Mathematical modelling and numerical optimization of particle heating process in copper flash furnace

A mathematical model of the particle heating process in the reaction shaft of flash smelting furnace was established and the calculation was performed. The results indicate that radiation plays a significant role in the heat transfer process within the first 0.6 m in the upper part of the reaction shaft, whilst the convection is dominant in the area below 0.6 m for the particle heating. In order to accelerate the particle ignition, it is necessary to enhance the convection, thus to speed up the particle heating. A high-speed preheated oxygen jet technology was then suggested to replace the nature gas combustion in the flash furnace, aiming to create a lateral disturbance in the gaseous phase around the particles, so as to achieve a slip velocity between the two phases and a high convective heat transfer coefficient. Numerical simulation was carried out for the cases with the high-speed oxygen jet and the normal nature gas burners. The results show that with the high-speed jet technology, particles are heated up more rapidly and ignited much earlier, especially within the area of the radial range of R=0.3–0.6 m. As a result, a more efficient smelting process can be achieved under the same operational condition.     

Mathematical modeling of the gas and powder flow in HVOF systems

A mathematical model was developed to describe the gas dynamics and heat-transfer mechanism in the gas/particle flow of high- velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) systems. A numerical solution was carried out using a PC- based computer program. One- dimensional predictions of the temperature and velocity profiles of gas and particles along the axis of flow were obtained to conduct cost- effective parametric studies and quality optimization of thermal spray coatings produced by HVOF systems. The numerical computer model allows for the variation of the HVOF system parameters, such as air/fuel ratio and flow rates, cooling water inlet temperature and flow rate, barrel length, standoff distance, particle size, and gun geometry. Because of the negligible volume of the powder relative to the gas, the gaseous phase was modeled as continuous nonadiabatic, and friction flow with variable specific heats and changing cross- sectional areas of flow. The generalized continuity, momentum, and energy equations with the influence parameters were used to model the gaseous flow regime and predict its thermodynamic properties. Empirical formulas for the mean axial decay of both velocity and temperature in the supersonic jet plume region were generated from published measurements of these parameters using laser Doppler velocimeter and Ray leigh scattering techniques, respectively. The particle drag and heat- transfer coefficients were calculated by empirical formulas in terms of Reynolds, Nusselt, and Prandtl numbers to evaluate both the momentum and heat transferred between the combustion gases and the powder particles. The model predictions showed good agreement with the particle and gas temperature and velocity measurements that are available in the literature.     

高投料量下炼铜闪速炉内熔炼过程的数值模拟

以FLUENT 6.3为计算平台,建立了铜闪速炉熔炼过程数值模型,并针对高投料量下反应塔气粒两相变物理场信息分布变化特点展开仿真研究。结果表明:工艺风入炉后迅速膨胀,并在反应塔中心形成轮廓明显的主体气流柱;主体气流柱内外的温度和氧浓分布梯度变化较大;局部低温出现在精矿喷嘴下方,而高温反应核心区域则下移至反应塔中下部。综合多场耦合仿真结果可知:高投料量条件下精矿粒子与反应配风之间混合力度欠佳是造成高投料量反应塔内熔炼过程反应效率降低的主要原因。     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DISTRIBUTION BEHAVIORS OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN COPPER FLASH SMELTING──COMPUTER SIMULATION

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＯＮＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＢＥＨＡＶＩＯＲＳＯＦＭＩＮＯＲＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＳＩＮＣＯＰＰＥＲＦＬＡＳＨＳＭＥＬＴＩＮＧ──ＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＴａｎＰｅｎｇｆｕ；ＺｈａｎｇＣｈｕａｎｆｕ（Ｄｅ...     

