非对称周期结构中耦合波的传播特性

为了揭示周期结构中纵向波和弯曲波的耦合作用,设计了对称和非对称周期结构。考虑子结构中的纵向和弯曲耦合运动,利用导纳法和传递矩阵法,得到了周期单元的传递方程。由于结构中存在多种波的耦合作用,在求解周期单元的传播系数时将出现变态矩阵,采用波型分组法,求得了周期结构中多种波型的传播系数。推导了半无限长和有限长周期结构在纵向力、横向力和弯矩作用下的动态响应。数值计算结果表明,对称周期结构中纵向波和弯曲波的带隙结构相互独立;非对称周期结构中纵向波和弯曲波的耦合明显改变了两种波的带隙结构,只有在两种波阻带重叠的频段内结构上的振动响应才存在衰减。     

Pure magnetooptic diffraction and Kerr microscopy of periodic domain structures

The fabrication of a periodic domain structure in a ferromagnetic thin film is reported. This periodic domain structure is formed in a thin continuous magnetic film by coupling it to a periodic array of magnetic elements grown on top. When the array and the continuous film are exchange decoupled, magnetostatic interactions produce in the continuous layer a domain structure replica of the topographic pattern at selected field values. The present work reports a direct confirmation of this periodic domain structure in the flat continuous film by Kerr microscopy, which is responsible for the pure magnetooptic diffraction. The effect on the magnetization processes of oneand two-dimensional structures with different periodicities and dimensions is studied in detail and compared with micromagnetic simulations, for Co and Fe films.     

Finite-element simulation of wave propagation in periodic piezoelectric SAW structures

Many surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices consist of quasiperiodic structures that are designed by successive repetition of a base cell. The precise numerical simulation of such devices, including all physical effects, is currently beyond the capacity of high-end computation. Therefore, we have to restrict the numerical analysis to the periodic substructure. By using the finite-element method (FEM), this can be done by introducing periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) at special artificial boundaries. To be able to describe the complete dispersion behavior of waves, including damping effects, the PBC has to be able to model each mode that can be excited within the periodic structure. Therefore, the condition used for the PBCs must hold for each phase and amplitude difference existing at periodic boundaries. Based on the Floquet theorem, our two newly developed PBC algorithms allow the calculation of both, the phase and the amplitude coefficients of the wave. In the first part of this paper we describe the basic theory of the PBCs. Based on the FEM, we develop two different methods that deliver the same results but have totally different numerical properties and, therefore, allow the use of problem-adapted solvers. Further on, we show how to compute the charge distribution of periodic SAW structures with the aid of the new PBCs. In the second part, we compare the measured and simulated dispersion behavior of waves propagating on periodic SAW structures for two different piezoelectric substrates. Then we compare measured and simulated input admittances of structures similar to SAW resonators.     

Modeling light scattered from and transmitted through dielectric periodic structures on a substrate

Light scattering and transmission by rough surfaces are of considerable interest in a variety of applications including remote sensing and characterization of surfaces. In this work, the finite-difference time-domain technique is applied to calculate the scattered and transmitted electromagnetic fields of an infinite periodic rough surface. The elements of the Mueller matrix for scattered light are calculated by an integral of the near fields over a significant number of periods of the surface. The normalized Mueller matrix elements of the scattered light and the spatial distribution of the transmitted flux for a monolayer of micrometer-sized dielectric spheres on a silicon substrate are presented. The numerical results show that the nonzero Mueller matrix elements for scattering from a surface consisting of a monolayer of dielectric spheres on a silicon substrate have specific maxima at some scattering angles. These maxima may be used in the characterization of features of the surface. For light transmitted through the monolayer of spheres, our results show that the transmitted energy focuses around the ray passing through centers of the spheres. At other locations, the transmitted flux is very small. Therefore, micrometer-sized dielectric spheres might be placed on a semiconductor surface to burn nanometer-sized holes in a layer using laser pulses. The method may also be useful in the assembly of periodic microstructures on surfaces.     

