搅拌摩擦点焊技术在汽车行业的应用

随着汽车行业产品的轻量化发展,镁、铝等轻质合金被大量运用,其焊接技术亦为越来越多的工业制造商所关注,搅拌摩擦点焊技术是在搅拌摩擦焊技术的基础上衍生而来的一种适用于轻金属合金连接的新型的固相点焊技术。可以代替熔焊、激光焊、电阻点焊等多种焊接方法,而成为一种新型的搅拌摩擦焊方法。本文将对搅拌摩擦点焊的产生背景、基本原理以及在汽车行业的应用进行简述。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对2198铝锂合金焊缝成形及接头力学性能的影响

对2198铝锂合金薄板进行了搅拌摩擦焊试验,分析了搅拌头旋转速度和焊接速度对焊缝成形及接头力学性能的影响。结果表明:旋转速度(n)与焊接速度(v)的比值大于15.7时,能形成表面成形良好,且内部致密无缺陷的焊缝;接头焊核区形成了细小的等轴晶,前进侧热力影响区大部分为等轴状晶粒,后退侧热力影响区的板条状组织发生了变形,其周围出现了细晶粒;焊接速度为30mm·min-1时,接头的抗拉强度随旋转速度的增大而变小,其最大值为432.17MPa,焊缝的硬度低于母材的,热力影响区的硬度最低,焊核区的硬度略高于热力影响区的。随着n/v的增大,热影响区的软化区间变宽。     

无针搅拌摩擦点焊材料流动行为及其与接头宏观形貌、晶粒特征的相关性

搅拌摩擦焊接头材料流动行为是优化焊接工艺的根本所在,目前关于无针搅拌摩擦点焊流动行为尚未形成统一的认识。以0.02 mm镍箔为示踪材料,采用轴肩端面具有渐开线凹槽的无针搅拌头,改变旋转速度和焊接时间进行1.8 mm厚2198-T8铝锂合金搭接搅拌摩擦点焊试验,借助微焦点锥束三维CT设备、扫描电镜等测试手段,研究材料流动行为及其对接头宏观形貌、晶粒特征的影响。结果表明,轴肩下方的金属在轴肩挤压和摩擦热作用下先软化,以螺旋形向下向内流动形成搅拌区;随着焊接时间的延长,搅拌区金属向上和向外流动增强,致使搅拌区外缘界面翘曲,形成Hook缺陷。随旋转速度或焊接时间增大,搅拌区金属向下和向上向外流动加剧,焊核的深度和直径增大、晶粒更细小;下板金属软化程度加强,搅拌区外缘下板更多的塑化金属向上向外流动,致使Hook更翘曲。研究结果为深入了解无针搅拌摩擦点焊材料流动行为和优化焊接工艺提供了理论基础。     

AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊对AZ31B镁合金板材进行了焊接试验,研究了搅拌头旋转速度、焊接速度和搅拌头轴肩下压量对焊接接头成形质量的影响。结果表明,搅拌头转速过快或焊接速度过慢时,焊缝会出现局部过热甚至熔化现象;反之,当搅拌头转速不够或焊接速度过快时,材料不能充分流动,会形成隧道型缺陷或表面沟槽。当搅拌头轴肩下压量过小时,焊缝内部组织疏松或出现孔洞、隧道型缺陷,焊缝表面出现沟槽,甚至使焊缝金属液外溢;搅拌头轴肩下压量过大,会造成摩擦力及搅拌头前移阻力增大、焊缝凹陷及出现飞边。当搅拌头转速为1200～1500r／min、焊速为30～60mm／min,搅拌头轴肩下压量为1．5～2．0mm时,可得表面成形良好、内部无孔洞和隧道的焊缝。     

