用电沉积法制备非晶态镍磷合金的工艺研究

为了获得高性能的镍磷合金镀层,对次磷酸盐-镍盐体系电沉积法制备非晶态镍磷合金的工艺以及镀层性能进行了研究.进行了7因素3水平的正交试验,试验因素分别为:温度、电流密度、pH值、硫酸镍浓度、氯化镍浓度、磷酸浓度、次磷酸钠浓度.结果表明,获得最佳耐腐蚀镀层的工艺条件为:150 g/L 磷酸镍,电流密度4 A/dm2,pH=2,温度68 ℃,11 g/L 氯化镍,7 g/L 次磷酸钠,45 mL/L 磷酸.获得最佳硬度镀层的工艺条件为:温度 68 ℃,150 g/L 硫酸镍,pH=2.5,6 g/L 次磷酸钠,电流密度6 A/dm2,50 mL/L 磷酸,11 g/L 氯化镍.     

电沉积非晶态Ni-P合金工艺的优化

为了在亚磷酸-镍盐体系中获得工艺稳定、耐蚀性好、硬度高的非晶态Ni-P镀层,进行了7因素(温度、电流密度、pH值、硫酸镍浓度、氯化镍浓度、亚磷酸浓度、磷酸浓度)3水平正交试验.优选出制备最佳耐蚀性镀层的工艺条件为:10g/L亚磷酸,180g/L硫酸镍,50g/L氯化镍,45mL/L磷酸,pH值1.8,温度65℃,电流密度6 A/dm2;获得最佳镀层硬度的工艺条件为:40g/L氯化镍,10g/L亚磷酸,180g/L硫酸镍,45 mL/L磷酸,pH值2.2,温度65℃,电流密度6 A/dm2.分析了各因素对镀层耐蚀性和硬度的影响,结果表明,pH值和温度对镀层耐蚀性影响较大,而氯化镍和亚磷酸浓度对镀层硬度影响较大.     

羧甲基纤维素-壳聚糖双极膜的制备及其在电合成高铁酸盐中的应用

分别采用戊二醛和三价铁离子改性壳聚糖和羧甲基纤维素,制备了CS-CMC聚合物双极膜,并被用于电解法制备水处理剂高铁酸盐.经IR分析表明,该聚合物膜两极分别含有N CHR、—COO—官能团.CS-CMC双极膜的溶胀率较小,能稳定存在于浓酸、浓碱溶液中.在电极上迭加变频不对称脉冲方波可及时去除阳极表面的氧化膜.在14 mol/L的NaOH溶液中,室温下以5 mA/cm2的电流密度、脉冲方波频率2 Hz,电解6 h,电流效率平均为51.27%,高铁酸盐浓度达到37 mmol/L.     

膜电解硫酸钠再生酸的实验研究

研究膜电解硫酸钠再生酸试验中硫酸钠浓度、氢氧化钠浓度和温度对电解的影响,讨论了电解硫酸钠的阴极、阳极材料选择等膜电解的技术问题。在c(Na2SO4)=1·5mol/L,c(NaOH)=1·5mol/L时,铅合金为阳极、镍为阴极,膜电解硫酸钠的电流密度可以达500A/m2。     

影响Zn-Ni-P合金镀层中Ni和P含量的因素

为促进Zn-Ni-P合金电沉积层在汽车、造船、航空、电子等工业中的应用,研究了氯化物电镀Zn-Ni-P体系中各共沉积金属离子总浓度、镍锌离子摩尔比、H3PO3、Jc、pH值及温度等因素对镀层Ni和P含量的影响.试验得到的最佳条件:71 g/L氯化锌,101 g/L氯化镍,180 g/L氯化钾,30 g/L硼酸,15 g/L亚磷酸,电流密度2 A/dm2,pH值3.0,温度30℃.用5%NaCl溶液进行浸泡腐蚀试验,试验结果,Ni含量为13%～15%和P含量为0.7%～0.9%的Zn-Ni-P合金镀层的耐蚀性约为纯锌镀层的8倍.     

乙二醇溶剂中纳米镍的制备研究

采用乙二醇为溶剂在60℃恒温水浴中,碱性条件下,不加任何表面活性剂,用联氨还原氯化镍,制备了粒径小于10nm的球形镍粉,溶液中Ni2 的浓度可在0.04-0.1mol/L之间变化.考察了pH值、温度、N2H4·H2O与Ni2 的摩尔比、溶剂等对纳米镍粒径和反应时间的影响,通过改变条件,经XRD,TEM等检测手段进行表征,制备了粒径范围在10～100nm的球形镍.且反应时间和纳米镍粒径随各个反应条件的变化具有一定的相似性.     

双极膜电渗析解离NaCl清洁制备酸碱的实验研究

采用国产双极膜、均相阴、阳离子交换膜交替排列构成的三隔室双极膜电渗析(BMED)构型,以NaCl为原料制备NaOH和HCl.研究了电流密度、原料液浓度和电极液浓度对BMED操作性能的影响,并对两种不同的均相阳膜进行了对比考察.结果表明:在电流密度30mA/cm2,NaCl原料液浓度为1.5 mol/L的条件下,实验范围内NaOH的收率可达80.19%,其收率和能耗随电流密度的增大而增加;电流密度恒定时,较高的原料液浓度利于保持更小的膜堆电阻,过程能耗相应降低;本实验条件下,极室Na2SO4溶液在1%~2%的低浓度范围内时,过程运行效果较3%~4%的高浓度更优.采取进一步向原料室持续补充10%NaCl的操作时,5h后产品NaOH浓度可提高至10%左右,较间歇式操作时的4%水平有显著提高.     

可溶性阳极快速镍电刷镀工艺的优化

随着电刷镀技术的深入发展和广泛应用,对镀液的质量和性能要求越来越高,主要对可溶性阳极快速镍溶液的电刷镀溶液及工艺进行了优化,确定了最佳工艺:氯化镍 300 g/L,氯化钠 50 g/L,硼酸 30 g/L,添加剂 0.3 g/L,pH值4.0,电压8～10 V,电流密度 300～350 A/dm2,温度 40 ℃.该工艺提高了刷镀的可靠性和成功率.     

Zn-ZrO_2复合镀层的性能

复合镀层具有良好的性能,在氯化铵镀锌溶液中加入ZrO2,制备出了Zn-ZrO2复合镀层.讨论了阴极电流密度、镀液pH值对镀层中ZrO2含量的影响,采用扫描电镜对镀层的表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明:当阴极电流密度低于4 A/dm2时,镀层不存在ZrO2微粒,当阴极电流密度为10 A/dm2、pH值为2.5时,镀层中ZrO2的质量分数为2.47%;纯锌镀层晶粒粗大,晶粒间距较大,而Zn-ZrO2复合镀层不仅晶粒细小,平整,且组织均匀、致密;Zn-ZrO2复合镀层在5%NaCl溶液中比纯锌镀层具有更好的耐蚀性能,镀层与基体结合良好.     

纳米孪晶镍镀层制备工艺的正交设计优化

过去对采用脉冲电镀法制备纳米孪晶镍镀层研究较少.以镍镀层的耐腐蚀性能作为镀层性能的检测指标,应用正交试验设计优化了脉冲电镀工艺,制备出纳米孪晶镍镀层.结果表明:以主盐NiSO4·2H2O浓度为400 g/L,脉冲平均电流密度为1.5 A/dm2,占空比为20%制备的纳米孪晶镍镀层的耐腐蚀性能最好,维钝电流密度达到0.67 μA/cm2;镀层为纳米孪晶结构晶粒,尺寸为50～150 nm.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.