纯方位被动多传感器多目标跟踪算法

多传感器多目标跟踪中的数据关联问题是目标跟踪领域中的难点及核心。若传感器是只有角度量测的被动传感器,关联问题则变得更为复杂。针对纯方位多被动传感器系统的多目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于高斯-厄密特滤波的动态多维分配方法。首先建立了直角坐标系下多被动传感器的高斯-厄密特滤波模型;在该模型的基础上,采用多维分配问题的思想,直接建立各传感器角度量测与目标角度预测值的候选关联组合,并将其进行动态地分配,提高了关联效率。仿真实验表明,该方法可以实时、高效地解决多被动传感器系统中的数据关联问题,并且能够对多目标进行稳定的跟踪。     

主被动传感器实时信息融合的STMHM算法

 主、被动传感器实时信息融合是同时实现目标跟踪和目标识别的重要途径,构建STMHM(空时二维多假设模型)算法来解决该问题.首先,设计主、被动传感器的融合数据模型,并分别构建两类传感器的目标量测空间,设计STMHM的融合空间;其次,提出主、被动传感器量测空间时间初始化方法,并设计模型的滤波算法,给出适应于该算法的信息融合评判规则;最后,设计空中态势,运用该算法对数据进行融合,验证算法的有效性.     

不同量测误差情况下1D和2D被动传感器 交叉定位系统最优交会角研究

 研究了不同量测维数(1D和2D)被动传感器测向交叉定位系统的最优交会角问题,在假定两个传感器的角度量测精度不一致的情况下计算出了目标位置均方根误差达到最小值的交会角,讨论了仰角和角度量测精度对最优交会角的影响,得出的相关结论对实现无源传感器的最优化配置,提高定位精度有一定的实际意义.     

杂波环境下多被动传感器单目标跟踪算法

由于被动传感器只能获得目标的角度量测,因此杂波环境下基于被动传感器的关联问题较主动传感器更为困难。针对杂波环境下纯方位多被动传感器系统的单目标跟踪问题,提出了一种基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的模糊综合贴近度关联跟踪方法。该方法采用直角坐标系下多被动传感器系统的扩展卡尔曼滤波对目标进行跟踪。首先利用目标航迹的预测信息,针对每个传感器建立确认跟踪门;在获得候选关联组合后,直接利用角度信息建立各候选关联组合与角度预测值间的模糊综合贴近度,通过在所获得的全部模糊综合贴近度中寻求最优解完成量测到航迹的关联。仿真实验表明,该方法可以有效地解决杂波环境下多被动传感器系统的单目标跟踪问题。     

基于代价函数修正的异类传感器数据关联算法

针对现有异类传感器数据关联算法在构造关联代价时未充分考虑最大似然估计引入误差的问题,提出了一种修正代价函数的异类传感器数据关联算法。基于主、被动传感器各自的优势信息构造观测矩阵,得到目标的位置估计,继而根据异类传感器融合系统的观测模型得到伪量测信息,并利用一阶泰勒展开近似推出伪量测的方差信息,再用其对关联代价函数进行修正,改进后的代价函数能更加准确地描述量测之间的关系。仿真结果表明,修正后的关联代价函数能更精确地反映数据关联的可能性程度,所提算法可获得更好的关联正确率。     

被动传感器组网模糊综合贴近度的数据关联算法

针对被动传感器采样非周期且采样数据缺乏距离信息等特点,提出了一种用于解决目标航迹与传感器量测相关联的模糊综合贴近度的数据关联算法.由于被动传感器的量测没有距离信息且传感器探测范围小,本算法首先设置两个关联波门进行量测筛选;然后采用航向确定法得出航向角信息,并综合方位角、俯仰角信息,使用模糊综合的方法进行最终的关联,以解决关联错误率高的问题;最后使用扩展卡尔曼滤波进行目标状态与协方差的更新.实验结果证明了该算法方法的有效性.     

