热解炭结构对C/C复合材料热物理性能影响

炭布叠层为预制体，采用等温CVI工艺制备出炭/炭（C/C）复合材料。通过调节丙烯与氢气的比例得到热解炭结构分别为粗糙层（RL），光滑层（SL），各向同性（ISO）的三种C/C复合材料，研究了热解炭组织结构对C/C复合材料热导率的影响，讨论了C/C复合材料的导热机理。结果表明：RL织构C/C复合材料的热导率无论是在平行方向还是在垂直方向上都明显高于SL和ISO织构C/C复合材料，在两个方向上，RL织构C/C复合材料的最大热导率比SL织构C/C复合材料分别大41.0%和31.7%，是ISO织构C/C复合材料的2倍多，且3种C/C复合材料的热导率随温度的升高呈现不同的变化趋势。     

C/C复合材料导热性能的比较研究

选择了三种不同基体炭为主体,经成型、炭化与浸渍制备的样品为对象,采用扫描电镜(SEM),XRD和热导率测定等分析手段,分别研究了石墨化前后C/C复合材料的微观结构形态及导热性能变化.结果表明,炭化样品的视密度为1.61g/cm3～1.70g/cm3,石墨化度较低,且热导率较小.以D8μm单束丝经两维编制的样品呈现出整齐排列,热传导各向异性比为4.7倍.采用非编制纤维束黏结压制成型的样品以及石墨粉压制成型的样品,其导热性能在两维方向上表现为各向同性.2 700℃石墨化后样品的视密度在1.61g/cm3～1.69g/cm3,没有显著变化.热导率随石墨化度提高而增大,最大增幅达到石墨化前的15倍.单束丝样品热传导各向异性比从4.7扩大到6.3.非编制纤维束黏结压制成型样品的导热性仍保持各向同性,径向为222.27W/(m.K),轴向为243.40W/(m.K);此外,在室温～300℃范围内,2 700℃石墨化后C/C复合材料的热导率均随温度升高呈现出不同程度的下降趋势.     

炭/炭复合材料致密化工艺研究现状

综述了炭/炭复合材料制备过程中所采用致密化工艺的研究现状,详细分析了液相浸渍和化学气相渗积(CVI)的工艺原理。液相浸渍工艺需要进行多次反复浸渍,较为繁杂;等温CVI工艺简单、产品性能稳定,但制备周期长、效率较低。在此基础上发展了强制流动热梯度CVI、感应加热梯度快速致密化技术、等离子体增强CVI、直热式化学气相渗积法(HCVI)等工艺,本文同时对这些工艺的原理及优缺点进行了阐述。     

炭/炭复合材料的热物理性能

综述了炭／炭复合材料的热物理性能及其影响因素。炭／炭复合材料热导率的大小由炭纤维的类型、取向、体积分数以及基体的结构类型决定，热处理工艺也对它有很大的影响。炭／炭复合材料的热导率随温度升高一般先升高后降低。炭／炭复合材料在低温时具有负热膨胀系数，影响其这一性能的因素除了坯体结构和基体     

MPCF增强的C/C复合材料及其在高超音速飞行器的应用

介绍了中间相沥青基碳纤维(MPCF)增强的碳/碳(C/C)复合材料在美国的研制及其在高超音速飞行器上应用概况。MPCF非均衡织物结构可实现2D-C/C复合材料单方向更高的热导率,K321 MPCF增强4∶1结构2D-C/C可达到X向室温368 W/(m˙K)的热导率。P30X MPCF 3∶1非均衡织物、转化法Si C及化学气相沉积Si C和HfC 3层涂层结构C/C复合材料用于X-43A马赫数(Ma)10飞行器C/C鼻锥部件,实现了2 200℃的临近空间环境中高超音速零氧化烧蚀。MER公司研制Ma 10飞行器鼻锥C/C时织物预处理温度是2 500℃,采用沥青碳和酚醛碳混合基体致密,C/C复合材料最终石墨化温度是2 800~3 000℃。     

提高炭／陶复合材料热导率的研究（一）

以煅烧石油焦为基体原料，配入一定量的陶瓷粉末和粘接剂，经长时间混合球磨，利用热压工艺研制出C／B4C、C／Ti、C／B4C／Ti及C／B4C／Ti／Si四种炭／陶复合材料，并描述了不同的原料配比对材料热导率的影响。     

