微波改性粉煤灰深度处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

实验采用微波技术对粉煤灰进行活化改性,并对其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的吸附效果进行了研究。结果表明,粉煤灰最佳改性条件为微波功率420 W,活化时间10 min,粉煤灰粒径58μm。改性后粉煤灰的比表面积和孔隙度增大,吸附反应能力增强。对150 mL水样,当吸附时间为100 min、pH为5.8、改性粉煤灰投加量为4 g时,吸附反应效果最佳,此时垃圾渗滤液中的CODCr和色度去除率分别达46.05%和81.16%。     

粉煤灰基混凝剂吸附处理垃圾渗滤液中铬离子的研究

利用粉煤灰和废旧铝皮在一定条件下反应,制得粉煤灰基混凝剂,并用于处理垃圾渗滤液中的铬离子。试验结果表明,粉煤灰基混凝剂对垃圾渗滤液中的铬离子有较好的去除效果。在最佳条件下,粉煤灰基混凝剂对垃圾渗滤液中铬离子的去除率达96.3%,比普通粉煤灰的去除率提高了70.4%。     

改性粉煤灰处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法对粉煤灰进行改性,并在500℃条件下煅烧以去除残留的有机物质。研究改性粉煤灰处理淮南市垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除效果,从而为垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的去除提供一个有效途径。通过垃圾渗滤液吸附实验,研究表明:在p H接近中性,粉煤灰投加量为3.0 g/L,垃圾渗滤液在低浓度下氨氮去除率接近100%;垃圾渗滤液初始氨氮浓度为16 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除率为80.24%。改性后的粉煤灰的吸附性能更好。     

粉煤灰合成沸石及其处理焦化废水A/O出水的试验

以NaOH作碱源,采用水热晶化法将粉煤灰转化成沸石.通过改变灼烧温度、NaOH浓度、液固比、晶化时间,考察合成条件对合成沸石阳离子交换容量的影响,并应用于焦化废水A/O出水的处理.结果表明:在灼烧温度为700℃、NaOH浓度为1 mol/L、液固比为5:1 mL/g、晶化时间为36 h条件下,合成沸石的阳离子交换容量最高为167 mmol/100g,是原粉煤灰的12.8倍,高于天然沸石的160 mmol/100 g;合成沸石处理焦化废水A/O出水的最佳条件是反应时间为1 h,沸石投加量为2g/100mL,pH值为6.0～9.0,此时NH3-N、COD去除率及出水质量浓度分别为46.7%、17.6%和62.6、197.8 mg/L,合成沸石对NH广N的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式.     

利用粉煤灰制备沸石分子筛及对含铜废水的处理

以粉煤灰为原料,在温和条件下水热合成粉煤灰基沸石分子筛,并通过正交试验研究了碱浓度、晶化时间、晶化温度对粉煤灰吸附重金属Cu2+性能的影响,确定在晶化时间10 h、晶化温度80℃、NaOH的质量浓度为8％的工艺条件下合成的分子筛对Cu2+吸附效果最好.经X射线衍射仪分析表明,合成的产物含有NaP1型微孔沸石分子筛.通过比表面积分析仪分析测定样品的比表面积为45.98 m2/g.用优化工艺合成的分子筛去除含铜废水,1500 mg/L的沸石处理该废水30 min,去除率达到93.9％,结果表明,合成的分子筛具有良好的吸附性能.因此,本实验合成工艺简单,条件温和,降低了能源成本和最小化环境影响,有利于工业大规模生产.     

利用粉煤灰制备分子筛及对水体中六价铬的吸附研究

以粉煤灰为原料,采用湿法加碱煅烧法合成了4A分子筛,研究了粉煤灰与烧碱配比、煅烧温度、煅烧时间对合成4A分子筛的影响,结果表明粉煤灰与烧碱配比1.0:0.8,煅烧温度700℃,煅烧时间1 h有利于4A分子筛的合成.利用合成的4A分子筛对水体中六价铬进行了吸附研究,实验确定的最佳吸附条件为:分子筛投加量为0.3 g,溶液pH值为6～7,吸附时间为30 min,吸附温度为10～25℃.最佳吸附条件下分子筛对六价铬有较好的去除效果.吸附以物理吸附为主,符合Freundlich等温吸附式.同时对4A分子筛的再生性进行了研究,2次循环使用后其吸附能力仍能保持初次吸附能力的90.0％以上.     

Mn-沸石催化剂的制备及其对Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗液催化氧化效果研究

以沸石为载体,硝酸锰为改性剂制备了负载型Mn-沸石催化剂,采用SEM和BET法对制备的催化剂进行了表征。采用Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液原液,通过正交实验和单因素实验考察了Mn-沸石催化剂对Fenton法处理生活垃圾渗滤液的影响。结果表明,一定量的生活垃圾渗滤液,投加1 mL 30%H2O2,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为4∶1、pH为4,加入1 g Mn-沸石催化剂,CODCr去除率可高达90.25%。     

粉煤灰基沸石改性的研究现状

粉煤灰特殊的化学组成，使其能够合成不同类型的沸石分子筛，在离子交换、吸附领域表现出良好性能，被广泛应用于废水、废气处理领域。国内外许多学者对粉煤灰基沸石分子筛的合成方法、结构表征、实际应用均有研究，但由于分子筛自身的局限性，为了制备出具有实际应用价值的粉煤灰沸石，需要对其改性。介绍了不同类型粉煤灰基沸石分子筛的结构特点和合成条件，在此基础上，论述了沸石的多种改性原理和方法，并对粉煤灰基沸石分子筛在现实中的应用现状和发展前景进行展望。     

煤矸石制备4A分子筛处理垃圾渗滤液

煤矸石中铝、硅主要以高岭土形式存在,活性非常低。通过添加碳酸钠在一定温度下焙烧煤矸石,使煤矸石中的氧化铝和氧化硅完全的转化硅铝酸钠,然后把活化煤矸石、铝酸钠、氢氧化钠和蒸馏水按硅铝摩尔比为2、钠硅摩尔比为1.8和水钠摩尔比为42混合在一起,通过正交试验确定影响4A分子筛性能的因素,并在常温下,用合成的4A分子筛处理渗滤液。试验表明,碳酸钠与煤矸石质量比为1.1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间120 min、晶化温度80℃和反应时间180 min,在条件下测定钙交换能力为310 mg/g。在100 mL渗滤液中加入13 g 4A分子筛,吸附40 min,可以使氨氮和COD的去除率分别为78.2%和75.6%。     

超声协同TiO_2/粉煤灰光催化联合处理垃圾渗滤液

采用溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2负载到粉煤灰上,通过XRD、SEM对TiO2/粉煤灰催化剂进行了表征。用该光催化剂对垃圾渗滤液进行了超声辅助光催化降解,比较了不同催化剂种类、催化剂的用量、酸度、催化剂重复使用次数等因素对垃圾渗滤液COD降解率的影响。结果表明:煅烧温度对催化剂的晶型有一定影响,550℃煅烧条件下,TiO2平均晶粒尺寸为11.12 nm,锐钛相占约80%。在超声波协同作用下,TiO2/粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液COD的光催化降解效果良好,当催化剂加入量为2 g/L,溶液pH为10时,100 min降解率可达73.3%。催化剂经活化处理后,相同条件下重复使用5次,对渗滤液的降解率仍达68.4%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。