改进的主/被动传感器协同探测跟踪方法研究

针对主动传感器辅助的被动传感器跟踪系统,为了提升系统的跟踪精度,改进主动传感器工作控制的实时性和精确性,结合地空导弹武器跟踪系统中的"粗跟"与"精跟"模式,提出了一种改进的主/被动传感器协同探测跟踪方法。在主动传感器开机时,利用曲线拟合推理出目标的运动轨迹;关机后,利用拟合的"估计量测"值和滤波预测值产生新息残差,并将其作为评价因子,结合信息熵理论设计"粗跟"和"精跟"模式下的航迹质量评价准则。实现了主/被动传感器间的实时切换以及"粗跟"和"精跟"模式间的自适应切换,克服了被动传感器距离量测的不可观测性。采用Monte Carlo仿真,同跟踪门法作比较,结果验证了改进方法的合理性和优越性。     

基于测距最小二乘的方位融合多传感器定位算法

在多部2D传感器组网目标定位中,为减小地球曲率对观测的影响,充分利用各传感器量测并解决观测方程的非线性最小二乘问题,提出了融合方位量测的测距最小二乘算法。该算法的实质是基于多部2D传感器设备的测距以及方位角信息,考虑地球曲率的影响建立等效的观测模型和非线性方程,通过数学变换将非线性系统转化为线性系统;利用纯距离最小二乘定位原理初步估算出目标的位置,然后融合各传感器的方位量测得到关于目标的最终位置估计。仿真实验表明,本方法在3部以上2D传感器观测并且测距误差较大而方位误差较小的情况下,可以修正测距最小二乘法在某些位置的定位误差,从而整体提高目标的定位精度。     

基于扩展H_∞滤波自适应误差配准算法

提出了基于扩展的H∞滤波和地心坐标系的自适应多传感器误差配准方法,该方法采用地心坐标系来消除地球曲率对配准算法的影响,采用扩展的H∞滤波来消除状态模型和量测模型噪声方差的不准确对配准算法的影响,该方法能够解决多传感器异步数据的误差配准问题,并且状态方程和量测方程的噪声可以是非高斯的,并采用修正的基于BLUE的量测转换方法对修正后的传感器的量测进行滤波.仿真试验表明,该算法能有效地估计时变的传感器误差,即使在运动方程和量测方程的噪声方差不准确的情况下,也能得到满意的配准结果.     

基于非合作目标的误差配准算法

误差配准是消除传感器系统误差必不可少的过程。针对非合作目标情况下如何估计传感器系统误差的问题,提出了一种基于线性卡尔曼和最小二乘的三维误差配准算法。该算法考虑了地球曲率的影响, 解决了传统的二维算法无法估计俯仰角系统误差的问题。通过构造系统模型, 将传感器系统误差和目标运动情况统一到同一量测方程中, 并结合线性卡尔曼和最小二乘得到系统误差的估计。仿真结果表明, 该方法能有效地估计包括俯仰角误差在内的多种系统误差。     

Distributed source modeling and direction-of-arrival estimationtechniques

In direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, the direction of a signal is usually assumed to be a point. If the direction of a signal is distributed due to some environmental phenomenon, however, DOA estimation methods based on the point source assumption may result in poor performance. We consider DOA estimation when the signal sources are distributed. Parametric and nonparametric models are proposed, and estimation methods are considered under these models. In addition, the asymptotic distribution of estimation errors is obtained to show the models' statistical properties     

平飞斜侧视双基雷达运动误差分析

双基雷达的实际飞行状态不可避免地会产生速度误差,降低成像质量,影响检测性能。本文基于平飞斜侧视模型对速度误差进行了研究和分析,并给出了速度误差限制条件的解析表达式。具体来讲,首先建立了平飞斜侧视模式下的双基雷达模型,在数学上给出了运动方程表达式;然后导出了收发平台分别沿着理想航线方向、俯仰方向和偏航方向存在误差时的等效距离历史和;在此基础上,通过将速度误差转化为时延走动误差和多普勒相位误差,进而推导出了速度误差的限定范围,为工程设计和实现提供了相关依据和参考。通过仿真验证表明相比于理想航线方向和偏航方向,俯仰方向的速度误差对补偿精度的要求更高,其限制条件也更苛刻。     

3D雷达间引导提示概率分析与仿真

针对雷达组网协同探测目标中的3D雷达间引导提示问题,首先建立了3D雷达对3D雷达的成功引导提示概率模型,推导了成功引导提示概率及引导提示误差;然后分析并仿真了目标是否运动以及不同位置关系下的成功引导提示概率随一些特征参数变化的趋势;最后得出成功引导提示概率的一些性质。在选定成功提示概率下,可为雷达组网协同探测系统中雷达的配置及参数的选取提供依据,也为研究和设计雷达组网中3D雷达间引导提示系统提供了参考。     

Implementation of switched capacitor fractional order differentiator (PDδ) circuit

This paper proposes a novel implementation of switched capacitor (SC) fractional order differentiators (FOD) based on Tustin operator and Al-Alaoui operator. The existing models of half differentiator s ^1/2 have been expanded using continued fraction expansion and implemented using PSpice. The PSpice simulation results are compared with the theoretical results in the continuous time domain. The results validate the effectiveness of the SC circuit implementation of the proposed approach. A detailed analysis of the influence of the non-idealities of the third order Al-Alaoui operator based half differentiator is performed. The analytical expressions for errors in magnitude and phase due to the above mentioned non-idealities have been derived for the SC integrator and amplifier circuits used in our realisation.     

