饮用淡化海水对大鼠血中铜锌钙镁铁的影响

目的通过对淡化海水卫生学指标进行检测分析及饮用淡化海水大鼠血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁含量的测定,评价饮用淡化海水对大鼠血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁的影响。方法首先对所采集的淡化海水的感官性状及一般化学指标20项、73项毒理学指标进行分析,判定其是否符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)。然后将采集所得淡化海水喂饲大鼠,与饮用市政自来水组大鼠进行对照比较,研究其血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁含量,并计算铜锌比值、钙镁比值,分析饮用淡化海水对血中这些重要金属元素的影响。结果所采集的受试淡化海水感官性状和一般化学指标均合格,色度<5,p H=6.94,呈现弱酸性。水中溶解性总固体浓度为186 mg/L,总硬度为13 mg/L,符合饮用水卫生标准要求。硼含量为1.3 mg/L高于限值(≤0.5 mg/L),氟化物0.02 mg/L低于限值(≤1 mg/L),其他指标均未检出。饮用淡化海水180 d,大鼠血中铜含量明显高于饮用市政自来水组(F=3.02,P=0.042),其铜/锌也高于饮用市政自来水组(F=4.774,P=0.035)。饮用淡化海水90 d大鼠血中钙含量高于饮用市政自来水组大鼠(F=55.642,P=0.00),其钙/镁也高于饮用市政自来水组大鼠(F=44.933,P=0.00);饮用淡化海水180 d的大鼠血中镁、铁含量低于饮用市政自来水组大鼠(F=19.847,P=0.0007;F=5.309,P=0.027)。饮用淡化海水180 d大鼠血中钙/镁也高于饮用市政自来水组大鼠(F=5.309.P=0.030)。结论饮用淡化海水180 d会引起大鼠血中铜含量及铜/锌升高及血铁含量下降;饮用淡化海水90~180 d均会引起大鼠血中钙/镁升高。     

淡化海水进入水泥砂浆内衬管后的水质化学稳定性

淡化海水由于氯离子浓度高、碱度低而具有侵蚀性,在进入供水管网前一般需进行矿化来提高硬度和碱度;使用有内衬的管网输送也可以进一步减轻其侵蚀危害。利用水泥砂浆内衬管搭建管段模拟反应器,测试了不同条件下淡化海水在其中长时间输送时的水质变化。结果表明,对于未矿化和矿化后的淡化海水,运行前5 d管段反应器内水的pH值、总碱度、溶解性SiO_2均显著升高,之后下降,后15 d基本平衡。未矿化水在管段反应器停留时,其钙离子浓度(以CaCO_3计)在初期从1 mg/L急剧升高到50 mg/L,矿化水则从50 mg/L降低到10 mg/L左右,后期都达到基本相同的平衡浓度;镁离子浓度基本保持不变,在1~5 mg/L之间。矿化水加氯组和不加氯组的TOC均是初期较高,而后呈下降趋势,加氯组的TOC浓度高于不加氯组。两组均出现铝严重超标现象,铁浓度维持在0.3 mg/L上下,铬仅在初期超标。因此,建议使用水泥砂浆内衬管输送淡化海水之前,需要通水冲洗4~5 d以使水质达到稳定。     

膜法海水淡化厂产品水水质与饮用安全分析

全球海水淡化产水的60%用于市政供水,在海水淡化产能中采用反渗透膜技术的占65%。监测了我国万吨级膜法海水淡化厂的出厂水水质,并与国标以及城市自来水水质进行了对比。结果表明,除硼外淡化水其他指标均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006),但硼含量低于世界卫生组织WHO的《饮用水水质导则》限值(2.4 mg/L)以及欧美、日本的限值(1.0 mg/L)。淡化出厂水的常规指标与四个大城市(深圳、南昌、上海和天津)的自来水水质相当或更优。此外,监测计算了淡化出厂水的碳酸钙沉淀势,其值位于4.8~6.5 mg/L之间,水体倾向于保护性结垢,不会腐蚀管路或溶解管路中已有的保护性垢层。基于对淡化厂产品水水质的实验测定及数据分析,提出了淡化水水质与饮用安全的相关发展建议。     

大型反渗透海水淡化系统双端产水脱硼工艺研究

针对大型反渗透海水淡化系统,设计了一种双端产水脱硼工艺,并采用反渗透系统模拟软件研究了二级进水pH值、海水温度和硼含量等参数对工艺脱硼效果的影响。结果表明,该工艺能有效脱除海水中的硼,当二级进水pH值为9.5时,产水水质可以达标。当海水温度和硼含量均较低时,仅开启一级系统时产水水质即可达标;当海水温度>13℃或硼含量>2.3 mg/L时,需启用二级系统进一步脱硼;当海水温度>30℃或硼含量>6.0 mg/L时,还需适当提高二级进水pH值来增强反渗透膜的脱硼率,以实现产水硼含量达标。与常规脱硼工艺相比,双端产水脱硼工艺通过减少43%的二级系统处理规模,使二级系统的建设投资成本和运行成本均减少43%。     

