Micromechanical investigation on size effect of tensile strength for recycled aggregate concrete using BFEM

In this paper, the validity and performance of base force element method (BFEM) based on potential energy principle was studied by some numerical examples. And the BFEM on damage mechanics is used to analyze the size effect on tensile strength for recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) at meso-level. The recycled aggregate concrete is taken as five-phase composites consisting of natural coarse aggregate, new mortar, new interfacial transition zone (ITZ), old mortar and old ITZ on meso-level. The random aggregate model is used to simulate the meso-structure of recycled aggregate concrete. The size effects of mechanical properties of RAC under uniaxial tensile loading are simulated using the BFEM on damage mechanics. The simulation results agree with the test results. This analysis method is the new way for investigating fracture mechanism and numerical simulation of mechanical properties for RAC.     

基于两相随机介质的混凝土破坏全过程模拟

通过两相随机介质对混凝土细观结构进行建模,给出了混凝土破坏全过程模拟。首先,为了反映混凝土水泥砂浆和骨料的随机分布,引入新近发展的两相介质随机场对混凝土进行建模。采用随机点集生成随机有限元与内聚单元,以考虑裂纹分布的随机性,形成混凝土材料破坏分析的数值模型。数值模拟给出了混凝土单轴受拉裂纹开展全过程。数值模拟结果表明:当骨料断裂能明显大于水泥砂浆断裂能时,采用两相随机介质,能够较好地描述在受拉状态下,混凝土裂纹主要产生于水泥砂浆及骨料以及水泥砂浆的界面处,较少骨料破坏,这一典型特征。最后,通过模拟所得的均匀化应力-应变关系与混凝土单轴受拉试验结果对比,进一步验证了该文所给出的两相随机介质模拟的正确性。     

Mesoscale modelling and analysis of damage and fragmentation of concrete slab under contact detonation

It is interesting and important for researchers to understand the damage process in order to reliably predict fragment distribution of concrete material under blast loading. In the present study, a mesoscale concrete model is developed to simulate the dynamic failure process of a concrete slab under contact detonation. In the mesoscale model, the concrete material is assumed to consist of two phases, that is, the high strength coarse aggregates and the low strength mortar matrix, randomly distributed in the structure components. Each coarse aggregate is assumed to be circular with a random radius in a given distribution range following the Fuller's curve. The mesoscale model together with a dynamic plastic damage material model is incorporated into the hydrocode AUTODYN. The dynamic damage process of the concrete slab under contact detonation is numerically simulated. Based on the numerical results, the fragment size distribution is estimated by an image analysis program. Two different random aggregate distributions are assumed in the present simulations. Numerical results from the two different cases are compared, and the results from the mesoscale model are compared with that from the homogeneous concrete material model. The fragment size distributions obtained from numerical simulations are also compared with those from the empirical statistic formulae.     

混凝土材料与结构破坏过程模拟分析

采用离散单元法对混凝土材料和混凝土结构破坏机理进行分析。在细观尺度上将混凝土材料视为由粗骨料、水泥砂浆及界面过渡区三相组成,建立了混凝土材料的离散元模型;在宏观尺度上将混凝土视为均质材料建立了混凝土结构离散单元模型。计算分析结果表明:细观尺度上的二维离散单元模型可以用来很好地模拟混凝土材料的单轴受力破坏过程,但不能很好地模拟复合受力状态下的混凝土材料的破坏;宏观尺度上的离散单元模型可以很好地模拟钢筋混凝土构件的破坏过程,但模拟结果对单元的形状有较大的依赖性;宏观尺度上的离散单元模型可以很好地模拟结构的倒塌过程,但计算效率有待提高。     

Numerical modelling of failure of cement concrete using a unit cell approach

In this paper, a unit cell based approach is followed, where a unit cell consisting of one aggregate surrounded by mortar matrix is used for numerical simulation of mechanical response of cement concrete. Unit cell approach is a simple mathematical approximation that helps us to simplify the simulation of mechanical response of multi-phase composites. To model the failure of matrix, brittle cracking model is used, where the entire fracture zone is represented by a band of micro cracked material. Current study involves; (a) failure analysis of the concrete unit cell when it is subjected to tensile loads, and (b) parametric study of variation of peak strength with shape and volume fraction of aggregate. In this study, circular and square aggregates at various orientations are modelled. The simulation results predict that the peak tensile stresses are not very sensitive to the volume fraction of aggregates, when the unit cell is subjected to tensile loads. This paper effectively demonstrates the power of unit cell model in simulating the nonlinear mechanical response of cement concrete when it is subjected to tensile loading.     

