High-temperature Oxidation Behavior of a High Manganese Austenitic Steel Fe–25Mn–3Cr–3Al–0.3C–0.01N

In this paper, a Fe–Mn–Al–C austenitic steel with certain addition of Cr and N alloy was used as experimental material. By using the SETSYS Evolution synchronous differential thermal analysis apparatus, the scanning electron microscope(SEM), the electron microprobe(EPMA) and the X-ray diffraction(XRD), the high-temperature oxidation behavior microstructure and the phase compositions of this steel in air at 600–1,000 °C for 8 h have been studied. The results show that in the whole oxidation temperature range, there are three distinct stages in the mass gain curves at temperature higher than 800 °C and the oxidation process can be divided into two stages at temperature lower than 800 °C.At the earlier stage the gain rate of the weight oxidized in temperature range of 850 °C to 1,000 °C are extremely lower.The oxidation products having different surface microstructures and phase compositions were produced in oxidation reaction at different temperatures. The phase compositions of oxide scale formed at 1,000 °C are composed of Fe and Mn oxide without Cr. However, protective film of Cr oxide with complicated structure can be formed when the oxidation temperature is lower than 800 °C.     

Improving Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance in a Fe-18Cr-17Mn-2Mo-0.85N Austenitic Stainless Steel Through Grain Boundary Character Distribution Optimization

The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) optimization and its effect on the intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) resistance in a cold-rolled and subsequently annealed Fe-18Cr-17Mn-2Mo-0.85N high-nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel were systematically explored. The results show that stacking faults and planar slip bands appearing at the right amount of deformation (lower than 10%) are beneficial cold-rolled microstructures to the GBCD optimization. The proportion of special boundaries gradually increases in the subsequent stages of recrystallization and grain growth, accompanying with the growth of twin-related domain in the experimental steel. In this way, the fraction of low Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries can reach as high as 82.85% for the specimen cold-rolled by 5% and then annealed at 1423 K for 72 h. After GBCD optimization, low Σ CSL boundaries and the special triple junctions (J2, J3) of high proportion can greatly hinder the nitride precipitation along grain boundaries and enhance the capability for intergranular crack arrest, thus improving the IGSCC resistance of the experimental steel.     

Wear Resistance of Austenitic Steel Fe–17Mn–6Si–0.3C with High Silicon and High Manganese

To solve the problem of poor wear resistance in conventional Hadfield steels under medium and low stress,a new kind of steel with high silicon and high manganese Fe–17Mn–6Si–0.3C was designed and its wear resistance was studied.The results showed that it exhibited better wear resistance than conventional Hadfield steel in both dry friction and abrasive friction.The better wear resistance of the new steel with high silicon and high manganese resulted from the stressinduced γ→ε martensitic transformation.     

Optimization of Grain Boundary Character Distribution in Fe-18Cr-18Mn-0.63N High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel

Grain boundary engineering（GBE） is a practice of improving resistance to grain boundary failure of the material through increasing the proportion of low Σ coincidence site lattice（CSL） grain boundaries（special grain boundaries） in the grain boundary character distribution（GBCD）. The GBCD in a cold rolled and annealed Fe-18Cr-18Mn-0.63N high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel was analyzed by electron back scatter difraction（EBSD）. The results show that the optimization process of GBE in the conventional austenitic stainless steel cannot be well applied to this high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. The percentage of low ΣCSL grain boundaries could increase from 47.3% for the solid solution treated high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel specimen to 82.0% for the specimen after 5% cold rolling reduction and then annealing at 1423 K for 10 min.These special boundaries of high proportion efectively interrupt the connectivity of conventional high angle grain boundary network and thus achieve the GBCD optimization for the high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel.     

