喷丸处理对汽车变速箱齿轮疲劳强度影响的研究

分析了汽车变速箱齿轮经喷丸处理后对疲劳强度的影响，通过喷丸强度试验，表面覆盖率试验确定了合理的喷丸处理工艺，通过疲劳试验，得出了喷丸处理对弯曲疲劳强度和接触疲劳强度的影响程度。结果表明：喷丸处理能极大地提高齿轮的疲劳强度，从而提高齿轮的使用寿命。     

Some investigations into development of nozzle and suction system for air blast shot peening machine

Shot peening is an important surface enhancement process, which helps in assuring satisfactory fatigue life and reliability of the automotive, aerospace and marine components. One of the most important factors affecting shot peening performance is the type of shot peening machine. This paper presents an innovative design of a laboratory-based air blast shot peening machine. This machine has a vertical nozzle suction system to take the advantage of gravity feed as well as the feed created by suction of the pressurized air. Special attention was paid to the design of the nozzle and the mixing chamber so as to obtain adequate suction of shots. The performance of the machine was evaluated by carrying out various shot peening tests on AISI 1045 steel specimens. The tests included microscopic examination of coverage with ×10 magnification lens, fatigue and wear resistance. The wear resistance of the peened AISI 1045 material increased by 3.5 times the unpeened one. The fatigue tests showed improvement in fatigue life of the workpiece up to about four times. Besides, there was an increase in yield and torsional strength of the workpiece by about 1.5 times.     

喷丸与激光喷丸强化高强度钢对比试验

为了考察和对比喷丸(SP)和激光喷丸(LSP)2种表面强化技术对金属零件的强化效果,以30CrMnSiNi2A钢为试样,进行喷丸和激光喷丸强化处理试验。试验结果显示,2种强化试样的残余压应力和硬度都有较大的提高。分别测定了喷丸强化和激光喷丸强化试样在同一应力水平下的疲劳寿命,并运用扫描电镜分析了两者的疲劳断口。试验结果表明,激光喷丸强化试样中值疲劳寿命是喷丸强化试样的1.11~2.75倍,激光喷丸强化比喷丸强化在提高金属零件表面性能方面的效果更佳。     

Shot peening simulation based on SPH method

Shot peening is a complex surface-treating process which is usually employed to improve the fatigue strength of metallic part or members. In dealing with shot peening simulation, existing literatures apply finite element method (FEM) to establish only a single shot or several shots models, thus the effect of a mass of shots impacting repeatedly and the interaction among adjacent shots are ignored. To overcome these defects of FEM models, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) coupled FEM modeling is presented, in which the shots are modeled by SPH particles and the target material is modeled by finite elements. Contact algorithm is used to simulate the interaction between shots and target. Utilizing this model, material model for shots is established, the relationships between compressive residual stress and peening frequencies, coverage, and velocities are analyzed. Steady compressive residual stress can be gotten by multiple peening; higher coverage can improve the compressive residual stress; faster velocities can induce greater and deeper maximum residual stress in target subsurface. The simulation results agree well with the existing experimental data. The study will not only provide a new powerful tool for the simulation of shot peening process, but also be benefit to optimize the operating parameters.     

A New Investigation on the Effect of Re-shot Peening on Fretting Fatigue Behavior of A17075-T6

Fretting fatigue life of materials can be improved by surface treatment such as shot peening. In this investigation, the effect of multiple re-shot peening on the fretting fatigue behavior of A17075-T6 is studied. After each re-shot peening, the specimen was subjected to 60% of its expected fretting fatigue life. The process of re-shot peening continued until the effect of any further re-shot peening became insignificant. The results showed an increase of 60–70% for the first re-shot peening depending on stress level. The increase, however, was sharply reduced for the next re-shot peenings such that for the third re-shot peening the increase dropped below 10%, which was not as significant. On the whole, the fretting fatigue life increased by 390–410% with respect to the life of virgin specimens depending on the stress level. The results indicated that fretting fatigue life improvement using the 60% of prior life consumption was considerably lower than that obtained for the 80% of expected life as used in previous investigations. An artificial neural network can be employed for estimation of fretting fatigue life at the stress levels not considered in the investigation.     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

超声波冲击与TIG熔修复合强化改善高强钢焊接接头的疲劳性能

研究表明超声波冲击方法与TIG熔修方法在提高焊接接头疲劳性能机理方面存在着很强的互补性。提出一种对接头焊趾先进行一遍TIG熔修处理,然后再实施超声波冲击的复合处理新方法用来改善焊接接头的疲劳性能。对比疲劳试验结果显示:①在一定的应力范围内,超声波冲击处理试件与原始焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高95％左右,疲劳寿命延长3.6-62倍。②TIG熔修试件与原始焊态试件相比,疲劳强度的改善程度高达34％左右;在较高应力范围内,疲劳寿命没有提高:在低应力范围内,延长疲劳寿命约为0.4—1.3倍。③超声波冲击+TIG熔修复合强化试件与原始焊态试件相比,疲劳强度提高120％左右,疲劳寿命延长28—125倍。④TIG熔修+超声波冲击复合处理能够在TIG熔修和超声波冲击处理的基础上,进一步改善焊接接头的疲劳性能;与单纯的超声波冲击相比,在高应力区域内,TIG熔修+超声波冲击复合处理一定程度上克服了单纯的超声波冲击对所处理的焊接接头疲劳性能改善程度大幅度降低的缺点。     