铝-镁合金的超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊试验研究*

研究铝镁异种合金的连接可拓宽轻量化结构的应用领域,具有重要的学术意义和工程实用价值。进行常规搅拌摩擦焊(Friction stir welding, FSW)和超声振动辅助搅拌摩擦焊(Ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding, UVeFSW)的对比试验,并对结果进行分析。试验结果表明超声的施加可以拓宽工艺参数窗口,改善焊缝表面的成形,减少缺陷,优化界面结构,细化均化晶粒,提高接头的力学性能。进行载荷测试后发现,超声的加入可以降低焊接所需载荷,这有利于降低设备体积。而温度场的测试则说明,超声波对于焊件有预热作用。     

SIMOTION D435在搅拌摩擦焊接机中的应用

针对目前我国搅拌摩擦焊设备的自主研发水平不高,大部分只能焊接一维直线或者无法恒压力控制的问题,设计了一套既能焊接二维曲线又可恒压力控制的搅拌摩擦焊设备.通过对搅拌摩擦焊接的焊接原理和控制要素的分析,在综合比较了各种控制方案后,选用了以SIMOTION D435为核心的控制方案;在对所需功能进行分析的基础上,控制程序采用模块式的编程方法,综合运用LAD语言和MCC语言,实现了搅拌摩擦焊接时的二维轨迹插补和压力PID控制,并对压力的控制精度和进给轴的定位精度进行了实验分析.研究结果表明,该系统运行稳定,压力控制精度高,适合于铝合金、镁合金等轻合金的二维平面的搅拌摩擦焊接.     

Investigating the formation of intermetallic compounds during friction stir welding of magnesium alloy to aluminum alloy in air and under liquid nitrogen

This research demonstrates the use of submerged friction stir welding under liquid nitrogen as an alternative and improved method for creating fine-grained welds, and hence, to alleviate formation of intermetallic phases. Magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy were joined by friction stir welding in two environments, namely air and liquid nitrogen, with 400 rpm rotation and 50 mm/min travel speed. The temperature profile, microstructure, scanning electron microscope energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis and hardness were evaluated. In the stir zone of air-welded specimen, formation of brittle intermetallic compounds causes the weld to crack. These phases were formed because of constitutional liquation. The stir zone of under liquid nitrogen-welded specimen showed that formation of intermetallic compounds is suppressed significantly because of lower heat input.     

搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊焊接接头的残余应力

利用X射线衍射法测量了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接接头表面的残余应力分布.结果表明:两种接头在焊缝区及其周围的残余应力存在着明显的变化,在平行于焊缝方向,应力呈"W"型的分布,焊缝外残余应力值迅速下降;钨极氩弧焊焊接接头残余应力的最大值位于热影响区;在热影响区,搅拌摩擦焊接接头残余应力平均值比TIG焊接接头的约低15%～25%.     

超声复合焊接研究现状及科学问题

超声复合焊接是功率超声应用的重要方向之一。由于超声独特的物理化学与力学效应,改变或改善了传统焊接工艺的效果,甚至解决了传统焊接无法克服的问题,因此,该技术在制造工业中具有潜在的应用前景。但是,目前的研究偏重超声复合焊接工艺效果,在超声能与焊接能复合机制方面的研究不够深入,对该方法能够达到的水平不清楚。综述超声复合焊接中三种主要方法--超声复合电弧焊、超声复合钎焊和超声复合搅拌摩擦焊的工艺原理、特点及成果,归纳与总结焊接工艺中超声场作用下液态金属凝固行为、固态金属流变成形行为、液态钎料合金与母材的界面行为,提出目前研究中所存在的主要科学问题及建议未来应关注的几方面内容,希望对该领域的基础研究及工程应用提供有价值的参考。     

Effect of process parameters on the macrostructure and defect formation in friction stir lap welding of AA5456 aluminum alloy

Friction stir welding could be considered as a suitable technique for joining of aluminum alloys due to the emerging of different problems in fusion welding of these alloys, especially in lap joint designs. For this purpose, it is necessary to optimize the process parameters while in this study, the combined effects of tool rotation and welding travel speed on the macrostructure and defect formation of friction stir lap welding of AA5456 was investigated. The rotating tool was plunged from the 5 mm-thick AA5456-H321 (top sheet) surface into the 2.5 mm-thick AA5456-O (bottom sheet) and lap joints were fabricated by rotational speeds of 300, 600, 800 and 1000 rpm and welding speeds of 15, 30, 60 and 100 mm min⁻¹. The effect of tool rotation and welding speed on the macrostructure, material flow and defect formation, i.e. hooking, kissing-bond and cavity, were studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope. The results declared that hooking height decreased as the welding speed increased while kissing-bond was formed at higher welding speeds. Moreover, hooking region was extended as the tool rotational speed increased. However, at a high rotational speed, cavity was even created.     

超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊的热力行为及微观组织特征

为了利用超声振动降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中金属材料的屈服应力和流动应力,研发超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊试验装置,开展6061-T6铝合金的焊接工艺试验。采用实时采集焊机电参数并将其转化成力矩和力的方法,测试超声振动作用下搅拌摩擦焊的焊接载荷,利用热电偶测试施加超声时的焊接热循环,通过体视显微镜和金相显微镜分别观测焊缝截面尺寸和接头微观组织,并与相同参数下常规搅拌摩擦焊的情况进行比对。研究结果表明,超声振动能够显著降低焊接轴向压力和搅拌头转矩,增大焊缝横截面尺寸,细化和均匀焊核区和热力影响区的晶粒组织。热循环的测量结果显示,超声振动的施加略微降低了测量点的焊接热循环峰值温度。分析认为,超声振动与搅拌头附近的塑性变形材料相互作用,降低了金属材料的屈服应力和流变应力,进而改变了原有的温度场,从而产生了优异的工艺效果。     

搅拌摩擦焊焊接温度数值模型及其影响因素

通过对搅拌摩擦焊过程进入稳定状态后摩擦产热与散热机制的分析,建立了搅拌摩擦焊焊接温度的数值模型。由数值模型可知,影响焊接温度的各种因素包括被焊材料和搅拌工具材料的物理性质、两者之间的摩擦因数、搅拌工具的尺寸、焊接参数、被焊材料表面受到的轴向压力和侧面受到的进给压力等,有些因素之间还互相影响,关系复杂。其中,搅拌工具的旋转速度、搅拌工具与被焊材料之间的摩擦因数、被焊材料表面受到的轴向压力及侧面受到的进给压力是主要因素。以聚氯乙稀板材搅拌摩擦焊为例,验证了在适当的取值范围内焊接温度数学模型的理论计算值与实测值基本吻合。     

Microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welds between AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T651

In the present work, similar and dissimilar friction stir welds have been produced on 6-mm-thick plates of AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T651. The microstructural characteristics and the mechanical response of both similar and dissimilar welds were investigated aiming to determine the major differences between them. Material mixing of the dissimilar weld nugget, which was created after the welding process, was studied in order to determine the produced different areas and their dominant alloying elements in this zone. Microstructural investigation was made in the welding zones of similar and dissimilar friction stir welds and indications of partial dynamic recrystallization were observed in the thermomechanically affected zone of the similar welds. Transverse and longitudinal microhardness distributions determined the heat affected zone as the weaker area in the welded specimen. After tensile testing, the fracture of the similar and the dissimilar welds at heat affected zone demonstrated the good bonding and weld quality of the similar and dissimilar weld nuggets.     

镁合金焊接技术的现状及最新进展

综述了镁合金常用焊接方法、工艺特点及应用情况,着重介绍了搅拌摩擦焊接技术的原理、工艺及设备。对搅拌摩擦焊在镁合金中的应用作了比较详尽的总结,展望了镁合金焊接的前景。     

Load bearing capacity of tool pin during friction stir welding

Although friction stir welding (FSW) is now widely used for the welding of aluminum and other soft alloys, premature tool failure limits its application to hard alloys such as steels and titanium alloys. The tool pin, the weakest component of the tool, experiences severe stresses at high temperatures due to both bending moment and torsion. It is shown that the optimum tool pin geometry can be determined from its load bearing capacity for a given set of welding variables and tool and work-piece materials. The traverse force and torque during friction stir welding are computed using a three-dimensional heat transfer and viscoplastic material flow model considering temperature and strain rate-dependent flow stress of the work-piece material. These computed values are used to determine the maximum shear stress experienced by the tool pin due to bending moment and torsion for various welding variables and tool pin dimensions. It is shown that a tool pin with smaller length and larger diameter will be able to sustain more stress than a longer pin with smaller diameter. The proposed methodology is used to explain the failure and deformation of the tool pin in independent experiments for the welding of both L80 steel and AA7075 alloy. The results demonstrate that the short tool life in a typical FSW of steels is contributed by low values of factor of safety in an environment of high temperature and severe stress.     