混凝土碱骨料反应及力学性能细观模拟

混凝土碱骨料反应是降低混凝土耐久性的主要因素之一,充分认识其对混凝土力学性能的劣化机理,有助于防治碱骨料反应对混凝土结构的危害。该文用颗粒元（PFC2D）方法建立了由骨料、砂浆和界面三相共同组成的混凝土细观模型,模拟了碱骨料反应引起的混凝土膨胀变形与微裂缝扩展过程,并对碱骨料反应劣化后的混凝土试件进行劈裂抗拉试验,研究碱骨料反应对混凝土力学性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明,该模型可有效预测混凝土碱骨料反应膨胀趋势,碱骨料反应显著降低了混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度。     

基于Cohesive单元的石拱桥主拱圈二相数值模拟方法

为解决石砌体材料非均质的描述问题,提出一种基于Cohesive单元的石拱桥主拱圈两相数值模拟方法。视石砌体为两相材料(砌块和砌缝),采用实体单元模拟砌块并引入非线性本构描述其破坏行为,在相邻砌块间插入Cohesive单元考虑砌缝砂浆的剪切和拉伸破坏。通过室内试验与数值模拟对比验证方法的有效性及适用性,分析了砌缝抗剪摩擦系数μ、加载位置等敏感参数对拱桥承载力的影响。结果表明：基于Cohesive单元的石砌体两相数值模型,可以有效描述石砌体材料的非均匀性及石拱桥的破坏过程(尤其是砌缝剪切滑移破坏行为),可为石拱桥极限承载力评估提供重要信息,如荷载-位移曲线、破坏模式等。此外,研究结果还发现主拱圈破坏机制由拱的受弯、受剪特性决定,并与砌缝抗剪摩擦系数μ强相关。     

钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压力学性能的细观数值研究

钢筋混凝土构件的宏观力学性能由其组分-钢筋和混凝土两部分的力学性能决定。结合混凝土细观结构形式,认为混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料,假定钢筋与混凝土之间完好粘结,基于钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压试验,建立了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下力学特性及破坏行为研究的细观尺度力学分析模型。通过对混凝土方形和矩形试件进行受压力学特性模拟,采用反演法确定了界面的力学参数,进而模拟了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下的宏观力学性能。结果表明,相比于宏观尺度模型,细观数值分析模型能够充分体现材料的非均质性,能够较好的模拟试件的宏观力学性能,并且能够细致的描述裂缝发展及试件破坏过程,与试验结果吻合良好。该文建立的细观尺度分析模型与方法,为钢筋混凝土构件层次宏观力学非线性及其尺寸效应研究提供了理论支持。     

单向受拉状态下的钢纤维混凝土本构模型

在混凝土中添加随机分布的钢纤维能有效提高混凝土力学性能。为了更好地考虑纤维对单向受拉状态下钢纤维混凝土（SFRC）的增强作用，提出一个钢纤维混凝土的弥散开裂本构模型。在弹性阶段，纤维混凝土被视为简单复合材料，基于两相复合材料理论，对SFRC的弹性刚度矩阵进行修正；在受拉开裂后，混凝土的塑性变形量被视为纤维与混凝土界面脱粘过程中滑移量，利用粘结滑移模型计算纤维在混凝土开裂面上的桥接作用。该文通过有限元软件ABAQUS中子程序二次开发接口Umat，进行Fortran编程，在ABAQUS中实现该本构模型。通过数值模拟结果与受拉实验数据进行对比，验证了该本构模型的准确性。通过数值模拟分析，进一步探究钢纤维混凝土相关参数对抗拉性能的影响，为钢纤维混凝土在实际的工程中的应用提供建议。     

Numerical simulation of axially loaded concrete columns under transverse impact and vulnerability assessment

With a view to assessing the vulnerability of columns to low elevation vehicular impacts, a non-linear explicit numerical model has been developed and validated using existing experimental results. The numerical model accounts for the effects of strain rate and confinement of the reinforced concrete, which are fundamental to the successful prediction of the impact response. The sensitivity of the material model parameters used for the validation is also scrutinised and numerical tests are performed to examine their suitability to simulate the shear failure conditions. Conflicting views on the strain gradient effects are discussed and the validation process is extended to investigate the ability of the equations developed under concentric loading conditions to simulate flexural failure events. Experimental data on impact force–time histories, mid span and residual deflections and support reactions have been verified against corresponding numerical results. A universal technique which can be applied to determine the vulnerability of the impacted columns against collisions with new generation vehicles under the most common impact modes is proposed. Additionally, the observed failure characteristics of the impacted columns are explained using extended outcomes. Based on the overall results, an analytical method is suggested to quantify the vulnerability of the columns.     

Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: II. numerical simulation

The response of concrete and mortar under high-strain-rate impact loading are analyzed using fully dynamic finite element simulations. The analyses concern the load-carrying capacity, energy absorbency and the effect of the microstructure. The simulations focus on the plate impact configuration used in the experimental part of this research, allowing for direct comparison of model predictions with experimental measurements. A micromechanical model is formulated and used, accounting for the two-phase composite microstructure of concrete. Arbitrary microstructural phase morphologies of actual concrete used in impact experiments are digitized and explicitly considered in the numerical models. The behavior of the two constituent phases in the concrete are characterized by an extended Drucker–Prager model that accounts for pressure-dependence, rate-sensitivity, and strain hardening/softening. Model parameters are determined by independent impact experiments on mortar and through a parametric study in which the prediction of numerical simulations is matched with measurements from experiments on concrete and mortar. Calculations show that significant inelastic deformations occur in the mortar matrix under the impact conditions analyzed and relatively smaller inelastic strains are seen in the aggregates. The influence of aggregate volume fraction on the dynamic load-carrying capacity of concrete is explored. The strength increases with aggregate volume fraction and an enhancement of approximately 30% over that of mortar is found for an aggregate volume fraction of 42%. Numerical simulations also show increasing energy absorbency with increasing aggregate volume fraction and provide a time-resolved characterization for the history of work dissipation as the deformation progresses.     

考虑粘结-滑移与剪切作用的钢筋混凝土柱侧向变形分析

钢筋混凝土柱在地震作用下发生弯剪破坏或剪切破坏,是结构丧失轴向承载能力甚至突然倒塌的重要原因。大量的试验研究显示钢筋混凝土柱总侧向变形由弯曲变形、粘结-滑移变形、剪切变形三种变形分量组成,这三种分量的共同作用决定了钢筋混凝土柱的受力变形反应。该文基于对构件变形分量研究,提出考虑粘结-滑移与剪切作用的钢筋混凝土柱侧向变形的宏单元模型。该模型模拟了静力反复荷载下的3个钢筋混凝土柱的试验模型,并对构件受力过程中各变形分量的变化以及各分量在总变形中的贡献进行了分析。结果表明该模型可以较准确的模拟水平荷载作用下剪切控制构件的受力变形反应全过程。     

损伤方钢管混凝土框架加固后滞回性能试验与理论研究

为了研究损伤方钢管混凝土结构加固后的抗震性能,基于一榀三层两跨的损伤方钢管混凝土框架加固后的拟静力试验,分析了反复水平荷载作用下框架的滞回性能,并根据滞回曲线进一步得出了框架顶层骨架曲线及相应的恢复力模型,研究了钢管混凝土框架的延性、强度与刚度的退化等性能。采用非线性有限元分析方法,将恢复力模型应用到混凝土弹性模量退化方程中,并对试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明:理论分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

考虑过渡区界面影响的混凝土宏观力学性质研究

混凝土材料的宏观力学特性及破坏机理由其细观组分来决定,界面过渡区是影响混凝土断裂破坏路径及宏观力学特性的重要因素。认为界面过渡区是区别于远处砂浆基质的一层含较高孔隙率的近场砂浆材料,采用“两步等效法”得到了混凝土细观单元的等效本构关系模型。最后基于细观单元等效化方法分析了在单轴拉伸、单轴压缩及弯拉载荷条件下混凝土试件的破坏过程及宏观力学性质,探讨了界面过渡区对混凝土力学特性的影响,并与随机骨料模型分析结果进行了对比。结果表明:界面相的存在对混凝土的弹性模量、强度及残余强度等力学性质有很大影响,在对混凝土宏观力学特性及细观断裂破坏过程进行研究时不可忽略其影响。     

