液滴碰撞亲-疏水性组合壁面的数值分析

采用VOF方法对液滴碰撞亲-疏水性组合壁面过程进行数值模拟。通过量纲1化,在Reynolds数不变的情况下,研究Weber数和亲水性区域直径对液滴碰撞动态特性的影响,绘制了液滴碰撞结果分区图。结果表明：随着Weber数从1增加至100,液滴呈现出附着、短液滴一次破碎和长液滴多次破碎3种状态;液滴破碎过程受到表面张力、壁面黏附力及Rayleigh不稳定性的影响,亲水性区域直径增加时,液滴破碎所对应的临界Weber数随之增大;此外,Weber数较大时,液滴最大铺展因子不受亲水性区域直径的影响,Weber数较小时,最大铺展因子随亲水性区域直径的增大而增大。     

液滴碰撞亲-疏水性组合壁面的数值分析

采用VOF方法对液滴碰撞亲-疏水性组合壁面过程进行数值模拟。通过量纲1化,在Reynolds数不变的情况下,研究Weber数和亲水性区域直径对液滴碰撞动态特性的影响,绘制了液滴碰撞结果分区图。结果表明:随着Weber数从1增加至100,液滴呈现出附着、短液滴一次破碎和长液滴多次破碎3种状态;液滴破碎过程受到表面张力、壁面黏附力及Rayleigh不稳定性的影响,亲水性区域直径增加时,液滴破碎所对应的临界Weber数随之增大;此外,Weber数较大时,液滴最大铺展因子不受亲水性区域直径的影响,Weber数较小时,最大铺展因子随亲水性区域直径的增大而增大。     

转盘离心雾化高黏非牛顿流体薄液膜纤维化特性

高黏性流体经转盘离心雾化以液滴形式进入气相可显著改善气液相间接触,其纤维化特性直接决定了雾化液滴的尺寸,是影响物料品质的关键因素。针对转盘离心雾化器,对非牛顿黏性液膜失稳纤维化过程的物理机制进行了分析,分析了高黏度流体,仅考虑黏性作用时,黏性力对纤维间距的贡献,建立了黏性力与表面张力耦合作用下液膜破碎的纤维间距预测模型,探讨了液膜纤维化的一般规律。结果表明,黏性对液膜的失稳纤维化起抑制作用,黏度提高,纤维数量减小,纤维间距增大。纤维数量与转盘边缘液膜线速度相关。进入完全纤维状模式后,纤维数量趋于稳定,提高转速引起纤维数量稳定的流量范围缩小,不利于雾化,可采用低转速、大直径转盘改善雾化效果。非牛顿高黏流体液膜破碎后的纤维数量与Weber数、等效Reynolds数和流变指数直接相关。研究结果对高黏流体的转盘离心雾化系统设计与优化提供了可借鉴的理论与应用基础。     

转盘离心雾化高黏非牛顿流体薄液膜纤维化特性

高黏性流体经转盘离心雾化以液滴形式进入气相可显著改善气液相间接触,其纤维化特性直接决定了雾化液滴的尺寸,是影响物料品质的关键因素。针对转盘离心雾化器,对非牛顿黏性液膜失稳纤维化过程的物理机制进行了分析,分析了高黏度流体,仅考虑黏性作用时,黏性力对纤维间距的贡献,建立了黏性力与表面张力耦合作用下液膜破碎的纤维间距预测模型,探讨了液膜纤维化的一般规律。结果表明,黏性对液膜的失稳纤维化起抑制作用,黏度提高,纤维数量减小,纤维间距增大。纤维数量与转盘边缘液膜线速度相关。进入完全纤维状模式后,纤维数量趋于稳定,提高转速引起纤维数量稳定的流量范围缩小,不利于雾化,可采用低转速、大直径转盘改善雾化效果。非牛顿高黏流体液膜破碎后的纤维数量与Weber数、等效Reynolds数和流变指数直接相关。研究结果对高黏流体的转盘离心雾化系统设计与优化提供了可借鉴的理论与应用基础。     