3A21与6063异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能分析

为研究3A21与6063异种铝合金材料摩擦搅拌焊接头性能,文中选取了16组不同的焊接工艺参数进行搅拌摩擦焊接试验。在试验过程中,为研究焊缝处的力学性能,减小了试件焊缝处的宽度,使拉伸断裂处能发生在焊缝处。通过整理试验数据,分析了6063-O/3A21与6063-T6/3A21焊接接头抗拉强度与接头硬度随焊速、转速以及焊速转速比变化的分布规律,得到了适用的焊接参数范围。试验表明,通过合理选择焊接参数,得到了力学性能良好的焊接接头,达到了工程应用要求。     

搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝金属流动形态的影响

采用铝箔作为标示材料,研究了旋转速度、焊接速度、下压量等工艺参数对LY12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态的影响.结果表明:焊缝金属的流动形态由4个特征区域组成,即水平流动区、紊流区、"洋葱环"区和刚塑性迁移区;搅拌摩擦焊的焊缝关于中心不对称,返回边标示材料的变形程度比前进边的大;随着旋转速度的提高,金属在焊缝厚度方向向上的迁移量先增大后减小;随着焊接速度的提高,金属向上迁移的最大位移减小;增大下压量,有利于金属的流动和焊缝致密度的提高.     

A fully coupled thermo-mechanical model of friction stir welding

This paper presents a new developed fully coupled thermo-mechanical model of the friction stir welding process. Results indicate that the rotation of the shoulder can accelerate the material flow behavior near the top surface. The material deformation and the temperature field can have relations with the microstructural evolution. The texture of the appearance of the friction stir welds can correlate well with the equivalent plastic strain distributions on the top surface. The temperature field in the friction stir welding process is approximately symmetric to the welding line. The material flows in different thicknesses are different. The shoulder can have a significant effect on material behaviors on the top surface, but this effect is greatly weakened when the material gets closer to the bottom surface of the welding plate.     

不同过程参数对搅拌摩擦焊接中材料流动以及残余应力分布的影响

通过有限元法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接的二维模型,并研究了不同工艺参数下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动以及残余应力的分布。在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,切向流动构成了材料流动的主要形式,并且材料流动最为剧烈的区域发生在后退侧。在材料的切向流动中,材料的流动方向不是单一的,可能会形成漩涡。搅拌头平移速度和转速的增加,都能使材料在后退侧的流动变得更为剧烈,但是在材料流动速度较小的区域,参数的改变对材料流动的影响很小。纵向残余应力的最大值始终发生在热影响区的边界,并且纵向残余应力在靠近焊缝中心线的附近一般为正值,而在靠近焊接构件边界的地方,残余应力则表现为负值。纵向残余应力的最大值随着搅拌头平移速度的增加而有所增加,但是搅拌头转速的变化对纵向残余应力的分布影响不大。     

Influences of tool pin profile and axial force on the formation of friction stir processing zone in AA6061 aluminium alloy

AA6061 aluminium alloy (Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Compared to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile plays a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation an attempt has been made to understand the effect of axial force and tool pin profiles on FSP zone formation in AA6061 aluminium alloy. Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular and square) have been used to fabricate the joints at three different axial force levels. The formation of FSP zone has been analysed macroscopically. Tensile properties of the joints have been evaluated and correlated with the FSP zone formation. From this investigation it is found that the square tool pin profile produces mechanically sound and metallurgically defect free welds compared to other tool pin profiles.