"Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception": Correction to Connine and Clifton.

Reports an error in "Interactive use of lexical information in speech perception" by Cynthia M. Connine and Charles Clifton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1987[May], Vol 13[2], 291-299). In the aforementioned article, Figures 1 and 2 were inadvertently transposed. The figure on p. 294 is actually Figure 2, and the figure on p. 296 is actually Figure 1. The captions are correct as they stand. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-23984-001.) Two experiments are reported that demonstrate contextual effects on identification of speech voicing continua. Experiment 1 demonstrated the infuence of lexical knowledge on identification of ambiguous tokens from word–nonword and nonword–word continua. Reaction times for word and nonword responses showed a word advantage only for ambiguous stimulus tokens (at the category boundary); no word advantage was found for clear stimuli (at the continua endpoints). Experiment 2 demonstrated an effect of a postperceptual variable, monetary payoff, on nonword–nonword continua. Identification responses were influenced by monetary payoff, but reaction times for bias-consistent and bias-inconsistent responses did not differ at the category boundary. An advantage for bias-consistent responses was evident at the continua endpoints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The attentional blink reflects retrieval competition among multiple rapid serial visual presentation items: Tests of an interference model": Erratum.

Reports an error in "The attentional blink reflects retrieval competition among multiple rapid serial visual presentation items: Tests of an interference model" by Matthew I. Isaak, Kimron L. Shapiro and Jesse Martin (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999[Dec], Vol 25[6], 1774-1792). On p. 1778, the correct Figure 1 was inadvertently replaced in the production process with an erroneous figure. The erratum contains the corrected figure. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2000-15288-019.) When people respond to a target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation stream, their perception of a subsequent target (T2) is impaired if the intertarget stimulus onset asynchrony is between about 100 and 500 ms. Three experiments supported the interference model's (K. L. Shapiro, J. E. Raymond, & K. M. Arnell, 1994) claim that this attentional blink reflects competition for retrieval among multiple items in visual short-term memory. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that items appearing during the blink are named as T2 on an above-chance proportion of trials when T2 must be identified. Experiment 3 demonstrated that both the size of the blink and sensitivity to T2 reflected the number of items competing for retrieval as T2; such competition, moreover, occurred at a conceptual or categorical level rather than at a purely visual one. The relationship between the interference and alternative models of the attentional blink is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"A theory of visual information acquisition and visual memory with special application to intensity-duration trade-offs": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by G. R. Loftus and E. Ruthruff (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1994[Feb], Vol 20[1], 33–49). A corrected Figure 4 is presented. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-24283-001.) Describes a theory of memory for visual material in which the visual system acts as linear filter operating on a stimulus to produce a function, a(t), relating some sensory response to t (the time since stimulus onset). Stimulus information is acquired at a rate proportional to the product of the magnitude by which a(t) exceeds some threshold, and the amount of as-yet-unacquired information. The theory accounts for data from 2 digit-recall experiments in which stimulus temporal waveform was manipulated. The authors comment on the theory's account of the relation between 2 perceptual events: the phenomenological experience of the stimulus, and the memory representation that accrues from stimulus presentation. It is asserted that these 2 events, although influenced by different variables, can be viewed as resulting from 2 characteristics of the same sensory-response function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Not to be and then to be: Visual representation of ignored unfamiliar faces": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Not to be and then to be: Visual representation of ignored unfamiliar faces" by Beena Khurana, W. C. Smith and M. T. Baker (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2000[Feb], Vol 26[1], 246-263). Beena Khurana was listed as the sole author in the original article. Dr. Khurana has indicated that the following names should have been included as authors: W. Carter Smith and Margaret T. Baker. The correct citation for the article should be Khurana, B., Smith, W. O, & Baker, M. T. (2000). Not to be and then to be: Visual representation of ignored unfamiliar faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 246-263. The author note should include the following information: Experiments 1-4 made up a first-year graduate research project that was funded by a Cornell University Sage Graduate Fellowship to W. Carter Smith. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2000-13210-015.) Negative priming, the increase in response time and/or errors to targets previously encountered as distractors, is explained by inhibitory mechanisms that block the access of distractor representations to response systems. The processing of unfamiliar human faces was investigated using negative priming. Observers viewed a row of faces to decide whether 2 target faces were the same or different. Response latencies were longer when 1 or both targets had appeared as distractors on the immediately preceding trial--evidence that never-before seen faces are represented and require inhibition. Response latencies were shorter when face targets had appeared as distractors, either corrupted with high-frequency noise or contrast inverted-evidence that representations are facilitated. Finally, response latencies remained unaltered when face targets had appeared as upside-down distractors--evidence that not all distractor representations afford response priming. The visual system indeed represents ignored unfamiliar faces, but blocks these representations only if they vie with targets for the control of action. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Shape from shadows": Correction to Cavanagh and Leclerc (1989).