反渗透海水淡化脱硼技术研究现状

硼在水中以硼酸的分子形式存在,其浓度过高对农作物和人体会产生不利的影响。由于硼的分子半径小,且不具有电性,因此反渗透海水淡化需要与其他方法相结合才能使硼含量达到饮用水的卫生要求。介绍了目前反渗透海水淡化中的脱硼方法。     

CO_2酸化海水淡化水接触式矿化研究

针对海水淡化水存在着较强的腐蚀性且缓冲能力低等问题,开展了采用CO2酸化淡化水后溶解方解石的矿化实验,研究了CO2通量、水力停留时间、温度及跌宕对海水淡化水的矿化水质影响。结果表明,在CO2与淡化水的体积比为1/5,水力停留时间为15 min,温度为33℃时,矿化后的海水淡化水的Ca2+含量达到37 mg/L以上,Ca CO3碱度达到67 mg/L以上,矿化后的淡化水经过跌宕能大幅提高其p H值,使最终矿化出水水质具有很好的稳定性。     

淡化海水并网供水的管网铁释放控制技术研究

淡化海水由于具有较强的侵蚀性,并网供水后会对既有供水管网造成严重的铁释放现象和黄水问题。为了有效地控制管网铁释放,利用管段模拟反应器,定量研究了调节pH值、碱度、硬度和投加缓蚀剂对管网铁释放的控制效果。研究发现,提高pH值、增加碱度和硬度、投加磷酸盐缓蚀剂均可使淡化海水并网供水后造成的管网铁释放量明显降低。由此初步确定了控制淡化海水进入供水管网造成铁过量释放所需满足的水质条件为:管网水的pH值在7.70以上,碱度>80 mg/L,硬度>80 mg/L;必要时可选择投加0.25～0.50 mg/L的聚磷酸盐缓蚀剂。     

微波消解ICP-OES法同时测定鱼胶中八种金属元素

目的建立微波消解—电感耦合等离子体光谱法(ICP-OES)测定鱼胶中8种金属元素的方法。方法将风干鱼胶样品粉碎混匀,微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪对钙、镁、钾、钠、铁、锰、铜、锌8种元素同时测定。结果钙、镁、钾、钠元素标准曲线浓度范围为0 mg/L~40.0 mg/L,相关系数r在0.9994~0.9999之间,检测限分别为0.49 mg/kg、0.48 mg/kg、5.00 mg/kg和2.67 mg/kg;铁、锰、铜、锌元素标准曲线浓度范围为0 mg/L~2.0 mg/L,相关系数r在0.9998~0.9999之间,检测限分别为0.58 mg/kg、0.63 mg/kg、0.46 mg/kg和0.43 mg/kg;各元素样品加标回收率在92%~105%间,RSD在1.5%~6.6%间。结论该方法能满足鱼胶样品多种金属元素的同时测定,样品消解彻底,操作简单快速,谱线干扰少,灵敏度准确度高,线性范围宽。     

厌氧/吹脱/SBBR工艺处理城市污泥压滤废水

介绍了厌氧/吹脱/SBBR组合工艺在处理高氨氮城市污泥压滤废水中的应用。实践结果表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,在进水COD浓度为1 500~3 000 mg/L、NH3-N浓度为450~600 mg/L时,对COD的去除率最高可达95%,对NH3-N的去除率可高达99%,出水COD浓度为100~150 mg/L,氨氮浓度为1.5~5.0 mg/L,出水水质满足附近污水处理厂接收标准。     

海水淡化后处理——除硼技术的进展

目前经反渗透淡化后的海水直接用于饮用和灌溉还存在着一些潜在的问题，其中硼含量过高越来越受到人们的重视．由于硼含量高会对人体的神经和生殖系统产生危害，也直接影响到植物的生长以及动物的发育，世界卫生组织（WHO）规定饮用水中硼含量不得高于0．3mg／L；其次，硼在土壤中富集会对土壤造成危害。     

Building,Thinking, and Politics: Mies,Heidegger, and the Nazis

The Djoser funerary complex was meant to be a house for a god and a metaphor for the sky. Today, it is usually understood that this original work of classical architecture is a vacant house of stone “from which the gods have fled.”

This difference does not have to be understood as a further sign of an irrecoverable loss of meaning. It is a historical doubling of meaning, or a duplicity. This article explores the duplicity of meaning of the Djoser complex by comparing references to architecture in the Pyramid Texts with texts of contemporary criticism, in particular, “The Pit and the Pyramid” by Jacques Derrida.     