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通过单向拉伸试验研究了Fe-20Mn-3Si-3Al-0.045CTWIP钢在不同变形量、不同应变速率及不同变形温度下的力学性能。结果表明:当变形量为10%,时试验钢具有较好的综合力学性能,其屈服强度达到770MPa,抗拉强度为1 360MPa,断后伸长率为30%。室温变形条件下,当应变速率为1×10-4s-1时,热轧态样品的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为510MPa及860MPa,拉伸伸长率为58%;当应变速率增加为1×10-1s-1时,其屈服强度及抗拉强度分别增至630MPa和970MPa,伸长率则下降为39%;随着变形温度的上升,材料的伸长率及抗拉强度均下降。增加变形温度至300℃时,该材料在应变速率为1×10-1s-1变形的抗拉强度降为764MPa,拉伸伸长率下降为25%。     

Effect of Quenching Process on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C Steel

To develop an appropriate quenching process to produce Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C steel, the microstructures and mechanical properties of this steel were investigated under the direct quenching and tempering (DQT) and the direct quenching, reheated quenching and tempering (DQQT) heat treatment processes. The microstructure of the DQQT specimen was basically tempered sorbite with spherical precipitates, while quite a bit of tempered martensite was in the DQT specimen with dispersive nanoscaled precipitates. The yield strengths of the DQT and DQQT specimens were 1154 and 955 MPa, respectively. The yield strength of the DQT specimen was higher than that of the DQQT specimen because of its finer grain size, higher density of dislocations and dispersed precipitates. The DQQT specimen had spherical precipitates, which hindered the propagation of the crack. Moreover, the high-angle grain boundaries in the DQQT specimen took a higher proportion. Therefore, the Charpy impact values of DQT and DQQT specimens at ? 60 °C were 38 and 75 J, respectively. Consequently, the mechanical properties of the Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Cr-2.4Ni-0.5Mo-C steel, which met the standard of 1000 MPa grade steel plate for hydropower station, were acquired by the DQQT process.     

淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响

分析了淬火配分处理对锻态Fe-0.2C-9Mn-3.5Al钢显微组织及力学行为的影响。结果表明,热处理态试验钢主要由块状δ-铁素体、马氏体和板条状残留奥氏体等多相构成;残留奥氏体的体积分数随等温淬火温度升高而增大,在310 ℃时达到峰值;310 ℃等温淬火后在400 ℃配分3 min时可以获得较优的综合力学性能,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为1175 MPa和21.50%,强塑积达到25.26 GPa·%;应力-应变曲线中存在着明显的“锯齿”状起伏,可能与亚稳态的残留奥氏体集中转变为马氏体有关。     

Effect of Annealing on Precipitation Hardening Behavior of 4% Al Austenitic Steel During Creep

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Austenitic steel AFA alloyed with 4% Al is studied in the state as delivered and after annealing at 1050 and 1230°C. The chemical composition of the steel is...     

退火温度对冷轧Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢组织与力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子万能拉伸试验机、X射线衍射以及背散射电子衍射等技术方法研究了退火温度对冷轧态Fe-0.4C-10Mn-6Al高强钢的组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢冷轧后的微观组织主要为δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体、马氏体与碳化物,退火后的组织主要由δ-铁素体、α-铁素体、奥氏体与碳化物组成,其中奥氏体含量因马氏体逆转变而随着退火温度升高而增加。随着退火温度的升高,屈服强度、抗拉强度均逐渐降低,伸长率逐渐提高。当退火温度达到800 ℃时,试验钢的强塑积达到27.84 GPa·%,有较好的综合力学性能。     

不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢力学组织性能的影响

采用拉伸性能测试、金相观察、SEM和EDS等方法研究了不同热处理工艺对Fe-30Mn-3Si-4AlTWIP钢微观组织、拉伸力学性能及断口形貌的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪测定材料的物相组成。结果表明,冷却速度越快,TWIP钢的延伸率和强度越高;热处理后其室温组织为含有退火孪晶的单一奥氏体,冷却速度越小,奥氏体晶粒和退火孪晶的尺寸越大。拉伸时发生典型的延性断裂,在拉伸过程中退火孪晶转变成形变孪晶,使材料的塑性提高。     