铝熔炼过程温度场的数值模拟研究

根据物料平衡方程、能量守恒方程、动量方程建立熔炼炉内熔炼过程中熔体温度的数学模型;以能量平衡测试中得到的数据为边界条件,在概率密度函数(PDF)仿真基础上,运用Fluent6.3流体力学软件对熔炼过程温度场进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实际情况相符。本研究为现场实际生产过程控制提供重要依据,为熔炼炉的设计、研究提供了有效的方法和途径。     

空气静压主轴有限元建模及动态特性研究

为提高空气静压轴承支撑的空气静压主轴的动态工作性能,文章利用Fluent计算出了空气静压轴承在不同供气压力下气膜刚度,利用Ansys Workbench中的轴承单元和弹簧—阻尼单元模拟轴承支承,对主轴系统进行了模态分析和动态响应分析,得到不同供气压力下主轴系统的固有频率、振型以及激振力作用下的位移幅频动态响应曲线。结果表明,随着供气压力的增加,轴承气膜刚度增加,且对主轴系统的低阶模态和高阶模态影响不同。另外随着气膜刚度增加,谐振频率逐渐增大、振幅减小,系统抵抗受迫振动能力逐渐增强。研究结果为提高空气静压主轴的动态性能提供了一定的理论依据。     

Mathematical model of multistage and multiphase chemical reactions in flash furnace

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｆｌａｓｈｓｍｅｌｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｆｏｒｃｏｐｐｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ ,ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｉｎｇｆｏｒａｂｏｕｔ5 0 %ｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｆｏｒｐｒｉｍａｒｙｃｏｐｐｅｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｔｉｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｈｅａｔｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｂｙｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｌｆｕｒｉｃｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅｓ .Ｔｈｅｆｅｅｄｍｉｘｔｕ…     

十字轴小飞边精密成形工艺

针对十字轴热模锻成形过程中飞边大、成形力大的问题,根据十字轴形状尺寸及锻造成形工艺特点,提出十字轴小飞边精密成形工艺。采用Deform-3D对十字轴小飞边精密成形工艺过程进行数值模拟,对模拟成形的十字轴锻件及其金属速度场、等效应变、模具载荷-时间曲线进行分析。模拟结果显示,十字轴锻件成形完整,金属流动均匀,模具载荷减小。结合模拟结果,设计制造模具进行十字轴成形工艺试验。试验得到的十字轴锻件,填充饱满,无折叠、表面裂纹等缺陷,飞边明显减小,与模拟结果一致。结果表明:改变十字轴热模锻成形工艺,采用十字轴小飞边精密成形工艺,使锻件飞边减小,锻造过程成形载荷降低。     

Numerical simulation analysis of Guixi copper flash smelting furnace

A numerical simulation analysis for reactions of chalcopyrite and pyrite particles coupled with momentum,heat and mass transfer between the particle and gas in a flash smelting furnace is presented.In the simulation.the equations governing the gas flow are solved numerically by Eular method.The particle phase is introduced into the gas flow by the particle-source-in-cell technique(PSIC),Predictions including the fluid flow field,temperature field,concentration field of gas phase and the tracks of particles have been obtained by the numerical simulation.The visualized results show that the reaction of sulfide particles is almost completed in the upper zone of the shaft within 1.5m far from the central jet distributor (CJD)type concentrate burner,The simulation results are in good agreement with data obtained from a series of experiments and tests in the plant and the error is less than 2%.     

基于遗传算法的铜闪速熔炼过程控制优化

基于已建立的铜闪速熔炼神经网络模型,以能耗费用最低为目标,在工艺指标控制范围内,采用遗传算法对铜闪速熔炼过程的工艺参数进行了仿真优化计算。结果表明,当空气、分配风、工艺氧和中央氧的市场价格折合比值分别为0.05、0.1、0.4和0.45,精矿量为128 t,其成分(质量分数)为Cu 20.61%、S 27.59%、Fe 24.72%、SiO2 11.64%和MgO 1.39%时,铜闪速熔炼工艺参数的遗传优化值为空气15 011 m3、分配风1 302 m3、工艺氧17 359 m3、中央氧1 000 m3、熔剂13.6 t;与实践平均值相比,若采用优化工艺参数控制,熔炼能耗费用可降低4.6%。     