Reports an error in the original article by P. Cavanagh and Y. G. Leclerc (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1989, Vol 15[1], 3–27). Corrections are made to the brightness levels of panels g, h, and i of Figure 4. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1989-17755-001.) The colors, textures, and shapes of shadows are physically constrained in several ways in natural scenes. The visual system appears to ignore these constraints, however, and to accept many patterns as shadows even though they could not occur naturally. In the stimuli that we have studied, the only requirements for the perception of depth due to shadows were that shadow regions be darker than the surrounding, nonshadow regions and that there be consistent contrast polarity along the shadow border. Three-dimensional shape due to shadows was perceived when shadow areas were filled with colors or textures that could not occur in natural scenes, when shadow and nonshadow regions had textures that moved in different directions, or when they were presented on different depth planes. The results suggest that the interpretation of shadows begins with the identification… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds": Correction to Ballas (1993).

Reports an error in "Common factors in the identification of an assortment of brief everyday sounds" by James A. Ballas (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1993[Apr], Vol 19[2], 250-267). A previous notice regarding this article incorrectly identified the volume number and date of publication of the journal in which this article appeared. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-28211-001.) Acoustic, ecological, perceptual and cognitive factors that are common in the identification of 41 brief, varied sounds were evaluated. In Exp 1, identification time and accuracy, causal uncertainty values, and spectral and temporal properties of the sounds were obtained. Exp 2 was a survey to obtain ecological frequency counts. Exp 3 solicited perceptual–cognitive ratings. Factor analyses of spectral parameters and perceptual–cognitive ratings were performed. Identification time and causal uncertainty are highly interrelated, and both are related to ecological frequency and the presence of harmonics and similar spectral bursts. Exps 4 and 5 used a priming paradigm to verify correlational relationships between identification time and causal uncertainty and to assess the effect of sound typicality. Results support a hybrid approach for theories of everyday sound identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Movement and visual attention: The spotlight metaphor breaks down": Correction to Driver and Baylis.

Reports an error in "Movement and visual attention: The spotlight metaphor breaks down" by Jon Driver and Gordon C. Baylis (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1989[Aug], Vol 15[3], 448-456). In this article, the display durations were incorrect and should be doubled to give the correct figures. The display durations are corrected in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1990-00258-001.) The interfering effects of distractor letters are known to diminish with increasing distance from the target letter (B. A. Eriksen and C. W. Eriksen, see record 1975-02247-001). This result is held to support spotlight models in which visual attention can only be assigned to contiguous regions of the visual field. However, the result is also consistent with the rival claim that attention is assigned to perceptual groups. Four experiments show that grouping of target and distractors by common motion can have more influence than their proximity. Distant distractor letters that move with a target letter produce more interference than static distractors that are nearer the target. Near distractors are equally ineffective if the target is static while they move. These results imply that attention is directed to perceptual groups whose components may be spatially dispersed. The spotlight metaphor seems inappropriate for visual attention in a dynamic environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Space-time behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: Data and limit cycle model": Correction to Kay et al.

Reports an error in "Space–time behavior of single and bimanual rhythmical movements: Data and limit cycle model" by B. A. Kay, J. A. Kelso, E. L. Saltzman and G. Sch?ner (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1987[May], Vol 13[2], 178-192). In the aforementioned article, there was an error in Equation A3 of Appendix A. The corrected equation is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1987-23926-001.) Earlier findings for human cyclical movements were consistent with a nonlinear, limit cycle oscillator model (Kelso, Holt, Rubin, & Kugler, 1981) although no detailed modeling was performed at that time. In the present study, kinematic data were sampled at 200 samples/second, and a detailed analysis of movement amplitude, frequency, peak velocity, and relative phase was performed. As frequency was scaled from 1 to 6 Hz (in steps of 1 Hz) using a pacing metronome, amplitude dropped inversely and peak velocity increased. Within a frequency condition, the movement's amplitude scaled directly with its peak velocity. These diverse kinematic behaviors were modeled explicitly in terms of low-dimensional (nonlinear) dissipative dynamics, with linear stiffness as the only control parameter. Data and model are shown to compare favorably. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effect of defining features on inhibition in a spatial localization task": Correction to Simone et al (1998).