C-Mn-Si-V系高强度双相钢连续退火组织和性能研究

对C-Mn-Si-V系高强度双相钢进行连续退火处理,分别研究了均热温度、缓冷温度、快冷温度和过时效温度对试验钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当均热温度为780~840℃,缓冷温度为600~700℃,快冷温度为300~400℃,过时效温度为200~300℃时,试验钢的微观组织都是马氏体+铁素体。     

0.2C-5Mn-1.5Al中锰TRIP钢的显微组织及力学性能

利用相变热力学模拟计算,扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射仪(XRD),拉伸试验机等设备系统研究了不同退火工艺下0. 2C-5Mn-1. 5Al中锰TRIP钢的相变特点及组织性能,通过与不添加Al的0. 2C-5Mn中锰TRIP钢进行比较,研究了Al对相变规律及工艺与组织性能的影响规律。结果表明:Al添加提高并扩大了临界区温度范围,使得中锰钢可以选择更高的临界退火温度,这有助于加快奥氏体逆相变过程,缩短退火时间;同时Al的添加促进了C,Mn元素的聚集,有效提高了残留奥氏体含量,增强了变形过程中的TRIP效应;随着退火温度的升高,0. 2C-5Mn-1. 5Al钢的奥氏体含量及伸长率均表现为先增加后减少的趋势,而屈服强度略微下降,拉伸强度持续增加,在760℃退火3 min时获得最佳的力学性能:伸长率为32%,强塑积为35 GPa·%,Al的添加有效提高了0. 2C-5Mn中锰TRIP钢的综合力学性能。     

Nb微合金化Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP钢的组织与力学性能

向Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP钢中添加0.35%的Nb,提高钢中C元素含量至0.1%,并配合适当热处理工艺以提高TWIP钢的屈服强度。结果表明:改进后的Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al-0.3Nb-0.1C钢的屈服强度由原来的320 MPa提高至445 MPa,均匀伸长率则由65%降低至55%。Nb元素的添加会强烈阻碍TWIP钢的再结晶晶粒的长大,显著细化TWIP钢的奥氏体晶粒,并且添加的Nb、C元素经退火处理后主要以纳米级Nb C沉淀相的形式弥散分布于奥氏体基体上,这些细小的沉淀相将通过Orowan机制进一步提高TWIP钢的强度。此外,Nb、C元素的添加并未显著改变室温下Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP钢的塑性变形机制,应变诱发孪晶仍然是Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al-0.3Nb-0.1C钢的主要变形机制,奥氏体基体仍然维持着较低的层错能。通过细晶强化和沉淀强化的双重作用显著提高Fe-25Mn-3Si-3Al TWIP钢的强度,同时奥氏体基体的TWIP效应保证了改进后的TWIP钢仍具有良好的塑性。     

SUS304-2B不锈钢薄板加工硬化及退火软化的试验研究

采用单向拉伸试验研究了SUS304-2B不锈钢薄板的加工硬化规律和该合金硬化后的退火软化规律及机理，确定了其最佳的退火工艺参数。试验表明，该合金冷加工后强度指标(HV、σs、σb)明显增加，塑性指标(δ和ψ)降低。随着形变量的增加，组织中形变孪晶数目增多，加工硬化的程度增加。对不同加工硬化程度的试样，在低温(100～490℃)下退火后再拉伸，其力学性能基本不变，退火软化效果不明显；在高温(900～1050℃)下退火3min～10min，快冷，该合金组织发生完全再结晶，且晶粒大小较均匀，退火软化效果明显。由此确定，SUS304-2B不锈钢最佳退火工艺为：在1020～1150℃下退火3min，快冷。     

45钢锤头淬火后的组织和硬度

45钢制锤头零件因零件厚度、形状不同在淬火过程中出现表面硬度不同的现象。从理论上分析了硬度不同的原因,指出淬火对冷却后零件表面组织马氏体及晶粒度的影响。零件表面形状变化处,即薄处,马氏体组织数量多,硬度愈高,耐磨性愈好。     