多液滴同步冲击液膜时中间薄膜射流形成机理与动力学特征

采用耦合水平集-流体体积（coupled level set and volume of fluid）方法结合高斯随机分布扰动对多液滴同步冲击平面液膜飞溅过程进行了三维数值模拟,通过分析压力、速度等细微场量分布,揭示了中间薄膜射流的生成、破碎以及后期柱状射流的形成机理。此外,讨论了Weber数、液膜厚度、液滴间距对薄膜射流高度的作用规律。结果表明,在液相加入高斯分布扰动后可以充分反映液滴冲击飞溅特征;相邻液滴颈部区域射流接触后,接触区压力梯度骤然升高,与流体运动间断共同作用下形成向上运动的薄膜射流,随后在流体不稳定性与气相涡流作用下发生破碎;薄膜射流高度随Weber数和液膜厚度升高而增大,液滴间距减小时,射流高度增大。     

多液滴同步冲击液膜时中间薄膜射流形成机理与动力学特征

采用耦合水平集-流体体积(coupled level set and volume of fluid)方法结合高斯随机分布扰动对多液滴同步冲击平面液膜飞溅过程进行了三维数值模拟,通过分析压力、速度等细微场量分布,揭示了中间薄膜射流的生成、破碎以及后期柱状射流的形成机理。此外,讨论了Weber数、液膜厚度、液滴间距对薄膜射流高度的作用规律。结果表明,在液相加入高斯分布扰动后可以充分反映液滴冲击飞溅特征;相邻液滴颈部区域射流接触后,接触区压力梯度骤然升高,与流体运动间断共同作用下形成向上运动的薄膜射流,随后在流体不稳定性与气相涡流作用下发生破碎;薄膜射流高度随Weber数和液膜厚度升高而增大,液滴间距减小时,射流高度增大。     

二元液滴自由碰撞聚并后的振荡行为研究

以甲苯、超纯水为多相系统研究对象,采用高速摄像机测试分析了二元液滴自由碰撞聚并后的振荡行为特性。实验结果表明,聚并后甲苯液滴振荡过程存在明显的周期性与阻尼衰减机制,液滴Reynolds数、Weber数是影响聚并后液滴振荡周期、阻尼系数的关键无量纲参数。液滴惯性力与振荡周期呈正相关性,而液滴黏性力则主导了振荡过程的阻尼衰减机制,振荡阻尼系数随黏性力的增加而增加,同时,液滴碰撞聚并作用与其后续振荡过程相对独立,即碰撞聚并过程对液滴振荡行为特性无明显影响。此外,液滴振荡过程特性参数的实验与理论计算对比结果显示,振荡周期实验结果相较于理论值略微偏高,振荡周期、阻尼系数实验与计算值相对误差的标准差分别为14.9%和44.9%。     

对置液柱撞击液膜破裂特征

采用高速摄像仪对两液柱撞击产生液膜的破裂过程进行了实验研究。分析了撞击液膜的破裂过程及表面波产生和传播过程,考察了射流直径、喷嘴间距和射流Weber数（We）对撞击液膜破裂的影响;定量分析了液膜表面波频率的变化及液膜破裂后的粒径分布情况。研究结果表明,液膜表面波传播频率随We的增大而增大,并沿液膜径向方向逐渐减小;随着射流We的增加,液膜边缘的液滴脱落频率增加;当We>1000时,液膜表面产生大量液滴团,且液滴团对液膜破裂具有促进作用;液柱撞击液膜发生破裂后90%以上的量纲1液滴粒径分布在0～1之间。     

液-液水力旋流器中的液滴破碎

在总结前人研究成果的基础上,分析了液-液水力旋流嚣中液滴破碎产生的原因,指出流场的湍流特性是产生液滴破碎的主要原因。对水力旋流器中的湍流度、雷诺切应力及颗粒的湍动能进行了分析,给出了水力旋流器中液滴破碎可能性较大的几个部位,并对旋流器边壁液滴破碎的可能性进行了讨论。分析了水力旋流器中液滴破碎的机理,阐明了液滴破碎判据——临界Weber数的表达式,并对理想球形液滴的破碎进行了分析。     