高强度钢喷丸强化处理的试验研究

喷丸强化是一种以小而硬的弹丸连续高速撞击金属零件表面而进行的一种特殊加工方法,零件通过喷丸可以大大提高材料的疲劳性能和抵抗应力腐蚀的能力。针对某型飞机上的喷丸强化零件,选取材料牌号为16Co14Ni10Cr2Mo高强度钢为研究对象,对两种厚度的试样进行不同喷丸强度的喷丸强化,对不同喷丸强度的试样进行疲劳寿命和残余应力场对比分析。     

Investigation of fatigue properties of shot peened and plasma nitrocarburized P/M FC0205 steel

One of the widely used powder metal materials in automotive industry, which is copper steel FC 0205 (Fe + 2% Cu + 0.5% C), was used in this study. The pressed samples has been prepared at the compression pressure of 680 MPa and sintered in conventional furnace at 1120°C for 30 minutes. The samples with 7 Mg/m³ densities were used as fatigue and shot peening processes. Shot peening were applied with 20A and 32A and the others were not peened. Plasma nitrocarburizing process was performed at 555°C for 2 hours under 600–900 Pa pressure. Fatigue tests were conducted at room temperature on a rotating bending type fatigue test device. It was determined that shot peening should be used where increased fatigue strength is needed, and plasma nitrocarburizing should be preferred where surface hardness is required, and plasma nitrocarburizing after shot peening process is much more useful.     

Effect of shot peening on the fretting wear of Ti–6Al–4V

In this paper, we report on the fretting wear behaviour of polished and shot peened Ti–6Al–4V specimens. For fretting experiments, due to micro-displacements at the interface between two contacting surfaces, two types of damage can be observed: crack initiation and debris formation. Shot peening, which is already well known for improving fatigue resistance of titanium alloys, is shown to have a beneficial effect on the crack initiation and propagation under fretting wear loading, as cracks observed on specimens after cylinder-on-flat fretting tests are shorter in shot peened specimens than in polished ones. It is also demonstrated that shot peening decreases the friction coefficient only at the beginning of the test, as long as the asperities induced by shot peening are not worn-off. The effects of displacement amplitude, normal force and test duration on the wear volume have been investigated: in all cases, shot peening has no significant impact on the wear process. The same amount of debris are formed and ejected for both polished and shot peened specimens. Moreover, it is found that, for both types of specimens, the linear relation, developed for steels and hard coatings, between wear volume and cumulated dissipated energy is not valid in the present case as different wear volumes are measured for the same cumulated dissipated energy, depending on the experimental conditions (normal force, displacement amplitude). Using the test duration as the variable parameter, energy wear coefficients are calculated for different experimental conditions.     

Modification of fretting fatigue behavior of AL7075-T6 alloy by the application of titanium coating using IBED technique and shot peening

In this work, improvement in fretting fatigue life of AL7075-T6 has been investigated by titanium surface coating using ion-beam-enhanced deposition (IBED) technique and shot peening. From the experiments, the following conclusions were derived: (i) Shot peening increased the fretting fatigue life up to 350%. (ii) Titanium coating increased the fatigue life up to 100% with respect to virgin specimens for low working stresses, while it reduced the fatigue life at higher working stresses significantly. (iii) Titanium coating+shot peening increased the fatigue life up to 130% with respect to the virgin specimens for low working stresses, while it reduced the fatigue life at higher working stresses significantly. The highest and the lowest increase in coefficient of friction are obtained for virgin and shot-peened+titanium-coated specimens, respectively. IBED surface-modification technique is not successful in reducing fretting fatigue, except at low stresses.     

2Cr13钢离子渗氮处理的疲劳强度

２Ｃｒ１３钢离子渗氮处理提高光滑和缺口疲劳极限的幅度与疲劳薄弱环节有关。氮化光滑试样的薄弱环节在表下，疲劳强度主要取决于心部性能，较调质态提高仅为２５％，未能发挥氮化层性能潜力；缺口试验的薄弱环节的氮化层，疲劳强度主要取决于氮化性能，较调质态提高达９２％，使氮化层性能得到充分发展。用主要取决于心部性能的光滑疲劳极限与主要取决于氮化层性能的缺口疲劳极限计算的ｑ值具有非真实性。     

Effect of surface treatments on the strength of carburized gears

This paper deals with effects of surface treatment on the bending fatigue strength of SCM415 carburized spur gears. The test gears are treated by the combination of shot peening, chemical polishing and electropolishing after carburization. The fatigue tests demonstrate that the strength is sensitive to the surface condition of tooth fillet and the removal of the nonmartensitic layer caused by decarburization is considerably effective in enhancing the strength. In the first part of this paper, the influence of surface treatments such as shot peening, chemical polishing and electropolishing on the strength enbancement for carburized gears are summarized and discussed. In the second part, the crack lengths are calculated from the fatigue test results for the carburized and surface-treated gears, and the effect of surface treatments is discussed from the view point of fracture mechanics.     

