Dramatic influence of carbamate-linked double chain organosilane with different length on zeolite morphology control

A series of rationally designed carbamate-linked organosilanes with double alkyl chain lengths from C₈ to C₁₄ were synthesized as novel template agents to prepare hierarchically porous zeolites. The variable chain lengths had strong affects on zeolite morphology control process in the given synthesis condition as indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption analyses. The addition of the organosilanes with C₈, C₁₀ and C₁₄ lengths (5 mol % of the total silica source) into the synthesis compositions gave zeolites with isolated crystals. While the organosilane with C₁₂ length caused dramatic change in the product morphology and gave mesoporous ZSM-5 crystals with a chain-like morphology. XRD patterns, nitrogen sorption isotherm and SEM images of the samples taken during crystallization clearly showed the change of crystallinity, texture properties and forming process of this morphology.     

Synthesis of ZSM-5 type zeolites with and without template and evaluation of physicochemical properties and aniline alkylation activity

ZSM-5 zeolite containing SiO₂/Al₂O₃ = 28 was synthesised by hydrothermal process with and without template. Characterisation of the zeolites was done using XRD, IR, NMR, SEM and BET surface area measurements. Acidity of the zeolites was measured by ammonia adsorption-desorption. Catalytic activity of HZSM-5 zeolites was evaluated by aniline alkylation, cumene dealkylation, alkylation of benzene with ethylene and propylene and isomerisation ofm-xylene. Catalytic activity is discussed from the point of view of zeolite acidity and morphology.     

Organic template-free synthesis of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolite

A series of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolites with various compositions and morphologies were successfully synthesized via an organic template-free hydrothermal route and characterized by XRD, XRF, SEM, NMR and N₂ adsorption/desorption technologies. The effects of raw materials and batch composition were investigated systematically. Various silicon sources can be employed in the organic template-free synthesis of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolite, however only a few types of aluminum sources are available. This organic template-free system is favorable to the aluminum-rich zeolite. With the increase of initial SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, the ZSM-5 percentage in the ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolite increases as well as the crystal size, and especially the morphology of ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolite prepared from the colloidal silica-NaAlO₂ solution system changes gradually from nano-rod aggregation, micro-spindle to single hexagon and then to twinned hexagon crystals. Moreover, Na⁺ and OH⁻ in the initial materials can promote the nucleation of the ZSM-5/ZSM-11 co-crystalline zeolite significantly and are beneficial to the formation of crystals with relatively low length/width ratio, while K⁺ postpones the crystallization process seriously.     

三元孔道结构纳米ZSM-5分子筛团聚体的合成

采用正丁胺和ZSM-5晶种双模板体系水热合成了一系列ZSM-5分子筛,考察了晶种、正丁胺添加量和晶化条件对分子筛物理化学性能、孔道结构和形貌的影响。对所得分子筛分别进行X射线衍射（XRD）、氮气吸-脱附、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征分析。结果表明：分子筛为三元孔道结构的纳米ZSM-5分子筛团聚体,正丁胺和晶种在合成过程中具有协同作用。在正丁胺与二氧化硅物质的量比为0.26、晶种添加量为3%（质量分数）、在120 ℃晶化24 h后再在170 ℃晶化48 h条件下合成的分子筛总比表面积和外比表面积分别为364 m²/g和59 m²/g。     

One-Step Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas with Fe-Modified Zeolite ZSM-5 as Dehydration Catalyst

A number of Fe-containing ZSM-5 zeolites, such as HFeZSM-5 and HFeAlZSM-5 prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and Fe-modified ZSM-5 through solid-state ion-exchange, were adopted as methanol dehydration catalysts for syngas to dimethyl ether (STD) process. Their structures, acidic and basic properties were characterized by XRD, ESR, ICP-AES, TPD and FT-IR. Among these Fe-containing zeolites, the Fe-modified ZSM-5 displayed the highest dimethyl ether selectivity, least CO₂ production. Some correlations between catalytic performance and acidity and basicity of Fe-containing ZSM-5 zeolite were discussed.     

低模数水玻璃合成ZSM-5分子筛及工艺条件优化

以低模数（n=1.03）水玻璃为硅源,通过改良水热合成途径,成功制备出无模板剂ZSM-5分子筛。借助X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对ZSM-5分子筛结晶度及晶貌进行表征。在n(硅)/n(铝)为50 的情况下,通过考察晶化温度、时间、pH值、水含量、有无搅拌或晶种对ZSM-5分子筛物性的影响,优化合成工艺。结果表明,静置或晶种法得到的ZSM-5分子筛,晶体粒径大且晶貌不规整,不适合用于低模数水玻璃合成ZSM-5体系。ZSM-5沸石最适宜制备工艺为：n(H₂O)/n(SiO₂)=40,pH=10的合成混合物经室温老化24 h,搅拌状态下,170 ℃下水热晶化24 h。与商业级ZSM-5相比,低模数水玻璃合成的ZSM-5分子筛在环己烯水合反应中表现出更高的催化活性和选择性。     