速度对液滴撞击超疏水壁面行为特性的影响

通过可视化实验研究了直径为2.58 mm的液滴在不同速度下撞击静态接触角为156°超疏水壁面后的运动特性,其液滴Weber数在8~310之间。实验利用光学原理在同一画面上同时记录了液滴撞击壁面过程的正面及底面图像。实验结果表明:液滴撞击壁面的速度对液滴的前进角、后退角,三相接触线的速度以及液滴反弹后的空中运动特性都有较大的影响;液滴高速撞击超疏水壁面后会产生明显的液指及多组卫星液滴,回缩阶段相邻的液指发生聚并直至液滴完全回缩。     

New criteria for filament breakup in droplet-on-demand inkjet printing using volume of fluid (VOF) method

A volume of fluid (VOF) numerical study is presented in which new pi number-based criteria are discussed that identify and separate three different regimes for a droplet-on-demand (DOD) print-head system. A trailing filament coalesces into the main droplet while the filament breaks into one or multiple satellite droplet(s). The numerical simulation results are compared with published large-scale experimental results that used a 2 mm diameter inkjet nozzle head, roughly 50 times larger than the actual diameter of inkjet outlets. Liquid filament break-up behavior is predicted using a combination of two pi-numbers, including either Weber (We)-Ohnesorge (Oh) number couplets or Reynolds (Re)-Weber (We) number couplets that are dependent only on the ejected liquid properties and the velocity waveform at the print-head inlet. These new criteria have merit over the currently existing ones that require accurate measurements of actual droplets to determine filament physical features like length and diameter [1].     

Studies of drop break-up in liquid-liquid systems in a rotating disc contactor. Part I: Conditions of no mass transfer

Observations on the break-up of single drops in a rotating disc contactor show that there is a critical rotor speed below which drops of a given size do not break. Weber and Reynolds numbers are required to correlate the data and not simply a Weber number as for turbine agitated systems. The probability of break-up of a drop at the rotor edge is expressed in terms of a Weber number with a lower limit for critical conditions. The mean number of daughter drops produced on break-up is correlated as a simple function of drop diameter based on the critical diameter and agreement is found with data from other types of agitated equipment.     

同轴双通道喷嘴雾化滴径沿轴向分布特性

Experiments were performed on the breakup of water droplets in a coaxial twin-fluid air-blast atomizer by a high-speed gas stream.With the measurements of Sauter mean diameter（SMD）distributions at a downstream distance of the atomizer,the droplet size was found first to decrease,reaching a minimum,and then to increase monotonically with the downstream distance.Correlation of L_c where the minimum droplet size appeared as a function of aerodynamic Weber number and liquid Reynolds number was analyzed.The growth rate of droplet size passes by L_c downstream increased with increasing water velocity,and the relationship between SMD and x/D_g accurately reflected the increasing trend of droplet size.     

激波与亚毫米液滴相互作用的二维和三维数值模拟研究

为了研究激波与亚毫米液滴相互作用过程,基于现有的实验结果,利用Fluent平台,采用VOF (Volume of Fluid)多相流模型和k-ε湍流模型,通过二维数值模拟分析了不同韦伯数(We)对亚毫米液滴变形演化过程的影响规律,通过三维数值模拟揭示了亚毫米液滴爆炸式破碎机理。结果表明,韦伯数对液滴变形有促进作用,韦伯数越大,液滴在压缩变形阶段所需要的时间越短;在气动力不变的条件下,相同液滴直径条件下,马赫数越大,液滴所受的气动力越大,液滴质心位移的无量纲加速度越大,低韦伯数下液滴的横向展开速率随韦伯数增大而减小,而高韦伯数下液滴的横向展开速率随韦伯数增大而增大。数值模拟结果与对比实验结果相近,有效阐明了韦伯数对亚毫米液滴变形的作用。     