Reports an error in "Effect of defining features on inhibition in a spatial localization task" by Patricia M. Simone, Elizabeth A. Carlisle and Eileen B. McCormick (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1998[Jun], Vol 24[3], 993-1005). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) main effects and interactions reported in the article were incorrect owing to an error in programming. Electronic mail requests for a table of corrected ANOVAs may be sent to psimone@scu.edu. Planned comparisons altered by the corrected analyses occur in the results of Experiments 2 and 4. The corrected results are presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-02354-022.) In selective attention tasks, inhibition appears to be limited to the reported feature of a stimulus, suggesting that reported features determine inhibition (S. P. Tipper, B. Weaver, & G. Houghton, see record 1995-20194-001). This article examines whether defining features can also determine inhibition when participants are required to make a cognitive search on the basis of a target feature (color or shape). In 2 spatial localization experiments in which a touch-sensitive monitor was used, results indicated that distractor inhibition depended on both defining and reported stimulus features. Two additional experiments examined the locus of discrepancy between these results and other findings (e.g., B. Milliken, S. R Tipper, & B. Weaver, see record 1994-35938-001). The researchers concluded that defining features can determine inhibition in a selective attention task involving spatial localization. However, defining-feature inhibition may depend on level of analysis of the stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Dissociating Local and Global Levels of Perceptuo-Motor Control in Masked Priming": Correction to Schlaghecken et al. (2006).

Reports an error in "Dissociating Local and Global Levels of Perceptuo-Motor Control in Masked Priming" by Friederike Schlaghecken, Howard Bowman and Martin Eimer (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2006[Jun], Vol 32[3], 618-632). Figure 5 was inadvertently duplicated in the production process and was incorrectly substituted in place of the original Figure 6 submitted by the authors. The correct figure and caption that should have appeared for Figure 6 are listed in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-08586-008.) Masked prime stimuli presented near the threshold of conscious awareness affect responses to subsequent targets. The direction of these priming effects depends on the interval between masked prime and target. With short intervals, benefits for compatible trials (primes and targets mapped to the same response) and costs for incompatible trials are observed. This pattern reverses with longer intervals. We argue (a) that these effects reflect the initial activation and subsequent self-inhibition of the primed response, and the corresponding inhibition and subsequent disinhibition of the nonprimed response, and (b) that they are generated at dissociable local (within response channels) and global (between channels) levels of motor control. In two experiments, global-level priming effects were modulated by changing the number of response alternatives, whereas local-level effects remained unaffected. These experiments suggest that low-level motor control mechanisms can be successfully decomposed into separable subcomponents, operating at different levels within the motor system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding": Clarification.

Reports that an article by I. Biederman published in Psychological Review, 1987[Apr], Vol 94[2], 115–217) was inadvertently a duplicate publication. A large portion of this article had previously appeared as unedited conference proceedings in another journal and in an edited book. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1987-20898-001.) The perceptual recognition of objects is conceptualized to be a process in which the image of the input is segmented at regions of deep concavity into an arrangement of simple geometric components. The fundamental assumption of the proposed theory, recognition-by-components (RBC), is that a modest set of generalized-cone components, called geons, can be derived from contrasts of five readily detectable properties of edges in a two-dimensional image. The detection of these properties is generally invariant over viewing position and image quality and consequently allows robust object perception when the image is projected from a novel viewpoint or is degraded. RBC thus provides a principled account of the heretofore undecided relation between the classic principles of perceptual organization and pattern recognition. The results from experiments on the perception of briefly presented pictures by human observers provide empirical support for the theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Experts appear to use angle of elevation information in basketball shooting": Correction to de Oliveira, Oudejans, and Beek (2009).

