超薄晶硅太阳电池的上表面陷光结构研究(Ⅰ)

基于太阳光谱的特点和晶硅材料吸收光谱的性质,首先分析了超薄晶硅太阳电池上表面的陷光要求,然后利用传递矩阵法(TMM)和频域有限差分(FDFD)法设计上表面增透膜结构和织构结构,最后利用FDFD法分析了SiO2/SiN4双层增透膜结构和三角条带式表面织构结构构成的组合结构的光吸收效果。研究结果表明,在超薄晶硅太阳电池的有效吸收光谱范围(波长范围200～1 200nm)内,双层增透膜比单层增透膜具有更小的反射损耗;一维光子晶体表面织构结构中,使用三角条带式一维光子晶体比矩形条带式一维光子晶体具有更小的反射损耗。借助于透膜结构和三角条带式织构结构的优化参数,设计出入射角θ45°、波长处于200～1 200nm范围内和反射率小于5%的上表面结构形式。     

薄晶硅太阳电池的研究进展

薄晶硅太阳电池减少硅材料厚度不仅能降低材料消耗和电池成本,还可以赋予其一定的柔韧性,拓展其在可穿戴设备、建筑光伏一体化等领域的潜在应用,成为目前太阳电池领域的研究热点。近年来的研究工作多集中在通过纳米图案化结构、等离激元效应等途径增强薄晶硅对太阳光,尤其是长波长太阳光的吸收,以弥补硅吸收层薄化后引起的吸光能力不足的问题。本文将侧重从图案化纳米结构、等离激元效应增强薄晶硅电池的光吸收性能、薄晶硅太阳电池电学性能的优化、新型薄晶硅太阳电池等方面,对薄晶硅太阳电池的发展现状进行阐述。     

声光器件介质增透膜

本文报道用电子束镀膜的方法对声光器件用的几种晶体分别做了514.5nm,632.8nm,860nm,1060nm和1300nm等几种波长的增透膜试验。 TeO_2、PbMoO_4晶体蒸镀单层增透膜,透过率T≥96％;对低折射率材料的熔石英蒸镀ZnS-MgF_2非λ/4双层增透膜,透过率T≥99％。该工艺稳定、膜层质量好、透过率高,达到了声光器件研制的需要。     

太阳电池减反膜的设计

设计良好的减反膜系,提高太阳电池的光电转换效率是太阳电池研制中的一个重要问题.文章从减反膜理论出发,利用计算机软件模拟分析,获得了单层膜、双层膜系反射率百分比与波长的关系,并给出了具体入射波长(即632.8 nm、800 nm)条件下膜的最佳厚度.采用PC1D软件模拟了覆盖减反膜的单晶硅电池的I-V曲线,证实电池转换效率大大提高.研究结果可应用于太阳电池的设计中.     

PECVD沉积微晶硅薄膜过程中氢原子对透明导电膜的影响

研究了等离子体放电过程中氢原子对单层SnO2和SnO2/ZnO双层透明导电膜的影响.发现当衬底温度超过150℃,H等离子体处理使SnO2薄膜的透光率显著降低.当在SnO2薄膜表面沉积一层ZnO时,既使ZnO膜的厚度为50nm,也可有效地抑制H原子对SnO2的还原效应,并在SnO2/ZnO双层膜上制备了转换效率为3.8%的微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.     

PECVD沉积微晶硅薄膜过程中氢原子对透明导电膜的影响

研究了等离子体放电过程中氢原子对单层SnO2和SnO2/ZnO双层透明导电膜的影响.发现当衬底温度超过150℃,H等离子体处理使SnO2薄膜的透光率显著降低.当在SnO2薄膜表面沉积一层ZnO时,既使ZnO膜的厚度为50nm,也可有效地抑制H原子对SnO2的还原效应,并在SnO2/ZnO双层膜上制备了转换效率为3.8%的微晶硅薄膜太阳电池.     

硅薄膜太阳电池抗反射微纳结构研究

在硅薄膜太阳电池中,灵活的光学设计可以实现表层的零反射损耗,增大吸收层中光的透射率,从而提高薄膜太阳电池的光收集能力。在薄膜太阳电池吸收层表面设计了矩形介质光栅。利用严格耦合波理论和模态传输理论研究了光栅结构参数对反射率的影响。考虑到AM1.5 G太阳能光谱和a-Si的吸收光谱,光栅参数进一步优化。由于微加工的误差,使得矩形光栅变成梯形光栅,必然会影响硅薄膜太阳电池表面反射率。研究结果表明,长周期光栅同样可以实现低反射率,在工艺上也容易实现。采用梯形光栅可进一步降低表面反射率,并且在太阳光入射角为-40°~+40°的范围内保持在6%以下。     

N-I-P 单结微晶硅太阳电池中N/I 与 I/P界面缓冲层的研究与优化

采用高压RF-PECVD技术制备了本征微晶硅薄膜和n-i-p结构微晶硅太阳电池。详细研究了n-i-p微晶硅太阳电池中n/i 和 i/p 缓冲层对太阳电池性能的影响。实验结果表明,提高n/i 界面晶化率以及在i/p 界面加入非晶缓冲层均有利于太阳电池性能的提高。通过优化界面缓冲层,微晶硅单结电池和非晶硅/微晶硅叠层电池的性能得到大幅度提高。     

具有多波长处理功能的单片集成光探测器阵列

从理论上设计并研制了一种用于可重构光分插复用技术中的具有多波长处理功能的单片集成光探测器阵列,器件在GaAs基衬底上集成了GaAs/AlGaAs材料的法布里一珀罗谐振腔和InP-In0.53 Ga0.47 As-InP材料的PIN光探测器.为了能够实现对多路波长的探测,首先利用湿法腐蚀,改变不同区域谐振腔的厚度,然后通过二次外延完成谐振腔的生长,最后利用低温缓冲层技术在GaAs材料上异质外延高质量的InP基的PIN结构.器件的工作波长位于1500 nm左右,可实现对4路波长,间隔为10 nm的光信号探测,光谱响应线宽低于0.8 nm,峰值量子效率达到12%以上,响应速率达到8.2 GHz.实验测试结果与理论分析进行了对比,并得到了很好的解释.     

可见近红外波段碲镉汞材料光学常数测定与宽谱增透设计

将碲镉汞(Hg_(1-x)Cd_xTe)红外焦平面器件衬底去除后,其响应波段可拓展到可见光波段,在高光谱成像应用中可显著减小系统的尺寸和重量,对光电探测系统的小型化和微型化具有重要实用价值.而明确碲镉汞材料在可见近红外波段的光学常数,对碲镉汞器件在这一响应波段的性能研究具有重要意义.分别测量了不同组分碲镉汞材料的椭圆偏振光谱,拟合得到了其在400~1 600 nm波段范围内的光学常数值,并利用反射光谱对获得的光学常数进行了验证.采用这些碲镉汞外延材料光学常数测量值,并选用Zn S和YF3分别作为高低折射率的增透膜材料,针对不同响应波段的背入射可见近红外碲镉汞焦平面器件,设计了不同的宽谱增透膜系,响应波段范围内的平均透过率高于90%.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks