Spectral Properties and Upconversion Luminescence of Er^3＋, yb^3＋： BaWO4 Crystal

The optical quality of Er^3＋, yb^3＋： BaWO4 crystal was gown by Czochralski method. Absorption spectra were measured and energy levels were assigned. According to Judd-Ofelt theory, the spectral strength parameters of Er^3＋ ion were fitted to beΩ2 =0.3926 x 10^-20 cm^2, Ω4 =0.0721×10^-20 cm^2, Ω6 =0.0028 ×10.20 cm^2. Emission peaks centered at around 523,544 and 670 nm were observed under 334 nm He-Cd laser excitation and emission peaks centered at 1001 and 1534 nm were detected under 976 nm laser excitation. Strong green emission was also observed when the crystal was pumped with 808 nm and 976 nm laser. The mechanisms of frequency upconversion and sensitization were analyzed.     

Dependence of Temperature on Upconversion Emission of YLiF4 ：Er3 ＋

Intense upconversion emissions of YLiF4 : Er3 synthesized by hydrothermal method were obtained. The upconversion intensity decreases with the increase of environment temperature. In different temperature, the upconversion mechanism is different. At room temperature, the green upconversion meehanism is the combination of two-photon process and three-photon process, and the red upconversion mechanism is two-nhoton process.     

Enhanced ultraviolet upconversion in YF3：Yb^3＋/Tm^3＋ nanocrystals

Unusual intense infrared-to-ultraviolet upconversion luminescence was observed in YF3:Yb3+(20%)/Tm3+(1%) nanocrystals under 980 nm excitation. The intense ultraviolet emissions (1I6→3H6, 1I6→3F4, and 1D2→3H6) were affirmed arising from the excitation processes of five-photon and four-photon. In comparison with the bulk sample with the same chemical compositions, ultraviolet upconversion lumi-nescence of the nanocrystals was markedly enhanced. Spectral analysis indicated that the enhancement was attributed to the decrease of Judd-Ofelt parameter Ω2, which precluded the transition rate from 3F2 to 3F4, enhanced the energy transfer process and populated the 1D2 level: 3F2→3H6 (Tm3+): 3H4→1D2 (Tm3+).     

EXAFS study of cation reordering in NaYF4：Yb3＋,Tb3＋ up-conversion luminescence materials

The NaYF4：yb3＋,Tb3＋ （Xyb： 0.20, XTb： 0.04） materials were prepared using the co-precipitation method, lne as-preparea material was washed either with or without water in addition to ethanol and thereafter annealed for 5 h at 500℃. This resulted in materials with moderate or very high up-conversion luminescence intensity, respectively. The structural study carried out with X-ray powder diffraction revealed microstrains in the rare earth （R） sublattice that were relaxed for the material with very high up-conversion intensity thus decreasing energy losses. The local structural details were investigated with R LⅢ and Y K edge ex- tended X-ray absorption fine structure （EXAFS） using synchrotron radiation. Around 10 tool.% of the Yb3＋ ions were found to occupy the Na site in the material with very high up-conversion intensity. These Yb species formed clusters with the Tb3＋ ions occupying the regular Na/R sites. Such clustering enhanced the energy transfer between Yb3＋ and Tb3＋ thus intensifying the up-conversion emission.     

Upconversion emission of SrYbF5：Er3＋nanosheets modified by Tm3＋ions

Through a hydrothermal route, the Er3＋and Tm3＋co-doped SrYbF5 nanosheets were synthesized. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and luminescence spec-tra. Under the excitation of 980 nm laser irradiation, the upconversion emissions of Tm3＋ions centered at 474 nm （1G4→3H6）, 679 nm （3F2→3H6）, 699 nm （3F3→3H6）, 803 nm （3H4→3H6） and emissions of Er3＋ions centered at 522 nm （2H11/2→4I15/2）, 543 nm （4S3/2→4I15/2）, 654 nm （4F9/2→4I15/2） were observed. The upconversion emissions of Er3＋ions were adjusted by the concentration of Tm3＋ions. The energy transfer mechanisms among Er3＋-Yb3＋-Tm3＋in SrYbF5 nanosheets were discussed.     

NaYF4∶Yb,Er材料的制备及其上转换发光性能

通过沉淀法制备Yb3+和Er3+共掺的NaYF4上转换发光材料,考察了主要制备工艺条件对材料上转换发光性能的影响,并探讨了其上转换发光的机理.利用x射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、荧光光谱仪对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Yb3+和Er3+的掺杂浓度分别15％(摩尔分数,下同)、3％,焙烧温度为600℃时可得到发光性能较好的六方相NaYF4∶Yb,Er上转换材料,其主要上转换途径是Yb3+和Er3+之间的能量转移,且Er3+的红、绿光发射均为双光子过程.     

Upconversion luminescence of KGd（MoO_4）_2：Er~（3＋）,Yb~（3＋） powder prepared by Pechini method

Er3+ doped potassium gadolinium molybdate (KGM) phosphor with sensitizer Yb3+ ion was synthesized by the Pechini method using citric acid and ethylene glycol. The crystallization processes of the phosphor precursors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), which indicated that ultrafine uniform crystallites of KGM:Er,Yb were obtained by sintering the precursors at above 650 ℃ for 5 h. Upconversion luminescence (UL) spectra of the samples ...     

Synthesis and upconversion luminescence properties of NaYF4：yb^3＋/Er^3＋ microspheres

Cubic NaYF4:yb3+(20%)/Er3+(1%) microspheres were synthesized by EDTA-assisted hydrothermal method. Under 980 nm exci-tation, ultraviolet (4G11/2→4I15/2), violet (2H9/2→4I15/2), grogn (4F7/2→4I15/2, 2H11/2→4I15/2, and 4S3/2→4I15/2), and red (4F9/2→4I15/2) upconversion fluorescence were observed. The number of laser photons absorbed in one upconversion excitation process, n, was determined to be 3.89, 1.61, 2.55, and 1.09 for the ultraviolet, violet, green, and red emissions, respectively. Obviously, n=3.89 indicated that a four-photon process was involved in populating the 4G11/2 state, and n=2.55 indicated that a three-photon process was involved in populating the 4F7/2/2H<11/2>4S3/2 levels. For the violet and red emissions, the population of the states 2H9/2 and 4F9/2 separately came from three-photon and two-photon proc-esses. The decrease of n was well explained by the mechanism of competition between linear decay and upconversion processes for the de-pletion of the intermediate excited states.     

NaYF4:Yb,Er材料的制备及其上转换发光性能

通过沉淀法制备Yb3+和Er3+共掺的NaYF4上转换发光材料,考察了主要制备工艺条件对材料上转换发光性能的影响,并探讨了其上转换发光的机理。利用x射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、荧光光谱仪对样品进行了表征。结果表明,Yb3+和Er3+的掺杂浓度分别15%(摩尔分数,下同)、3%,焙烧温度为600℃时可得到发光性能较好的六方相NaYF4:Yb,Er上转换材料,其主要上转换途径是Yb3+和Er3+之间的能量转移,且Er3+的红、绿光发射均为双光子过程。     

Preparation and upconversion luminescence of YAG（Y3Al5O12）：Yb^3＋,Ho^3＋ nanocrystals

Cubic YAG: Yb3+, Ho3+ pure phase nanocrystals were synthesized by using coprecipition nitrate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate as raw materials. After calcining the precipitates at 800 ℃, the resultant YAG: Yb3+, Ho3+ nanocrystals were nearly spheric and the particle size was about 40 nm. Intense upconversion spectra were observed on the powder compact pumped by a 980 nm continuous wave diode laser, and green emission centered at 549 nm, red emission centered at 667 nm, and NIR centered at 760 nm were all due to two photons process, which originated from 5S2 (5F4)→5I8, 5F5→5I8, and 5S2 (5F4)→5I7 transitions, respectively.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of SrF2：yb^3＋/Er^3＋ micro-/nanocrystals with multiform morphologies and upconversion properties

Micro-and nanocrystals cubic-phase SrF2:Yb3+/Er3+ upconversion luminescence phosphors were synthesized via a facile hydro-thermal route in the presence of different surfactants.The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier transform infra-red spectra (FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),and upconversion emission spectra.As-prepared products showed a variety of morphologies,such as cubic-shaped microcrystal,hierarchical structure microspheres...     

Phase-, shape- and size-controlled synthesis of NaYF4：Yb3＋,Er3＋ nanoparticles using rare-earth acetate precursors

Hexagonal-phase NaYF4：Yb3＋,Er3＋ upconversion nanoparticles（UCNPs） with a uniform size distribution were synthesized using rare-earth acetates as precursors. The effects of reaction temperature and time on the phase transition process of the UCNPs were systematically studied. Based on the evolution of particle morphology and phase with temperature and time, it could be concluded that the transition from cubic phase to hexagonal phase for NaYF4：Yb3＋,Er3＋ UCNPs was consistent with a dissolution/recrystallization process. In addition, the shape and size of the UCNPs could be controlled by adjusting the solvent ratio and the precursor ratio, respectively.     

Combustion synthesis and upconversion luminescence of CaSc_2O_4：Yb~（3＋）,Er~（3＋） nanopowders

Novel up-conversion (UC) luminescent nano-powders, CaSc2O4:Yb3+:Er3+ were prepared with a combustion method at an ignition temperature as low as 200 oC. The CaSc2O4:Yb3+,Er3+ nano-powder had an orthorhombic CaFe2O4-type structure, and showed sphere-like morphology with an average diameter of about 30 nm. It gave strong green (525, 552 nm) and red (652-674 nm) up-conversion luminescence due to the 2H11/2→4I15/2, 4S3/2→4I15/2 and 4F9/2→4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ under a 980 nm semiconductor laser excitation a...     

水溶性NaYF4：Yb，Er上转换发光纳米粒子的可控合成与发光性能研究

采用溶剂热法合成出尺寸小于30 nm的NaYF4：Yb, Er上转换纳米晶,用柠檬酸（CA）做表面活性剂使得产物具有良好的水溶性。实验探索得出NaOH或者CA的加入量能够调节溶液中能与稀土离子络合的有效配位基团-COO-的浓度,进而影响NaYF4从立方相到六方相的相变过程、实现产物形貌的控制和上转换发光性能的调变。逐渐提高NaOH的加入量,产物从30 nm的α-NaYF4：Yb, Er纳米粒子转变为尺寸300 nm 的β-NaYF4：Yb, Er 微球。提高CA 的加入量同样会促进β-NaYF4：Yb, Er微球的形成。还研究上述不同合成条件下,不同形貌结构的产物的上转换发光性能。     

Optimization of synthesis of upconversion luminescence material NaYF4：Er^3＋,yb^3＋ nanometer-phosphor by low-temperature combustion synthesis method

A kind of Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped natrium yttrium fluoride nanometer-phosphor sensitive to 980 nm was synthesized by the low-temperature combustion synthesis method, which expanded the application range of the low-temperature combustion synthesis (LCS) method which is always used in the synthesis of oxides and compound oxides. The synthesis conditions were optimized with orthogonal experiments and the optimum technological parameters were obtained. Intense upconversion emissions at 522, 540 and 653 nm corresponding to the 2H11/2, 4S3/2, and 4F9/2 transitions to the 4I15/2 ground state were observed when excited by continuous wavelength (CW) laser radiation at 980 nm. The effect of the carbamide amount on the phase formation and the luminescence intensity was analyzed. The average particle size of the sample was 30-40 nm.     

Green up-conversion luminescence in Yb^3＋-Pr^3＋ co-doped BaRE2ZnO5（RE=Y,Gd）

Yb3＋and Pr3＋co-doped BaRE2 ZnO5（RE=Y,Gd） up-conversion（UC） phosphors were successfully synthesized by a modified sol-gel method.The processing parameters and optimal concentration of Pr3＋and Yb3＋were determined.The structures and luminescent properties of samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD） and photoluminescence spectra（PL）.With the excitation of 980 nm laser diode,UC spectra showed five prominent emission bands centered at 484,514,546,656 and 670 nm,which were attributed to the1I6 →3H4,3P1 →3H4,3P0 →3H5,3P0 →3F2 and3P0 →3F3 transitions of Pr3＋,respectively.In the light of the pump power dependence,the possible UC mechanism in Yb3＋and Pr3＋co-doped BaRE2 ZnO5（RE=Y,Gd） was proposed and discussed.     

NaYF4: Yb,Er@SiO2的高温相变及上转换

通过固-液热分解法合成平均尺寸为27 nm的六方相NaYF₄: Yb, Er上转换纳米晶。制备了NaYF₄: Yb, Er@SiO₂核壳纳米粒子, 壳层厚度约为8 nm。将NaYF₄: Yb, Er@SiO₂分别在不同高温下焙烧3 h, 发现600 ℃下产物物相未发生变化, 但向非晶态过渡; 700、800 ℃下NaYF₄内核与SiO₂壳层发生化学反应, 产物物相均转变为NaYSiO₄。样品均用980 nm红外激光进行激发, 显示出强烈的可见光上转换发射。以初始NaYF₄: Yb, Er@SiO₂的上转换发光强度为对比样, 随着焙烧温度的升高, 样品的发光强度依次提高。这与理论上低声子能量的氟化物发光强度更高不符, 可能原因是高温处理后样品去除了部分晶格缺陷和有机杂质。      

Raman spectra of RE2O3 （RE=Eu,Gd, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, Yb,Lu, Sc and Y）：laser-excited luminescence and trace impurity analysis

Raman spectra of a series of cubic rare earth sesquioxides RE2O3 （RE=Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc and Y） were investigated by Raman spectroscopy with both 532 and 785 nm laser lines. Abundant additional bands due to laser-excited lumines-cence were observed. For Eu2O3, Dy2O3, Ho2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3 and Yb2O3, the luminescence mainly came from the intrinsic trivalent lanthanide ions, while for Gd2O3, Lu2O3, Sc2O3 and Y2O3, their luminescence were attributed to the trace impurities of other lumines-cent lanthanide ions such as Eu3＋, Nd3＋and Er3＋. This investigation confirmed Raman spectroscopy as a useful tool for detecting trace luminescent lanthanide impurities.     

Synthesis and luminescence in LiMgPO4：Tb,Sm,B phosphors with possible app？lications in real-time dosimetry

The objective of this work was to develop possible materials for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetric applications in real-time measurement. A novel material of LiMgPO₄:Tb,Sm,B was prepared by solid-state diffusion method at 900 °C. The structure and optical properties of these phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence spectrophotometer, and OSL reader. The results showed that the full discrimination between the stimulation and emission spectra made them very fit for the optic-fibre dosimetry. The OSL vs. dose response was linear in the dose range of 0.1 to 216 Gy. It also showed a significant improvement in the stimulation time compared with LiMgPO₄:Tb,B. Hence, the phosphor could be used in the real-time dosimeter based on the OSL technology for medical monitoring as well as for environmental dosimetry and space dosimetry.