Browsing, Bouncing, Murdering, and Mooring

This paper presents the theoretical context and results of an advanced research seminar, Visualizing Information in Space, Time, and Motion , that explores the production of space with respect to the spatial inhabitation of our built environment, strategies of representation, and the research, analysis, synthesis, and construction of notation communicating perceived aspects of space, time, and motion.     

山水城林，南京

仲德崐：《中外建渤杂志每一期围绕一个城市做一个主题,以座谈的形式谈论城市、谈论建筑、谈论文化,我是受杂志社的委托来召开这次关于我们南京城市的论坛。今天我们论坛的主题是“山水城林,南京论建”,“建”非宝剑的“剑”,而是建设的“建”,如果是宝剑的“剑”,那么就有武林大会的意思了。我们请了南京各领域的专家,有规划方面、建筑方面、风景园林方面,还有一些不可缺少的文化人。我始终有一个观点,认为一个城市的建设绝对不仅仅是建设一个物质环境,而是一个文化的氛围。我记得沙里宁曾经讲过一句话,“让我看看你的城市,我就知道这个城市的人民在追求着什么”。     

Continuity,Criticality, and Change

Abstract

This article reconsiders a joint seminar and studio that studied how an expanded vision of site and culture influences architectural production. The Barnes Foundation controversy provided a vehicle for this study. The Barnes is a private, world-renowned collection of art situated in an unlikely suburban Philadelphia neighborhood. Arguing that its current home was untenable, in 2002 the foundation announced plans to relocate—a move that runs counter to its founding charter, which bars any change to the collection, its content, or its location. Against a background of continued public protest and legal appeals, the Barnes decision prompts myriad vexing questions that are valuable for consideration in architectural education. Chief among these: is replication a valid, meaningful, or sufficient way to preserve cultural value, and if so, how?     

空间·感知·想象

<正>1入口:山与墙那日下午,在微园的对谈,李兴钢议及微园的入口山面,语多赞誉,立面两幅山墙,在几组卧石之后,一高一低,一黑一白,李兴钢以为,卧石虽巨,尚不足以形成山势,背景中的黑白两幅坡顶山面,为微园的建筑外观,勾勒出城市视角的山形背景。沿着这条山墙如山的如画观法,我大致还能接续—葛明以青砖履面的山墙,高耸而色深,以粉壁而白的山面,低缓而色浅,葛明利用砖墙包裹的空腔,使得南部高深的山面,稍凸于北部的远白山面,若按从城市进入微园的常规视     

Landscapes, tourism, and conservation

One key aspect of global change is a decrease in ecological integrity as more and more landscapes are developed, leaving a mosaic of intact refuges and degraded patches that may not be sufficient for conserving biodiversity. While increases in human population and shifts in the distribution of people affect land use, the temporary movement of people can have major implications for conservation and biodiversity. Three examples are presented where recreation/tourism can enhance the conservation of land on a landscape scale, leading to habitat protection and biodiversity preservation: (1) Shorebirds often require a matrix of different habitat types during migratory stopovers, and ecotourism can serve as a catalyst for landscape scale protection of habitat. (2) Riparian habitats can serve as corridors to link diverse habitat patches, as well as serving as biodiversity hotspots. (3) Remediation and rehabilitation of contaminated lands, such as those of the US Department of Energy, aimed at developing recreational activities on the uncontaminated portions, can be the most economical form of re-development with no increase in human or ecological risk. Since large areas on many DOE sites have been undisturbed since the Second World War, when they were acquired, they contain unique or valuable ecosystems that serve an important role within their regional landscapes. In all three cases the judicious development of recreational/tourist interests can encourage both the conservation of habitats and the wise management of habitats on a landscape scale. While some species or habitats are too fragile for sustained tourism, many can be managed so that species, ecosystems and ecotourists flourish. By contributing to the economic base of regions, ecotourists/recreationists can influence the protection of land and biodiversity on a landscape scale, contributing to ecosystem management. The human dimensions of land preservation and biodiversity protection are key to long-term sustainability, and ecotourists/recreationists can be one management option.     

自然、保护与土地

半年前带学生苏州实习,有机会再次到城西北的虎丘,据说在远古时代原本是海湾中时隐时现的孤丘,称海涌山,经历代持久地营建而成名胜。过山门海涌流晖、大吴胜壤,经拥翠山庄、憨憨泉,过流纹岩的千人坐和白莲池,沿剑池风壑云泉上双井桥,到隐喻海浪如雪的雪浪亭后登顶见云岩寺塔,30 m高的小山竟迂回曲折,气象磅礴,穿越了春秋至今2000年的时光,让人由衷赞叹人工之美入天然的风景魅力。