Intelligent prediction model of matte grade in copper flash smelting process

Due to the importance of detecting the matte grade in the copper flash smelting process, the mechanism model was established according to the multi-phase and multi-component mathematic model. Meanwhile this procedure was a complicated production process with characteristics of large time delay, nonlinearity and so on. A fuzzy neural network model was set up through a great deal of production data. Besides a novel constrained gradient descent algorithm used to update the parameters was put forward to improve the parameters learning efficiency. Ultimately the self-adaptive combination technology was adopted to paralleled integrate two models in order to obtain the prediction model of the matte grade. Industrial data validation shows that the intelligently integrated model is more precise than a single model. It can not only predict the matte grade exactly but also provide optimal control of the copper flash smelting process with potent guidance.     

Direct Production of Copper

The use of commercially pure oxygen in flash smelting a typical chalcopyrite concentrate or a low grade comminuted matte directly to copper produces a large excess of heat. The heat balance is controlled by adjusting the calorific value of the solid feed. A portion of the sulfide material is roasted to produce a calcine which is blended with unroasted material, and the blend is then autogeneously smelted with oxygen and flux directly to copper. Either iron silicate or iron calcareous slags are produced, both being subject to a slag cleaning treatment. Practically all of the sulfur is contained in a continuous stream of SO₂ gas, most of which is strong enough for liquefaction. A particularly attractive feature of these technologies is that no radically new metallurgical equipment needs to be developed. The oxygen smelting can be carried out not only in the Inco type flash furnace but in other suitable smelters such as cyclone furnaces. Another major advantage stems from abolishion of the ever-troublesome converter aisle, which is replaced with continuous roasting of a fraction of the copper sulfide feed.     

闪速熔炼在中国的进展与研究--冷风技术及"非接触冶金"

从环境保护角度阐述了世界铜、镍闪速熔炼的发展与现状,讨论了"冷风节能"及其工业应用技术.介绍了中国在"闪速炉扩产"、"闪速冶金事故监控"、"水套新材料"、"闪速炉连续炼铜"等方面的研究成果.为根本解决强化冶金对炉衬的腐蚀,提出了"非接触冶金"的思路,描述了中心旋涡柱闪速熔炼方法,并介绍了旋涡喷嘴基本设计及计算机仿真实验.     

Loading effect at air plasma etching of fabric of polyethylene terephthalate fibers

The results of studying the loading effect at low temperature air plasma action on the surface of fabric of polyethylene terephthalate filament yarns are presented. Gravimetric and mass-spectrum techniques were used in this work. Gas evolution changes plasma properties and, as a consequence, the target process kinetics. Due to the mutual influence of heterogeneous and volumetric processes not only flows of active oxygen particles on the material surface reduce but also the correlations of these flows change. The NO molecule concentration is closely connected with the atom oxygen balance. Even when the fraction of the reactor surface occupied by the fabric is relatively low, the NO molecules’ concentration drops appreciably. For a wide interval of discharge parameters, the specific rates of etching, the oxygen absorption from the gas phase, the gaseous product formation, and the NO molecule concentration decrease extensively when the reactor load ratio is increased from 6% to 50%. The interconnected influence of the parameters and the loading is shown in the behavior of the reaction product formation. In the case of the load ratio rising, the correlation of the degradation channels changes to a channel with a yield of CO and H₂ stronger at higher initial gas pressure.     