多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其催化应用

多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛具有微孔沸石分子筛良好的择形催化性能和介孔材料优异的传质扩散性能,在催化领域显示出良好的应用前景。本文综述了近年来多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的研究进展,重点介绍了多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的不同合成方法,包括后处理法、硬模板法和软模板法等,同时介绍了不同方法得到的多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛在催化反应中的应用,分析表明多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛以其良好的扩散性能和适宜的酸性提高了反应转化率和目标产物选择性。最后对多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛的发展方向进行了展望,指出研发简单、经济和环保的新合成路线是多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛发展中的重大挑战,深入研究多级孔道分子筛中介孔的形成机理和开发具有多级孔道整体式催化剂以及负载型多级孔道ZSM-5分子筛是今后的研究重点。     

MFI型金属硅酸盐合成、介孔改性与骨架原子脱除行为

采用无机原料合成高硅沸石ZSM-5、FeMFI、TS-1和超高硅SH-ZSM-5(摩尔比Si/Al=402.4),通过骨架Si、金属原子(M=Al、Fe、Ti)抽提对系列H-MFI沸石进行介孔改性.借助XRD、FT-IR、UV-vis、77 K N2吸附-脱附和SEM/EDX技术,研究沸石晶体结构、金属原子嵌入率、介孔率及骨架Si、M脱除行为.结果表明,与前体相比改性沸石Si/M摩尔比降低,高选择性脱硅沸石具有多级微、介孔结构和较高织构介孔率.引入附加介孔使BET比表面积和总孔体积显著增加.同构沸石介孔形成受骨架电荷密度、嵌入金属原子种类、晶体形貌与尺度等因素的影响.骨架原子脱除效率按ZSM-5、FeMFI、TS-1次序递减.聚集态TS-1、SH-ZSM-5因过度脱硅导致相对产率和介孔生成效率下降.     

The versatile synthesis method for hierarchical micro‐ and mesoporous zeolite: An embedded nanocarbon cluster approach

In this work, we are reporting for the first time the synthesis of hierarchical micro‐ and mesoporous zeolite using silica–carbon (SiO₂/C) composites prepared by pyrolysis of carbonaceous gases in the presence of silica gel. The pyrolysis effectively yielded carbon deposited onto the raw silica material. The obtained SiO₂/C composites were utilised as a bifunctional material, mesoporous template and silica source, for the zeolite synthesis. Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) was used as a microporous template. The combination of the obtained composites and the TPAOH for the hydrothermal synthesis resulted in the formation of hierarchical micro‐ and mesoporous ZSM‐5. The results from the SEM, TEM, and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, and ²⁷Al MAS NMR characterisations of the synthesised samples obtained after the removal of the templates confirmed the successful formation of the micro‐ and mesoporous zeolites. The mesoporosity of the zeolites could be controlled by adjusting the carbon content in the SiO₂/C composites while the carbon content could be controlled by varying the deposition time and the concentration of the carbonaceous gases used. This controllable and efficient synthesis method is considered to be a promising method for creating hierarchical micro‐ and mesoporous zeolites. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Study of cracking of large molecules over a new type meso-ZSM-5 composite zeolite

A new type meso-ZSM-5 composite zeolite with interconnected macropores and skeletons under hydrothermal conditions was prepared through zeolite degraded method. The skeletons can be templated to the morphology of network in different conditions. The physical properties of the meso-ZSM-5 composite zeolite were characterized by XRD, IR, SEM and nitrogen sorption techniques. Catalytic tests show that the meso-ZSM-5 composite zeolite catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity compared with the conventional microporous ZSM-5 zeolites for catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene. The high 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene conversion are mainly assigned to the presence of the hierarchical porosity of the pore walls. The macropores offer easier transport and access to the active sites and the macroporous walls built by ZSM-5 crystals provide the acidic sites for reaction.     

High activity in catalytic cracking of large molecules over a novel micro-micro/mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate

Abstract  

A novel micro-micro/mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate ZSM-5-SAPO-5/MCM-41 (define as MZS-5) composite material with regular spherical morphology was synthesized through a novel process of the self-assembly of CTAB surfactant micelles with silica-alumina source which originated from the alkaline treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite. The physical properties of the MZS-5 composite material were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, Nitrogen adsorption–desorption, SEM and Py-FTIR techniques. Catalytic tests showed that the MZS-5 composite catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity compared with the conventional microporous ZSM-5, SAPO-5 zeolite and mesoporous Al-MCM-41 molecular sieve for catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB). The remarkable catalytic reactivity of TIPB molecules was mainly attributed to the presence of the hierarchical zeolite structure. In the MZS-5 structure, the mesopores provided pathways for transportation of larger molecules and the microporous ZSM-5 and SAPO-5 zeolite provided acidic sites for catalytic activity.     