基于三维细观数值方法的钢筋混凝土悬臂梁抗剪行为研究

从细观角度出发,结合混凝土内部组成的微/细观结构特征,考虑钢筋与混凝土之间的非线性粘结-滑移行为,建立了钢筋混凝土悬臂梁力学行为研究的三维细观尺度数值分析模型与方法。基于建立的数值方法,对已有关于钢筋混凝土悬臂梁在循环往复荷载作用下的抗剪破坏试验进行模拟,模拟结果与试验结果的良好吻合表明了细观数值方法的可行性。进而在此基础上,拓展模拟了不同箍筋率下钢筋混凝土悬臂梁的剪切破坏过程,揭示了箍筋对悬臂梁滞回特性及抗剪承载力的影响规律。研究表明:1）细观数值分析模型能较好的模拟构件的宏观力学性能,且能细致的描述裂缝在混凝土中的发展过程;2）随着配箍率的增加,梁抗剪承载力及延性增加,但随着配箍率增加,钢筋混凝土梁抗剪承载力增加趋势减缓。建立的细观尺度数值方法可为有/无腹筋混凝土梁抗剪/抗弯破坏尺寸效应提供理论支持。     

钢筋混凝土桥梁疲劳累积损伤失效过程简化分析方法

为了有效预测疲劳损伤累积程度与桥梁剩余寿命,提出了钢筋混凝土桥梁结构在运营荷载下疲劳失效全过程数值模拟的简化方法。首先,根据混凝土及钢筋疲劳刚度退化、疲劳强度退化与疲劳残余变形演变规律,建立了混凝土及钢筋经历任意次数疲劳加载后的剩余强度包络线方程,基于混凝土单轴本构模型和钢筋理想弹塑性模型,建立了混凝土及钢筋疲劳本构模型;然后,在此基础上对文献提出的疲劳全过程分析法进行了改进,提出了疲劳损伤累积失效全过程数值分析法;最后,基于ABAQUS 软件平台和该文方法,对某钢筋混凝土简支梁算例进行疲劳全过程数值分析。结果表明:利用该文方法得到的模拟值与试验值的相对误差处于合理范围之内,验证了该文方法的可靠性和实用性。     

高强混凝土剪力墙非线性分析及抗震性能参数研究

基于4个高强混凝土剪力墙试件在低周往复水平荷载作用下的抗震性能试验结果,利用有限元软件ABAQUS,选用合适的拉、压损伤本构关系以及单元模型,建立高强混凝土剪力墙的有限元模型,模拟其加载全过程和受力性能,模拟滞回曲线与试验滞回曲线吻合较好。在此基础上,采用相同的有限元模型和材料损伤本构关系,分析影响高强混凝土剪力墙抗震性能的主要因素,包括轴压比、约束边缘构件的配箍特征值、混凝土强度和边柱纵筋配筋率,研究影响剪力墙抗震性能参数的限值并给出其范围。     

基于零厚度粘聚力单元的钢筋混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动态破坏过程分析

军火库或危险品仓库存在着偶然爆炸的威胁,而钢筋混凝土是这些建筑物的主要构成材料,因此研究钢筋混凝土结构在爆炸荷载下的破坏过程具有重要意义。该文基于LS-DYNA动力有限元程序,利用任意拉格朗日–欧拉（ALE）方法,以及多物质流固耦合方法对混凝土结构在爆炸荷载作用下的动态破坏过程进行研究。为了更好分析混凝土结构在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应,采用了考虑应变率影响的钢筋和混凝土材料本构模型,并引入零厚度粘聚力单元来模拟混凝土的动态破坏过程,克服基于侵蚀算法单元删除带来的质量损失问题。该文首先介绍零厚度粘聚力单元模型的生成过程并对比试验结果,验证所建立的零厚度粘聚力单元模型的合理性。其次,对比不同爆炸荷载下基于侵蚀算法以及零厚度粘聚力单元两种不同模拟方法的模拟结果,验证基于零厚度粘聚力单元模拟的优越性。最后基于零厚度粘聚力单元模型,分析不同爆炸荷载对混凝土结构动态破坏过程以及碎片抛射的影响。     

Why are crack paths in concrete and mortar different from those in PMMA?

Experiments by Bazant and Pfeiffer on concrete and mortar seem to indicate that crack growth does not necessarily take place under Mode I conditions. In order to investigate the influence of the material, experiments were carried out in PMMA with similar geometry to that used by Bazant and Pfeiffer and a numerical simulation was made assuming Mode I crack growth. The experimental results for PMMA differ significantly from those in concrete and mortar, but agree closely with the result from the numerical simulations. The difference is believed to be explained by the fact that small-scale yielding conditions are not realized well enough in concrete and mortar. A fairly large region of small cracks probably influences the crack growth direction.