炭/炭复合材料CVI致密化影响因素的研究

致密化工艺是C/C复合材料制备的关键,其直接决定材料的性能。重点综述了CVI工艺因素如滞留时间、气体分压、沉积温度和时间对致密化的影响,简要介绍了从传统CVI法发展起来的改进的CVI法、预制体结构对致密化的影响。对上述致密化影响因素进行评述的同时,提出了目前这种通过改善工艺参数来提高致密化效果的方法所存在的问题,指出了未来应重点努力的方向。     

限域变温强制流动CVI工艺制备C／C复合材料的组织及力学性能特点研究

分析了采用限域变温强制流动CVI工艺制备C/C复合材料的组织及力学性能的特点,结合C/C复合材料的组织形成规律和组织对性能的影响规律,详细研究了在同一工艺条件下所获得的具有不同组织和不同力学性能的C/C复合材料的力学性能及组织分布规律,并从微观组织结构的角度对力学性能的变化规律给予解释。     

C/C多孔体对C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和弯曲性能的影响

以4种纤维含量相同(32%,体积分数,下同),用化学气相渗透(chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)法制备了4种密度的碳纤维增强碳(carbon fiber reinforced carbon,C/C)多孔体,基体炭含量约20%～50%.利用液相渗硅法(liquid silicon infiltration,LSI)制备了C/C-SiC复合材料,研究了C/C多孔体对所制备的C/C-SiC复合材料微观结构和弯曲性能的影响.结果表明:不同密度的C/C多孔体反应渗硅后,复合材料的物相组成均为SiC,C及单质Si;随着C/C多孔体中基体炭含量的增加,C/C-SiC复合材料中SiC含量逐渐减少而热解炭含量逐渐增加.C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度随着材料中残留热解炭含量增加而逐渐增加,热解炭含量为约42%的C/C多孔体所制备的C/C-SiC复合材料的弯曲强度最大,达到320 MPa.     

炭／炭复合材料等温CVI工艺计算机模拟的应用

评述了计算机模拟技术在炭/炭复合材料制备工艺中的应用,主要论述了在模拟等温CVI工艺中经常使用的单孔模型、孔隙模型和有限差分模型,分析了单孔模型在模拟微观过程的应用,孔隙模型和有限差分模型根据预制体的几何形状和结构特征选用的理论依据和可行性,并在此基础上对该领域的发展提出了若干建议.     

Etherification of C5- and C8-Alkenes with C1- to C4-Alcohols

Etherification of two alkenes, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, was studied with seven different C₁- to C₄-alcohols. Although etherification was of primary interest, the isomerisation of the alkenes was the main reaction to occur. For the primary alcohols the etherification and isomerisation rates correlated well with the properties of the alcohols. Both rates increased with decreasing polarity and with increasing carbon number, acidity and Mulliken charge of the oxygen atom of the alcohol. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of each property separately, and probably the differences in the reactivities are not due to any one property alone but rather the synergy of the properties affects the reactivities. The secondary alcohols behaved in a different way than the primary ones: the etherification was almost negligible. The effect of alcohol on the isomerisation of alkenes was notable even though alcohol does not directly react in the reaction, which was concluded to be due to the stronger adsorption of the more polar alcohols which hinders the reactions of other components.     

Hydrogenation of C=C and C=O groups on ruthenium-tin catalysts

The effect of addition of tin on the catalytic activity of Ru/C catalysts has been investigated in the liquid phase hydrogenation of -methylstyrene and hydrocinnamaldehyde. On increasing the Sn content, the amount of CO chemisorbed decreases, indicating a decrease in the number of Ru surface atoms. In the hydrogenation of -methylstyrene the specific activity of Ru (calculated per Ru surface atom) remains constant regardless of the Sn/Ru ratio. An increase of specific activity is however observed in the hydrogenation of hydrocinnamaldehyde. It is suggested that tin, present mainly as Sn ions, enhances the reactivity of the C=O group.     

Phosphorus-Containing Surfactants - Sodium Alkylphosphinates with Alkyl Chain C10, C12, C14 and C16

A group of not well known anionic phosphorus-containing surfactants have been obtained. In these surfactants the hydrophobic chain is directly linked to the phosphorus atom through a P-C bond. These products are alkylphosphinates with C10, C12, C14 and C16 alkylic chains. The products have been prepared by direct reaction between sodium hydrophosphite and the corresponding α-olefin, using tert-butyl perbenzoate as reaction initiator. Surfactants properties such as surface tension, foaming power and wetting power of the sodium and ammonium salts of all these alkylphosphinates have been measured.     