基于图像法的环雾状流液滴参数测量与分析

环雾状流广泛存在于石油化工领域,其内部流场测量具有重要意义。本文结合光学图像法和高速摄影技术对撞针式喷嘴的雾化特性进行了测量分析,以此为基础对基于雾化混合的环雾状流中夹带液滴特性开展了实验研究。利用高速摄影技术对喷雾进行可视化,采用单帧单曝光法对液滴尺寸和速度信息进行提取。研究发现,液滴速度随轴向距离增大呈衰减趋势,且相同轴向距离（约在径向位置10mm处）条件下,速度达到峰值;液滴索泰尔平均直径（SMD）随喷嘴孔径d₀的增大而增大,并与液相质量流量m_l和喷嘴上下游压差?p均呈负相关;另外,在环雾状流环境中,相同气压条件下液滴SMD随气相体积流量Q_g增大而减小,而相同气相体积流量条件下SMD随气压p_g增大而增大。基于实验测量结果,以气相韦伯数We_g和液相雷诺数Re_l为主影响参数,引入相间滑移和压力系数建立了基于量纲分析的环雾状流液滴SMD预测模型,平均绝对百分比误差MAPE为11.4672%。     

Investigating the stability of falling films at round vertical film carriers under high pressure

The instability of a falling film under high pressure (droplet formation) was characterized by the dimensionless Reynolds, Weber, and fluid-film numbers and could be predicted in a characteristic diagram. Incipient droplet formation was achieved with the given material properties of the system, i.e., at a constant K_F number, by increasing the volumetric flowrate of the liquid phase. The investigations were performed with the material systems α-tocopherol/CO₂ and squalane/CO₂ in the pressure ranges between 8 and 35 MPa and 6 and 12 MPa, respectively, at four different temperatures between 313 and 353 K. The volumetric flowrate of the liquid phase was varied between 10 and 300 ml/min, whereas the speed of the supercritical gas phase in counter-current flow to the falling film in the falling-film cell was kept constant at 7 mm/s. The high-pressure falling-film cell used for this purpose had an external diameter of 104 mm, an internal diameter of 34 mm, and a total length of 710 mm. The diameter and length of the cylindrical falling-film carrier were 10 and 500 mm, respectively.     

转盘边缘黏性薄液膜不同破碎模式临界转变特性

液膜在离心粒化器边缘的破碎模式直接决定了雾化后的液滴形态和尺寸分布,是影响物料品质的关键因素。针对转盘粒化器,提出临界转变系数表征液膜由膜状向纤维状破碎的转变条件,并拓展至其他破碎模式,建立了滴状向纤维状、完全纤维状及纤维状向膜状破碎转变的临界关系。结果表明,转盘表面润湿性对于液膜呈滴状以及滴状向纤维状模式转变影响显著,未完全润湿导致临界流量存在一定的随机性,转盘直径与临界流量间无明确规律;而完全纤维状以及膜状时,大直径转盘临界流量明显升高。转速、流量、密度及黏度的提高,破碎模式趋向于膜状;而增大表面张力,即使对于较大流量和转速,液膜也能维持纤维状或滴状模式。调整转盘直径将引起表面张力与离心力同时变化,若未打破平衡,其破碎模式不会改变。研究结果为转盘粒化器的设计与优化提供了可借鉴的理论与应用基础。     

Mean Droplet Size and Local Velocity in Horizontal Isothermal Free Jets of Air and Water,respectively, Viscous Liquid in Quiescent Ambient Air

Measurements using two‐dimensional Phase Doppler Anemometry as well as high speed cinematography in free jets at several nozzle exit pressures and mass flow rates, show that the Sauter mean droplet diameter decreases with increasing air and liquid‐phase mass flow ratio due to the increase of the air stream impact on the liquid phase. This leads to substantial liquid fragmentation, respectively primary droplet breakup, and hence, satellite droplet formation with small sizes. This trend is also significant in the case of a liquid viscosity higher than that of water. The increased liquid viscosity stabilizes the droplet formation and breakup by reducing the rate of surface perturbations and consequently droplet distortions, ultimately also leading, in total, to the formation of smaller droplets. The droplet velocity decreases with the nozzle downstream distance, basically due to the continual air entrainment and due to the collisions between the droplets. The droplet collisions may induce further liquid fragmentation and, hence, formation of a number of relatively smaller droplets respectively secondary breakup, or may induce agglomeration to comparatively larger liquid fragments that may rain out of the free jet.