Action from tunable periodic structures. II. Experimental observation of electric field-induced diffraction peaks

As previously predicted [Appl. Opt. 40, 5583 (2001)], we have now observed electric field-induced diffraction peaks in transmission and reflection experiments by use of a LiNbO3 sample with interdigital planar electrodes that serve as a diffraction grating. The magnitudes of the new peaks in the reflection experiments are ten times larger than those in the transmission experiments. We interpret these effects in terms of a field-induced refractive-index change produced by the linear electro-optic effect. The positive and negative changes in the refractive index produce two diffraction gratings that are period doubled with respect to the original grating and that have a phase difference between them. The superposition of the diffracted light from these gratings is shown to account for the new peaks. From the relative magnitude of the new peak to that of the central peak, we estimate the refractive-index change to be 0.004.     

Strain effect in single-crystal silicon-based multilayer surface acoustic wave structures

A method for calculating the characteristics of surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation in a deformable piezoelectric multilayer medium is presented. The effect of longitudinal and lateral mechanical strain on the SAW phase velocity in a (ZnO or AIN)/SiO₂/Si thin film structure for {001}, {111} and {110} silicon crystal planes within the temperature range 293–673 K is studied. The effects of thickness and internal mechanical stresses in the ZnO or A1N piezoelectric film and SiO₂ dielectric film on the sensitivity of the SAW phase velocity to strains in the structure are investigated. The Si{110}-based SAW structure with the SAW wavevector oriented in the 10 direction is shown to possess maximum operating frequency sensitivity to both longitudinal and lateral strain. The parameters of SAW structure stable to mechanical loads are determined. ZnO and SiO₂ layer deposition on silicon is shown to increase the SAW phase velocity sensitivity to longitudinal strain and to decrease its sensitivity to lateral strain in the structure.     

Hybrid finite-element/rigorous coupled wave analysis for scattering from three-dimensional doubly periodic structures

A new hybrid finite-element/rigorous coupled wave analysis formulation is presented for the modeling of electromagnetic wave interactions with doubly periodic structures. The structures under investigation are periodic in two dimensions and have a finite extent in the third dimension. The proposed model can handle structures that have material properties varying arbitrarily in any of the dimensions within the unit cell. Employment of Fourier series expansion and Floquet's theory in one of the periodic dimensions helps to reduce the dimension of the mesh. Results obtained from alternative methods are used to verify the proposed method's validity.     

Wideband design of nonreciprocal phase shift magneto-optical isolators using phase adjustment in Mach-Zehnder interferometers

A wideband design is proposed for nonreciprocal phase shift magneto-optical isolators based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The wavelength dependence of nonreciprocal phase difference between the backward waves propagating in two interferometer arms is compensated for by that of reciprocal phase difference. This is realized by introducing an appropriate phase bias in one of interferometer arms. Two design examples are presented with a backward loss of >30 dB in the wavelength range of 1.40-1.63 microm for a magnetic garnet waveguide isolator and of 1.485-1.630 microm for a Si-wire waveguide isolator.     

Extraordinary Hall effect in nanoscale nickel films

The extraordinary Hall effect was studied in 1 to 10nm thick nickel films prepared by radio-frequency diode sputtering (plasma) and electron-beam evaporation of Ni. The Hall resistance, R_H, does not reach saturation in fields up to 0.5 T in films that are not uniform while for uniform films, R_H saturates at 0.3 T. The films prepared by plasma sputtering showed a jump-like behavior of the extraordinary Hall coefficient, R_S, that is due to the presence of two phases—tetragonal (nonmagnetic) and face-centered cubic(fcc) (magnetic)—in the initial growth stage and subsequent phase transition of the tetragonal lattice to fcc at a film thickness of about 4 nm around which the extraordinary Hall coefficient R_S increases abruptly reaching its maximum. The films prepared by electron-beam evaporation consist only of the fcc phase and have a dome-like R_S dependence on film thickness.     