Reports an error in "Experts appear to use angle of elevation information in basketball shooting" by Rita Ferraz de Oliveira, Ra?ul R. D. Oudejans and Peter J. Beek (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2009[Jun], Vol 35[3], 750-761). On page 754 of the article, Figure 3 was repeated in place of Figure 4. The correct version of Figure 4 is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-07761-010.) For successful basketball shooting, players must use information about the location of the basket relative to themselves. In this study, the authors examined to what extent shooting performance depends on the absolute distance to the basket (m) and the angle of elevation (α). In Experiment 1, expert players took jump shots under different visual conditions (light, one dot glowing on the rim in the dark, and dark). Task performance was satisfactory under the one-dot condition, suggesting that m and α provided sufficient information during movement execution. In Experiment 2, expert wheelchair basketball players performed shots binocularly and monocularly, under one-dot and light conditions. Performance under the one-dot condition was similar binocularly and monocularly, suggesting that distance information was not crucial for the online control of shooting. In Experiment 3, experts took jump shots under light, one-dot, and dark conditions while the basket’s height was varied between trials unbeknownst to the participants. Players relied on α in combination with the official basket’s height to guide their shooting actions. In conclusion, basketball shooting appears to be based predominantly on angle of elevation information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Experts appear to use angle of elevation information in basketball shooting.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 35(6) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (see record 2009-22869-012). On page 754 of the article, Figure 3 was repeated in place of Figure 4. The correct version of Figure 4 is provided in the erratum.] For successful basketball shooting, players must use information about the location of the basket relative to themselves. In this study, the authors examined to what extent shooting performance depends on the absolute distance to the basket (m) and the angle of elevation (α). In Experiment 1, expert players took jump shots under different visual conditions (light, one dot glowing on the rim in the dark, and dark). Task performance was satisfactory under the one-dot condition, suggesting that m and α provided sufficient information during movement execution. In Experiment 2, expert wheelchair basketball players performed shots binocularly and monocularly, under one-dot and light conditions. Performance under the one-dot condition was similar binocularly and monocularly, suggesting that distance information was not crucial for the online control of shooting. In Experiment 3, experts took jump shots under light, one-dot, and dark conditions while the basket’s height was varied between trials unbeknownst to the participants. Players relied on α in combination with the official basket’s height to guide their shooting actions. In conclusion, basketball shooting appears to be based predominantly on angle of elevation information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The attentional blink reflects retrieval competition among multiple rapid serial visual presentation items: Tests of an interference model.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 26(2) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (see record 2007-17423-001). On p. 1778, the correct Figure 1 was inadvertently replaced in the production process with an erroneous figure. The erratum contains the corrected figure.] When people respond to a target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation stream, their perception of a subsequent target (T2) is impaired if the intertarget stimulus onset asynchrony is between about 100 and 500 ms. Three experiments supported the interference model's (K. L. Shapiro, J. E. Raymond, & K. M. Arnell, 1994) claim that this attentional blink reflects competition for retrieval among multiple items in visual short-term memory. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that items appearing during the blink are named as T2 on an above-chance proportion of trials when T2 must be identified. Experiment 3 demonstrated that both the size of the blink and sensitivity to T2 reflected the number of items competing for retrieval as T2; such competition, moreover, occurred at a conceptual or categorical level rather than at a purely visual one. The relationship between the interference and alternative models of the attentional blink is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Rhythms and responses": Correction to Kolers and Brewster.

Reports an error in "Rhythms and responses" by Paul A. Kolers and Joan M. Brewster (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1985[Apr], Vol 11[2], 150-167). There is a typographical error on page 153. A correction to this error has been provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-05383-001.) Tested the assumption that there is a central clock coordinating behavior in all sensory modalities and response modes. A rhythmic tapping task was used in 3 experiments in which 12 undergraduates first attempted to synchronize responses with brief auditory, tactile, or visual stimuli and then continued to tap at the same rate on their own. Performance was most variable with visual stimuli and least variable with auditory stimuli. Results suggest that performances were not based on a common clock and that different strategies were employed when the task was presented in different modalities. The hypothesis of a single timing mechanism controlling behavior is rejected, and the validity is questioned of information processing models that are formulated without regard to temporal relations among their conjectured processes. Discussion focuses on the relation between successive responses and the means by which timing is accomplished. (56 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance": Correction to Wolf and Algom (1987).

Reports an error in "Perceptual and memorial constructs in children's judgments of quantity: A law of across-representation invariance" by Yuval Wolf and Daniel Algom (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1987[Dec], Vol 116[4], 381-397). The sentence found on p. 381, right-hand column, line 15, was printed incorrectly. The corrected statement is provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-07144-001.) Children at three different ages made judgments of physically presented (perceptual estimation) or symbolically represented (memorial estimation) rectangles. Height and width were integrated according to different, age-dependent algebraic rules. Memorial data obeyed the same integration rules that operated in the original perceptual judgments even when younger children and older children used completely different combination models. Valuation operations were the same in perception and memory for the youngest group (6-year-olds) but became discriminably different at older ages (for the 8- and 10-year-olds). Three additional experiments on judgments of volume, liquid quantity, and visual length yielded strong cross-validation support for the general invariance claim (with respect to integration rule theory) but less strong support for the specific invariance claim (with respect to valuation function for the 6-year-old subjects). Results are interpreted as demonstrating lawful and long-enduring ecological constraints on internal representation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)