolate to one of the Lactobacillus species. However, in most instances this identification has to be confirmed by determining additional characteristics (e.g. the whole range of fermented carbohydrates, types of murein etc.).     

Iron absorption from meat and meat products: Part 2-Iron absorption from high-roughage meat products

The main reasons for the inhibiting effect of dietary fibre on meat iron absorption in the intestine are examined. A model experiment estimates binding of iron by the dietary fibre (DF) of wheat bran. A radioactive tracer method was applied to volunteers to detect the availability of iron from fibrous meat foods. The evidence suggests that incorporating up to 2% of dietary fibre into meat products reduces iron absorption factors by no more than 1-2%. Adding ascorbic acid in the presence of DF lowers them only by 0·1-0·5%, i.e. it does not damage iron absorption processes.     

广州市市售水产品食源性致病菌污染状况调查

目的了解广州市市售水产品食源性致病菌污染状况,为预防与控制食源性疾病发生提供依据。方法对2006—2013年广州市监测的1 602份水产品的食源性致病菌监测数据进行整理分析。结果 1 602份水产品食源性致病菌总体检出率为21.16%(339/1 602),副溶血性弧菌检出率高达19.54%(313/1 602),创伤弧菌检出率为8.63%(43/498),沙门菌检出率为1.08%(14/1 301),单增李斯特菌检出率为0.59%(6/1 021),霍乱弧菌检出率为0.14%(1/701)。结论广州市市售水产品存在常见的食源性致病菌污染,其中副溶血性弧菌依然是主要的致病菌,但是沙门菌、创伤弧菌、单增李斯特菌的污染也不可忽视。