XJF-200C/150C/120C三复合挤出生产线的调试

本文介绍了北京首创轮胎公司新建工厂三复合冷喂料挤出生产线的调试情况,对三复合冷喂料挤出机基本结构、工艺特点做了概述,并且通过生产线出型胎面调试过程中遇到的问题,采取相应措施进行解决做了详细说明,通过近两年来的运行情况,总结出本生产线的使用优势。     

Electrical properties of C/C and C/C-SiC ceramic fibre composites

The electrical properties of carbon/carbon (C/C) and carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) ceramic composites were measured. The results show that the capacitance decreases rapidly with an increase in frequency and it becomes constant above a frequency of 500 kHz, whereas the dissipation factor increases with increasing frequency. C/C-SiC composites give higher value than C/C composites due to the presence of microcracks.     

Pt/C,Pd/C,Pd-Bi/C催化剂的应用研究

采用浸渍法制备 Pt/C,Pd/C和 Pd- Bi/C催化剂。将三种催化剂对葡萄糖的脱氢和加氧氧化两种反应的催化效果作对比研究 ,发现三种催化剂对这两个反应有着完全相反的催化顺序 :催化脱氢时 Pt/C效率最高 ,而加氧反应中 Pd- Bi/C却具有绝对优势。为解释此结果 ,结合催化剂的表征 [2 ] ,尝试提出了催化加氧和脱氢的机理 ,并确定了 Pd- Bi/C催化剂中的最佳 Bi/Pd比和两种催化反应的最佳工艺条件。实验结论 :Pt/C用于葡萄糖催化脱氢为可行的工业化途径 ,而 Pd- Bi/C对葡萄糖的催化加氧则具有挑战酶催化过程的能力 ,有一定的市场应用前景     

炭/炭复合材料航空电刷的制备

分别用厚度为2cm的炭毡和1k炭布(2D)叠层加纵向穿刺作预制体,用软化点为140℃的中温沥青作浸渍剂,经过160℃、0.3MPa浸渍、900℃碳化、2100℃石墨化和460℃、20MPa超高压致密化等工艺的循环处理,制备了纤维体积分数为45%,体积密度为1.85～1.73g·cm-3的炭/炭复合材料航空电刷。其电学性能与优质石墨电刷相当;力学性能和摩擦性能远优于优质石墨电刷,且炭毡作预制体更优于炭布作预制体。     

Interfacial shear strength of C/C composites

Fiber-bundle push-out, single-fiber push-in, and single-fiber push-out tests were conducted in order to examine the applicability of these methods for determining the interfacial shear strength of carbon-carbon composites. The fiber-bundle push-out test resulted mostly in fractures along the fiber/matrix interface but created a small amount of fractures in the matrix. Hence, the evaluated strength was regarded as an approximate value. In order to precisely evaluate the interfacial strength, push-in and push-out tests for a single fiber were performed using a micro-Vickers indentation tester. In these tests, the load has to be placed within a target fiber, and the indentation should not extend to the matrix. This condition restricted the load that could be applied to a carbon fiber. Within this limit, a single carbon fiber could not be pushed-in. For the sake of load reduction, single-fiber push-out tests were conducted using thin specimens. The thickness appropriate for a single-fiber push-out specimen was estimated based on the interfacial shear strength obtained by the bundle push-out tests. Below this thickness, single-fiber push-out tests could be successfully performed.     

高性能C/C复合材料制备工艺研究

对制备C/C复合材料的化学气相渗透工艺进行了系统的实验研究,着重分析了热解碳的沉积过程。研究表明,在化学气相渗透的初始阶段,热解碳主要在碳纤维表面沉积,并与碳纤维之间形成了界面结合;随后,热解碳的沉积继续填充碳纤维预制体内部的气孔。这一过程有助于缓解纤维与陶瓷基体之间的界面应力。研究表明,通过调节热解碳的沉积时间可以得到具有一定密度梯度的C/C复合材料。     

C／C镜筒复合材料的性能研究

镜筒是高分辨率光学望远镜中的重要零件,其选材和加工质量的好坏及刚度直接决定着最终产品的性能。本试验研究了所研制C／C镜筒复合材料的力学、热学性能,分析了体积密度、炭纤维角度变化以及最终工艺状态对c／c复合材料热膨胀系数的影响。研制的C／C复合材料试验件环向拉伸强度≥160MPa,-40E～60℃线膨胀系数仅为-0．09×10^-6 ／K,在满足各项性能指标要求的基础上,成功通过正弦、脉冲振动、动力冲击、真空出气性、光反射等一系列试验考核。