Applicability of Walfisch-type urban propagation models

The applicability of different propagation models based on the Walfisch-Bertoni or the Walfisch-Ikegami formulations is studied. When this type of model is applied to real urban cells, large areas with errors often appear. The origin of some errors and a proposal to improve the applicability of Walfisch-type models, based on a measurement campaign, are described     

基于LS_SVM的下行波束盲校正算法

在智能天线系统中,由于各阵元之间存在着耦合和激励误差,在对下行波束进行赋形时,这些误差会使产生波束指向严重偏离期望的方向,造成天线增益下降。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于最小二乘支持矢量机（LS_SVM）的下行波束盲校正算法：该算法首先利用发射的训练序列对支持矢量机（SVM）进行训练,然后利用所得的权值补偿耦合和激励误差,使发射波束的指向符合期望的方向,最后采用自适应波束综合算法产生主波束宽度以及副瓣电平符合期望值的方向图。对该方法进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,该算法简单易行,具有实时处理的能力。     

IRST对3D雷达引导性能分析

对于由红外和雷达组成的多传感器系统,分析和推导了用红外对3D雷达成功引导概率的解析表示式,给出了该成功引导概率随一些特征参数变化的七个规律,在多种情况下进行了成功引导概率的数值计算,验证了成功引导概率的性质,从而对研究和设计同地配置的红外对雷达引导系统具有一定的参考价值.     

Wind vector retrieval using ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery

An automated algorithm intended for operational use is developed and tested for estimating wind speed and direction using ERS-1 SAR imagery. The wind direction comes from the orientation of low frequency, linear signatures in the SAR imagery that the authors believe are manifestations of roll vortices within the planetary boundary layer. The wind direction thus has inherently a 180° ambiguity since only a single SAR image is used. Wind speed is estimated by using a new algorithm that utilizes both the estimated wind direction and σ ₀ values to invert radar cross section models. The authors show that: 1) on average the direction of the roll vortices signatures is approximately 11° to the right of the surface wind direction and can be used to estimate the surface wind direction to within ±19° and 2) utilizing these estimated wind directions from the SAR imagery subsequently improves wind speed estimation, generating errors of approximately ±1.2 m/s, for ERS-1 SAR data collected during the Norwegian Continental Shelf Experiment in 1991     

Predicting software development errors using software complexitymetrics

Predictive models that incorporate a functional relationship of program error measures with software complexity metrics and metrics based on factor analysis of empirical data are developed. Specific techniques for assessing regression models are presented for analyzing these models. Within the framework of regression analysis, the authors examine two separate means of exploring the connection between complexity and errors. First, the regression models are formed from the raw complexity metrics. Essentially, these models confirm a known relationship between program lines of code and program errors. The second methodology involves the regression of complexity factor measures and measures of errors. These complexity factors are orthogonal measures of complexity from an underlying complexity domain model. From this more global perspective, it is believed that there is a relationship between program errors and complexity domains of program structure and size (volume). Further, the strength of this relationship suggests that predictive models are indeed possible for the determination of program errors from these orthogonal complexity domains     

Effects of pointing errors and channel fading on the performance of free‐space optically‐preamplified PPM systems

In this paper, we study the impact of pointing errors and channel fading on the performance of free‐space, optically preamplified, M ‐ary PPM systems. We consider two types of free‐space optical links: (i) inter‐satellite links and (ii) inter‐building links. For inter‐satellite links, only pointing error is considered. Starting with a Rayleigh model for the pointing error angle, we derive analytically the PDF for the pointing error parameter and for the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) per bit. For inter‐building links, we derive the density function for the SNR per bit that includes the combined effects of pointing errors and channel fading, assuming Rayleigh‐distributed pointing errors. The channel fading models considered in this study for inter‐buildings links are the log‐normal and gamma–gamma models. We provide the error probability as a function of the average SNR per bit for both types of links. To cover systems with and without forward error correction, we compute the average SNR per bit required to achieve a bit error rate of 10^?4 and 10^?9. The corresponding power penalties are computed for different symbol sizes, scintillation indexes, and pointing jitters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.