Revealing effect of aluminum alloying on work hardening and impact behaviors of low-density Fe-18Mn-1.3C-2Cr-(4, 11)Al casting steel

The present study designed two kinds of Fe-18Mn-1.3C-2Cr-(4, 11)Al (wt.%) low-density steels. Tensile and impact tests were carried out to evaluate the work hardening and impact toughness properties via aluminum (Al) alloying control. Meanwhile, microstructure evolution and fracture morphology were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and a stereo-optical microscope (OM). It is found that the Al addition obviously promotes the dislocation planar slipping, resulting in cleavage and brittle impact fracture in 11wt.% Al steel. Besides, the microband-induced plasticity (MBIP) mechanism is found in 4wt.% Al containing steel, introducing considerable work hardening capacity and impact toughness of 156.8±17.4 J. The present study provides a direct illustration of the relationship between work hardening and impact toughness behaviors of these two low-density steels for potential application as impact-resistant components.

     

冷轧变形对Fe-15Ni-12Mn-3.5C-2.5Si合金组织及性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和HB-3000B型布氏硬度计对Fe-15Ni-12Mn-3.5C-2.5Si合金在不同冷轧变形量条件下的组织和性能进行了分析和研究.实验表明,随变形量的增大,晶内出现大量的位错缠结组织.晶粒细化为微晶和纳米晶.合金硬度随变形量的增加而增大.说明位错硬化机制和纳米晶、非晶态的产生是Fe-15Ni-12Mn-3.5C-2.5Si合金产生应变硬化的原因.     

Theory and Modeling of Phase Transformations under Stress in Steel

Thermodynamic prediction of the increment of the formation temperature of proeutectoid ferrite by applied stress is nearly consistent with the experimental data. Kinetics models for ferrite，pearlite and bainite transformations can be shown as modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation in which parameter b(σ) varies with the level of applied stress.The effects of tensile and compressive stresses on enhancement of the ferrite/pearlite and bainite transformations are discussed. The necessity and approach of modification of additivity hypothesis are introduced and the results from modified equation in which some parameters are obtained by regression of two experimental results or taken from TTT and CCT diagrams of a certain steel are superior than that from Scheil‘s equation. Thermodynamic calculation of Ms and nucleation kinetics equations of martensitic transformation under stress are suggested. Modeling of phase transformations under stress in ferrous alloys is briefly described.     

Fe-0.87C-0.50Cr钢的热模拟组织与性能研究

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,测定了Fe-0.87C-0.50Cr钢的连续冷却转变曲线(动态CCT曲线),结合金相观察,对连续冷却转变过程中奥氏体转变及转变产物的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明,在10～20 K/s的冷速进行冷却,转变组织为珠光体,能够使该钢的硬度超过407 HV10,抗拉强度在1300 MPa以上;在575℃,珠光体相变在6 s内完成,孕育期非常短。     

高氮奥氏体钢中退火孪晶界及其断裂刻面的特征

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对18Cr18Mn0.7N高氮奥氏体钢固溶处理后的退火孪晶界及低温脆断中的退火孪晶界断面进行了观察和分析。结果表明,高氮奥氏体钢固溶处理时形成大量退火孪晶,退火孪晶界上存在微米高度的台阶,同一退火孪晶界上的台阶可以合并和分解,取向也在不断变化。退火孪晶界断面上存在折线状台阶花样,折线的首、末两端均位于断面边缘即晶界上;每根折线由三根取向不同的直线段依次圆滑连接而成,每根直线段分别与一组形变迹线平行,而相邻直线段间成120°角;数根折线以晶界上的同一点为圆心,形成一组同心半圆形花样,断裂刻面上的这种折线状台阶可作为退火孪晶界断裂刻面的判断依据。