用于MTP反应ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性研究

将P改性用于甲醇制丙烯(MTP)反应ZSM-5分子筛的改性研究,以提高丙烯选择性和分子筛活性稳定性。采用XRD、SEM和NH_3-TPD表征催化剂物化性能。对不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛P改性研究发现,3种不同硅铝物质的量比(50、150和300)ZSM-5分子筛进行P改性时,在n(P)∶n(Al)=0.5~0.7时,ZSM-5分子筛改性后丙烯选择性和寿命得到提升。研究分子筛晶粒尺寸与P负载量关系时发现,随着分子筛晶粒尺寸的增大,位于分子筛表面的P含量逐渐增加,并且分子筛晶粒越小,最佳的P负载量越小。     

Enhanced selectivity to benzaldehyde in the liquid phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol using nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst

In the present paper, nanocrystalline hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolites were successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal method in the presence of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide as a single template with the gel composition of 58SiO₂:Al₂O₃:20TPAOH:1,500H₂O. The prepared zeolite catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nitrogen adsorption–desorption (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. The formation of pure and highly crystalline ZSM-5 zeolite phase is confirmed by XRD. The IR vibration band at 550 cm^?1 is assigned to the double 5-rings of MFI-type zeolites. N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the synthesized product had high BET surface area and possessed composite pore structures with both micro and mesopores. The catalytic performance of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH) with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) under mild conditions. The results showed that the conversion of BzOH and the selectivity to benzaldehyde were about 94 and about 99 % respectively, when using 0.08 g ZSM-5 catalyst with acetonitrile as the solvent and H₂O₂ as the oxidant at 90 °C. This catalyst can be retrieved and reprocessed for five times without a significant loss in its activity and selectivity.     

以纯天然矿物为硅铝原料水热合成ZSM-5分子筛

以纯化硅藻土和热活化高岭土为硅铝原料,在水热条件下一步合成纯相ZSM-5分子筛。考察分子筛合成参数对产物的影响,得到合成ZSM-5分子筛的适宜条件:硅藻土与高岭土质量比32∶1,晶化温度170℃,晶化时间48 h,合成体系pH=13. 0。采用XRD、SEM及N2吸附-脱附等对样品进行表征。结果表明,最适宜条件下合成的ZSM-5分子筛晶型完整,具有与工业ZSM-5分子筛相似的六棱柱形貌以及相近的总比表面积和总孔容。     

Adsorption of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and CO on H-zeolites with different framework topologies and chemical compositions and a correlation to probing protonic sites using NH<Subscript>3</Subscript> adsorption

Adsorption of CO₂ and CO at 25 °C has been conducted using commercially-available (Y, ZSM-5) and laboratory-synthesized (SSZ-13, SAPO-34) H-zeolites with different framework topologies and chemical compositions, and their textual and surface properties have been characterized by N₂ sorption and NH₃ adsorption techniques. All the zeolites were microporous, although ZSM-5 and SSZ-13 apparently showed a mesoporous sorption behavior due to the interparticle spaces. The zeolites had Si/Al values in the order of SSZ-13 (16.44) > ZSM-5 (16.08) ? Y (2.82) ? SAPO-34 (0.19). Regardless, high CO₂ adsorption capacity was obtained for SSZ-13 and SAPO-34 with a CHA framework. The FAU zeolite Y with the highest micropore volume showed less CO₂ adsorption than the CHA zeolites and the MFI-type ZSM-5 yielded the poorest performance. Probing acid sites in the H-form zeolites using NH₃ disclosed that these all contain both weak and strong acid sites with significant dependence of their strengths and amounts on the topology. The acid strength of the weak acid sites in the CHA zeolites was the weakest, which might allow a stronger interaction with CO₂. The H-zeolites gave CO₂/CO selectivity factors that were in the range of 4.61–11.0, depending on the framework topology.     