The theory of the boundary diffraction wave for wedge diffraction

A new potential function, line integration which gives the edge diffracted fields, is constructed for wedge diffraction by using the method of modified theory of physical optics. The surface integrals are transformed into line integrals by the technique of asymptotic reduction. As an application of the novel potential function, the diffracted field is obtained for the geometry of a wedge for arbitrary incidence of plane waves.     

Shape optimization of periodic structures

This paper describes a numerical approach to the optimization of effective properties of periodic perforations in an infinite body, in the frameworks of heat conduction and of linear elasticity. We implement a special finite element mesh in order to deal with the periodic nature of the problem. We compute the gradient of the functional to be minimized. We describe the process of mesh deformation and mesh regeneration. We give several numerical examples, some of them having practical relevance.     

The self-imaging effect in lensless holographic microscopy and its application in characterising periodic structures

A lensless holographic microscope was used to record a hologram of self-organised monolayers of micron-sized polystyrene spheres. By reconstructing the hologram digitally using a computer it was found that the original periodicity of the object produces planes of identical images, as well as planes that show reversed contrast images at separations predicted by the first-order approximation to the Talbot theory of the self-imaging effect. The performance of a compound light microscope is compared and contrasted with that of the holographic system, specifically examining the ability of the different systems to recover the distribution at the Talbot planes and to characterise properties of periodic structures. A theoretical model is developed and experimental results are presented.     

Magnetic wave propagation in a periodic medium

The propagation of magnetic waves in an infinite medium with a periodic dielectric constant is studied as a simplified example to evaluate the applications of periodic structures. Specifically, the use of those structures for filtering and distributed feedback is investigated, and a new scheme for the generation of magnetic waves using drifting charges and a distributed feedback configuration similar to DFB lasers is studied in some detail.     

Terahertz wave propagation in one-dimensional periodic dielectrics

We demonstrate the temporal evolution of terahertz (THz) wave propagation in one-dimensional periodic dielectrics. Distributed Bragg reflectors and a resonant cavity are investigated: The structures involve air gaps interleaved between polymer films. Transmitted and reflected broadband THz waves are measured by means of THz time-domain spectroscopy. The experimental results agree well with transfer matrix calculations.     

Group velocity effect on resonant, long-range wake-fields in slow wave structures

Synchronous wake-fields in a dispersive waveguide are derived in a general explicit form on the basis of a rigorous electro-dynamical approach using Fourier transformations. The fundamental role of group velocity in wake-field propagation, calculation of attenuation, amplitudes, form-factors and loss-factors is analyzed for single bunch radiation. Adiabatic tapering of the waveguide and bunch density variation is taken into account analytically for the time-domain fields. Effects of field “compression/expansion” and group delays are demonstrated. The role of these effects is discussed for single bunch wake-fields, transient beam loading, BBU and HOMs. A novel waveguide structure with central rf coupling and both positive and negative velocities is proposed. It can be used effectively in both high-energy accelerators and single-section linacs.     

Image reconstructions in diffraction tomography from limited transmitted field data sets

Diffraction tomography reconstructions of objects from limited transmitted field data sets are discussed together with theoretical analyses and results of numerical experiments. It is shown that limited data sets, representing only a small part of the complete data sets, can be used for reconstructions in diffraction tomography with satisfactory accuracy. We also find that, in diffraction tomography based on the hybrid filtered backpropagation and the first-Rytov approximation, the use of limited data sets can provide a larger range of validity than the use of complete data sets, the reason being that limited data sets pose less-severe phase-unwrapping problems.     

相变贮能材料节能效果的计算方法

对相变材料用量及节能效果进行了理论计算,所得结果具有指导意义.     

相变贮能材料节能效果的实验研究

设计、安装了一套节能效果测定实验装置,实验测得笔者研制的相变贮能材料节能效果显著.