轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流的研究

为研究轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流状况,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对MK和ZHX搅拌器进行流场测试,得到不同工况下的时均速度场分布.应用渐近不变性方法,选取适当的特征尺度,给出挡板处壁面射流的轴向速度相似剖面,确定用于评定槽内完全湍流界限的轴向速度分布曲线,建立了搅拌雷诺数与搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度之间的线性关系.结果表明,非全槽完全湍流状态下,槽上部会出现过渡流区;随雷诺数的增大,搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度增大;不同型式搅拌器的完全湍流流场所需的雷诺数不同,单层桨搅拌槽内达到全槽完全湍流需要很大的搅拌功率.     

新型搅拌器结构设计及其关键参数对性能的影响

设计了一种新型带包圈型六叶平直叶桨式搅拌器,建立其结构和流场模型,利用数值模拟方法对搅拌容器内部的固-液两相流场进行模拟计算,通过分析液相速度矢量图和固含率云图,研究关键参数对新型搅拌器的性能影响.结果 表明:搅拌器包圈高度、搅拌转速、安装高度和桨叶直径对搅拌器的混合效果具有重要影响,在搅拌器选型和搅拌器工作时,选择合...     

底入式搅拌器流场的影响因素研究

通过对硫铵结晶底入式搅拌器流场的CFD数值模拟,分析了搅拌转速、搅拌桨半径对高效轴流式搅拌器流场的影响。研究表明,搅拌转速对搅拌釜内流场的分布形式影响较小,随着转速的增加,流量和功率随之增加,近似呈线性规律分布,搅拌器内流体具有较好的循环性能;随着搅拌半径的增大,搅拌器内速度分布逐渐均匀,搅拌桨对流体的剪切性能较好。     

磷酸装置反应槽与搅拌器和过滤机(续前)

3 搅拌器 理想的磷酸反应槽搅拌器应使反应槽内的流体分布均一,在剪切力最小时使流量最大,能消除漂浮的固体和泡沫,并在充满气体状态下不会失速停转。 通常磷酸反应槽使用的搅拌器叶轮为下列两种形式之一:径流式(90°平桨)透平桨或轴流式(45°倾斜桨叶)透平桨。图4所示为目     

折叶涡轮桨搅拌器流型及温度分布数值模拟

采用MIXSIM对折叶涡轮桨搅拌器搅拌槽内流体流型及紊流状态下的温度分布进行模拟.结果显示:随Re数的增大,流体流型由径向流逐渐向轴向流发展;在温度变化趋于稳定时,温度在搅拌轴两侧基本呈对称分布,且分别存在一个低温区域.     

轴流桨搅拌槽内轴向流动速度的研究

为研究轴流桨搅拌槽内轴向速度的分布,在直径为300 mm的平底圆筒搅拌槽内,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对轴流式搅拌器主流区的流场进行测量。在不同转速和离底间隙条件下,对挡板前轴向时均速度在径向和轴向的分布进行分析和研究,采用壁面射流理论,建立搅拌槽内壁面射流流动模型,揭示轴向流动特性。结果表明:轴向速度沿径向的分布具有相似性;轴向最大速度沿轴向衰减;轴向流边界沿轴向线性扩展。研究结果有助于进一步了解搅拌槽内部流动特性,为固-液悬浮操作、过程放大和搅拌设备的优化设计提供理论依据。     

无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内湍流流动的分离涡模拟

采用分离涡模型对无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内的湍流流动进行了研究,重点分析了流场结构和速度分布,以检验该模型模拟搅拌槽内流体流动的有效性和正确性. 为了加快收敛,先采用标准k-e模型进行稳态流场计算,并以此结果为初始值进行分离涡模拟. 与现有文献大涡模拟及实验结果对比表明,分离涡模型能捕捉槽内流体的瞬时流动特征,获得的时均速度分布与大涡模拟及实验结果吻合较好,其中对切向速度分布的预测误差不超过7%,对径向速度分布的预测精度则低一些,局部误差接近12%. 分离涡模型适用于无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内湍流流动的模拟,能获得与大涡模拟相近的结果,且计算量更小(约为大涡模拟的1/3).     

刚柔组合搅拌桨与刚性桨调控流场结构的对比

高黏度流体处于层流状态时,普遍存在的混合隔离区,降低了流体的混合效率。减小或消除隔离区,是实现流体高效混合的基本途径。采用实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,对刚性六直叶涡轮桨(刚性桨)和刚柔组合六直叶涡轮桨(组合桨)的流场结构进行研究,对比分析了两种桨叶在相同功耗(3 kW·m-3)时的轴向、径向和切向的速度矢量图、速度云图以及速度分布散点图。结果表明,刚性桨的能量集中在桨叶尖端部分,远离桨叶区域的流体速度很小甚至为0 m·s-1;而组合桨可将能量从桨叶尖端扩散至全槽,使槽内流体均具有一定的流速,提高了混合效率,且显色实验与数值模拟结果一致,组合桨体系的混合隔离区在短时间内就可消除,混合良好,而刚性桨体系的混合隔离区始终存在,混合效果不佳。     

刚柔组合搅拌桨与刚性桨调控流场结构的对比

高黏度流体处于层流状态时,普遍存在的混合隔离区,降低了流体的混合效率。减小或消除隔离区,是实现流体高效混合的基本途径。采用实验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法,对刚性六直叶涡轮桨（刚性桨）和刚柔组合六直叶涡轮桨（组合桨）的流场结构进行研究,对比分析了两种桨叶在相同功耗（3 kW·m^-3）时的轴向、径向和切向的速度矢量图、速度云图以及速度分布散点图。结果表明,刚性桨的能量集中在桨叶尖端部分,远离桨叶区域的流体速度很小甚至为0 m·s^-1;而组合桨可将能量从桨叶尖端扩散至全槽,使槽内流体均具有一定的流速,提高了混合效率,且显色实验与数值模拟结果一致,组合桨体系的混合隔离区在短时间内就可消除,混合良好,而刚性桨体系的混合隔离区始终存在,混合效果不佳。     

干气密封螺旋槽内气体流场的有限元模拟

利用ANSYS8.0对螺旋槽干气密封槽内气体层流流场进行了二维模拟分析,得到了气体的压力分布及速度分布云图,并分析了运算结果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。