高速电主轴用球轴承油气润滑温度场仿真与实验研究

基于局部热源计算轴承内部生热,考虑不同转速计算油气润滑下轴承滚道表面对流换热系数,采用Mixture多相流模型结合RNG k-ε湍流模型和Fluent软件动网格技术,建立球轴承两相流场模型,求解得到电主轴球轴承油气润滑温度场,分析轴承内部温度分布,给出最佳供油量的确定方法。对某高速电主轴用球轴承进行了油气润滑两相计算,结果表明:随着转速增大,轴承总摩擦生热率急剧增大,且转速越大,增长幅度越大;给定工况存在最佳供油量,且最佳供油量随转速增大而增大。最后通过电主轴轴承实验证明了该模型对油气润滑模拟的可靠性。     

某厂铜熔炼渣浮选综合回收金、银和铜的研究与应用

某选矿厂采用缓冷(空冷+水冷)-浮选工艺回收铜熔炼造锍捕金熔池熔炼渣,研究了缓冷制度、磨矿细度、调整剂用量、捕收剂种类及用量对金、银和铜浮选回收率的影响。结果表明,铜熔炼渣先空冷22 h后水冷40 h;磨矿80 min至细度为-0.074 mm粒级占96.44%(自制活化剂JC-100加入量为200 g/t);浮选调整剂氧化钙用量300 g/t,捕收剂用量丁基黄药为60 g/t、Z-200为160 g/t、自制JC-200为100 g/t,起泡剂2^#油用量为120 g/t;经一粗二扫二精选矿,闭路实验金、银和铜回收率达97.66%、92.71%和94.44%。据此对生产流程进行合理改进后提高了回收率,经济效益明显。     

Flash smelting and converting furnaces: A 50 year retrospect

1999 marked the 50th anniversary of the Outokumpu flash-smelting process. Originating during the post-World War II energy crisis, flash smelting is a high-intensity process developed to attain ever-increasing throughputs and intensities. Many innovations and continuous development ensued during the next 50 years before today’s state-of-the-art copper-making process chain and environmental benchmarking technology (e.g., Outokumpu flash smelting, Kennecott-Outokumpu flash converting, and flash technology) became possible. This article reviews how Outokumpu flash furnace design, especially cooling for higher heat loads, has improved over the years. For more information, contact I.V. Kojo, Outokumpu Engineering Contractors Oy, P.O. Box 862, FIN-02201 Espoo, Finland; telephone 358-9-4211; fax 358-9-421 3973; e-mail ilkka.kojo@outokumpu.com.     

蓄热式钢包烘烤热行为的数值模拟和[NOx]排放特性

为了研究蓄热式钢包烘烤的空气和煤气的预热温度对高温空气燃烧过程的影响,耦合了烘烤过程中流体流动、换热和燃烧过程,用数值模拟方法建立了三维立体数学模型,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,采用有限元差分法和修正速度—压力相耦合的算法Simple,计算了钢包内的燃烧现象,得出了在不同预热温度时,燃烧室内气体温度场和氧气浓度场的分布。结果表明,提高气体预热温度有利于加快燃烧进程,可提高炉内的整体温度及温度的均匀性,降低局部氧浓度,利用高的烘烤效率减少[NOx]的排放。     

Operation optimization of concentrate burner in copper flash smelting furnace

The software that simulates the flow, temperature, concentration and the heat generation field in the Outkumpu flash smelting furnace, was developed by a numerical method of the particle-gas flow together with some chemical reaction models. Many typical operating conditions were chosen for simulation in order to obtain the effect of the distribution air, process air, central oxygen and the oil-burner position etc. The concepts about optimum op-eration, 3C(concentration of high temperature, high oxygen and laden concentrate particles), are concluded from these simulated results, which have been checked primarily by operational experiments.     

纳米碳/碳包铁材料合成及气相爆轰数值分析

本文从理论上分析了气相爆轰反应中爆轰产物组分与形成稳定爆轰的条件。通过以氧气与苯、氧气与溶有二茂铁的苯为原料,用气相爆轰形式制备了碳纳米材料与碳包铁纳米颗粒。爆炸产物经XRD与TEM表征发现,碳纳米材料呈球或准球状,颗粒尺寸在10~30nm,分散性较差。团簇区主要以无定型碳为主,分散区有少量洋葱状富勒烯。游离态碳与铁物质的量比影响碳包铁的形貌结构,其比值在10~28时,碳包铁纳米颗粒呈球状,核壳结构明显,分散性较好;大于50时,其形貌结构发生变化,部分碳以片状结构存在。