Seed-assisted, OSDA-free synthesis of MTW-type zeolite and “Green MTW” from sodium aluminosilicate gel systems

Recently, the seed-assisted methods have provided a new route for the organic structure-directing agent (OSDA)-free synthesis of industrially useful zeolites under environmentally-friendly conditions. In this paper, the various parameters are investigated in the OSDA-free synthesis of MTW-type zeolite by the hydrothermal treatment of sodium aluminosilicate gel with the aid of calcined ZSM-12 seed crystals prepared using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). More importantly, the green production of MTW-type zeolite referred as “Green MTW” is achieved for the first time, by using the product of OSDA-free synthesis as seeds. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and solid-state ²⁷Al MAS NMR results exhibit better crystallinity of MTW-type zeolite and Green MTW than those of calcined ZSM-12 seeds. MTW-type zeolite is not obtained when seeds are absent in the initial reactant gel while ZSM-5 (MFI-type zeolite) and/or mordenite (MOR-type zeolite) are formed. The results of thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of hydrated samples confirm the enough micropore volume in MTW-type zeolite whereas nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements of MTW-type zeolite and Green MTW show nitrogen adsorption capacity lower than that of the seeds, which might be attributed to the partial pore blocking in the one-dimensional channel systems of the MTW framework.     

C-radioisotope labeled methanol conversion over H- and Cs- modified ZSM-5, Beta zeolites and MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve

The Na–MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve, Na–ZSM-5 and Na–Beta zeolites have been modified by Cs- and H- using ion-exchange method and characterized by XRD, SEM and nitrogen adsorption. The conversion of methanol was studied over H- and Cs- modified ZSM-5, Beta zeolites and MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve. Methanol was in ¹¹C-radioisotope labeled form in-order to follow its conversion during the catalytic process, since the radioactivity method provides a very sensitive detection possibility to investigate the conversion of small amounts of methanol and some intermediates at different reaction times and temperatures. The understanding of reaction mechanism is important for side-chain methylation over Cs–zeolite catalysts by methanol, as they are more selective than other alkali exchanged zeolites (Li, Na and K). The reaction pathway of the transformation of methanol to hydrocarbons and aldehydes has been elaborated.     

Gas Separation Properties of Polyimide-Zeolite Mixed Matrix Membranes

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) of polyimide (PI) and zeolite 13X, ZSM-5 and 4A were prepared by a solution-casting procedure. The effect of zeolite loading, pore size, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of zeolite on the gas separation properties of these mixed matrix membranes were studied. Experimental results indicate that permeability of He, H₂, CO₂, and N₂ increased with zeolite loadings. Selectivity of H₂/N₂ shows a slight improvement for low loadings of zeolites 13X and ZSM-5 but has a decreasing trend for zeolite 4A and high loadings of zeolites 13X and ZSM-5. In addition, selectivity of H₂/CO₂ remains low (1–3) while selectivity of CO₂/N₂ is significantly improved with the incorporation of the three zeolites in the polyimide membrane. Experimental permeabilities are higher than those predicted by the Maxwell model except for H₂ and N₂ permeabilities of the PI-4A system which are consistent with the predicted permeabilities. The proposed modified Maxwell model is capable of predicting the permeabilities of polyimide-zeolite 4A MMMs, but fails to simulate the permeability increase induced by interface voids in the polyimide-zeolite 13X and ZSM-5 systems.     

Synthesis and characterization of MCM-41-type composite materials prepared from ZSM-5 zeolite

Micro/mesoporous composite materials with microporous and mesoporous double pores-size distribution were hydrothermally synthesized by using slurry or filtrate of alkali-treated ZSM-5 zeolite and were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, FT-IR, TEM and so on. The XRD and TEM patterns indicate the composite materials possess ordered hexagonal structure. The sample MZ-B using filtrate of alkali-treated ZSM-5 zeolite hardly contains raw ZSM-5 particles. However, sample MZ-A originated from the slurry of alkali-treated ZSM-5 zeolite may contain some ZSM-5 crystallites, owing to the differences in concentration and time of alkaline treatment for ZSM-5 zeolite.     

Translating clean liquid fuels synthesis with low aromatics over NaFe@C/HZSM-22 directly in CO2 hydrogenation

Fuel production is an option for valorizing CO₂, yet deficient catalysts meeting the standard fuel production has impeded progress of this promising technology. Herein, liquid fuel synthesis is rationalized over a catalyst consisting ‘C′, ‘Na’, and ‘Fe’, as in NaFe@C, configured with ZSM-22 and ZSM-5 in CO₂ hydrogenation. While the ‘Na’ and ‘C′ functioned as structural promoters on Fe to enhance CO₂ conversion and olefins synthesis, the characteristics of the zeolites facilitated oligomerization of lighter hydrocarbons. A high C₅ + selectivity was obtained over the HZSM-22 composite in CO₂ hydrogenation dominated by olefins and isoparaffins. Model reactions for exemplar oligomerization activity over the zeolites revealed ZSM-5 as highly active with selectivity towards isoparaffins and aromatic. The ‘Na’ cations induce Lewis’s acid sites (LAS) which suppresses hydrocracking during chain growth. This consistency, revealed between the model and CO₂ hydrogenation unlocks a door to zeolite usage in CO₂ hydrogenation to clean heavy hydrocarbons.