喷丸三维残余应力场的有限元模拟

运用大型有限元计算软件ABAQUS建立了模拟喷丸残余应力场的三维有限元模型,预测了在相同喷丸强度下玻璃丸和钢丸两种类型弹丸喷射所产生的残余应力场。模拟过程中,分析了线性减缩积分单元的沙漏参数、材料的应变硬化率、喷丸覆盖率以及初始残余拉应力等因素对304不锈钢靶材残余应力分布的影响。从计算结果可以看出,钢丸喷丸产生的残余压应力层较深,但在高覆盖率时,玻璃喷丸产生的残余压应力的平均值比钢丸喷丸处理后产生的大。在有初始残余拉应力(250 Mpa)存在的情况下,两种类型的喷丸处理均能使304不锈钢靶材表面形成残余压应力层,这说明喷丸工艺可以提高奥氏体不锈钢焊接构件的抗应力腐蚀开裂能力。本研究成果为进一步探讨喷丸强化不锈钢焊接头抗应力腐蚀性能的机理奠定了基础。     

Finite element analysis of shot-peening effect on fretting fatigue parameters

Shot peening is widely used to improve the fretting fatigue strength of critical surfaces. Fretting fatigue occurs in contacting parts that are subjected to fluctuating loads and sliding movements at the same time. This paper presents a sequential finite element simulation to investigate the shot peening effects on normal stress, shear stress, bulk stress and slip amplitude, which are considered to be the controlling parameters of fretting damage. The results demonstrated that among the modifications related to shot peening, compressive residual stress has a dominant effect on the fretting parameters.     

提高焊接接头疲劳强度的超声冲击法与TIG熔修法之比较

采用Q2 35B十字接头试件 ,就改善焊接接头疲劳强度的超声冲击法与TIG熔修法进行了全面对比。结果表明 :超声冲击处理对焊趾区硬度的影响不如TIG熔修明显 ;TIG熔修对焊趾几何外形的改善程度好于超声冲击法 ;TIG熔修处理工艺在焊趾区引入了残余拉应力 ,而超声冲击在焊趾区形成了较大数值的压缩应力。Q2 35B十字焊接接头经TIG熔修后 ,其疲劳强度 (2× 10 6 )提高 5 1% ,低于超声冲击处理对相同试件的疲劳强度 (2× 10 6 )改善程度 (6 4% )。     

强力喷丸对提高碳氮共渗齿轮接触疲劳强度的研究

通过对碳氮共渗齿轮试片进行了多次强力喷丸试验．研究了不同喷丸参数下的强力喷丸的效果及喷丸后的低温回火处理对提高齿轮试片表面接触疲劳强度的影响。为强力喷丸工艺更好地应用于工业生产提供了一些参考。     

新型贝氏体钢模拟螺纹钎杆疲劳寿命的研究

采用GDL-1型贝氏体钢作为螺纹钎杆的材质,加工成模拟钎杆螺纹杆进行拉压疲劳行为的测试。结果表明:经过表面喷丸处理的螺纹杆的疲劳寿命明显高于未进行表面喷丸处理的螺纹杆,经空冷250℃回火疲劳极限稍低于空冷300℃回火。     

Effect of shot peening on rolling contact fatigue and lubricant film thickness within mixed lubricated non-conformal rolling/sliding contacts

The effect of shot peening on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and lubricant film thickness within non-conformal rolling/sliding contacts operated under mixed lubrication conditions was observed in this study. Rolling contact fatigue tests and film thickness measurements were carried out using specimens with modified surface topography by shot peening process using glass beads having diameter between 0.07 and 0.11 mm. It has been shown that the effect of shot peening on RCF has no positive effect even if shot peened surface of the roller exhibited somewhat higher hardness in contrast to the grounded surface. The reduction of RCF may be caused due to asperities interactions because after shot peening the surface roughness of the roller was increased. Film thickness measurements confirmed that the contact is realized actually only between asperity peaks of shot peened ball and smooth disc.Conversely, no negative effect on RCF was observed when the shot peened surface of the roller was polished. The polish of asperity peaks causes the creation of lands and micro-cavities, which may be employed as lubricant micro-reservoirs. From film thickness measurements it has been observed that lubricant emitted by shallow micro-cavities can provide the local increase in lubrication film thickness, which thereby reduces asperities interactions. Similar results were obtained for start-up conditions where the squeeze lubricant enlarges film thickness and reduces surface interactions.From the obtained results, it can be suggested that properly designed surface topography modification could help to increase the efficiency of lubrication films leading to the enhancement of contact fatigue life of non-conformal mixed lubricated rolling/sliding contacts.     

Fatigue strength improvement of gears using cavitation shotless peening

Peening, using cavitation impacts induced by bubble collapse, represents a novel surface enhancement technique for machine parts without involving conventional shot peening blasting. This is known as cavitation shotless peening, CSP. The improvement in the fatigue strength of a spur gear after CSP has been demonstrated. The fatigue strength of a gear treated with CSP was improved by about 60%, compared with that of a non-peened gear.