湍流风分形特性对比研究

基于多种湍流风谱模型并考虑湍流强度、地表粗糙度及空间高度对湍流风的影响,获取各种环境条件下的湍流风风速时间序列数据并生成相应的时域风速曲线。应用图像识别技术和盒子计数法,对各风速曲线分形维数进行计算与分析。结果可揭示湍流风风速时间序列的分形特性,且研究了湍流强度、地表粗糙度及空间高度对湍流风分形维数产生的影响,可为湍流风的分析及湍流风谱的准确选择提供一种新思路。     

自相似性和分形维数在风场分析中的应用

通过探究风速时间序列的自相似性和分形维数,将分形学运用到湍流风场分析中,从风速时间序列的局部与整体关系和风速时间序列的分形维数2个角度解决选用湍流风谱模型时存在的盲目性问题.选用某一风场风速时间序列,基于Kaimal、Von Karman、SMOOTH和NWTCUP湍流风谱模型得到风速时间序列,采用Hurst值验证风速时间序列的自相似性,用计盒维数法计算风速时间序列的分形维数.结果表明:不同的湍流风谱模型具有不同的分形维数,湍流风谱模型可定量描述;风速时间序列内部波动不是随机的,是有自相似性的长程相关过程;分形维数与参考风速有关.     

基于分形学的湍流风谱模型适用性研究

为避免由经验性地选择湍流风谱模型导致特定风电场风速分布规律描述不准确的问题,基于Kaimal、Von Karman、SMOOTH和NWTCUP湍流风谱模型模拟在不同地表粗糙度和湍流强度条件下所建立风场的风速分布规律,通过计盒维数分形方法计算不同风速速度曲线的分形维数,并与某风电场测风塔实测风速数据的分形维数进行比较。结果表明:风速曲线的分形维数均约为1.5,证明风速时域分布具有自相似特征。由于NWTCUP湍流风谱模型基于所选风电场的实测风速数据建立,因此NWTCUP模型在50 m高度和80 m高度处的风速分形维数与实测数据最为接近,表明分形维数可作为选择湍流风谱模型的一个重要定量参数。     

风场风谱模型的分形维数研究

为定量地描述湍流风场,降低湍流风谱模型选用时的盲目性,采用基于分形学的计盒维数法和Hausdorff维数法计算并分析风场风速时间序列数据的分形维数。选用Kaimal、SMOOTH和NWTCUP等湍流风谱模型,在不同风速和不同湍流强度的条件下进行风场仿真,得出不同波动程度的风速。利用MATLAB求解出每组数据的分形维数,并与某一风场的实测风速数据的分形维数进行对比,得出NWTCUP模型的分形维数与实测数据的分形维数最为接近。初步研究结果表明,分形维数可以作为选择湍流风谱模型的一个重要定量参数。     

风力机叶片动态特性与分形维数关系研究

为探究风力机叶片动态特性与分形维数之间的关系,基于湍流风谱模型Von Karman和NWTCUP生成2种风场,通过多体动力学软件FAST仿真出不同风速条件下的风力机叶片挥舞和摆振时域动态响应,采用计盒维数法求解其分形维数。用发电机输出功率验证分形维数描述风力机叶片动态特性的可行性。结果表明:挥舞时域动态响应的分形维数随风速的增大逐渐减小,而摆振则相反,当达到额定功率时挥舞和摆振的分形维数变化都较小;相同风速下不同湍流风谱模型的功率虽几乎相同,但其对应的分形维数却不同,表明不同的湍流风谱模型有其特定的分形维数。     

湍流风场的分形维数分析

为定量分析风速时间序列的内在波动性,采用分形维数方法进行研究。就分形维数结果的准确程度比较了盒维数法和结构函数法,当曲线维数大于1.3时,使用盒维数求分形维数误差较大,而利用结构函数法求分形维数,误差小于1%。使用结构函数法计算了地表粗糙度分别为0.01~2.5 m下不同风数据的分形维数,在相同平均风速条件下,风速序列随地表粗糙度增大,其分形维数减小。     

基于分形理论的粗粒土缩尺效应及强度性质研究

基于分形理论研究了同种材料不同缩尺方法和不同缩尺粒径对分形维数的影响,并通过常规三轴剪切试验建立了分形维数与抗剪强度指标的相互关系。结果表明,与原型级配的粒度分形曲线相比,不同缩尺法得到的粒度分形曲线形态有较大差异,缩尺级配的分形维数均小于原型级配的分形维数,分形维数在数值上能表征土的级配;不同缩尺法得到的峰值强度变化规律与分形维数变化规律一致,在高围压下分形维数越大,不同缩尺法之间的峰值强度差也越大;凝聚力c随着分形维数的减小而增大,而内摩擦角φ随着分形维数的〖JP2〗增大而增大,两者近似一抛物线关系,并根据拟合表达式推导出了原型级配的φ值,具有一定的工程指导意义。     

湍流预混火焰的分形特性

采用高速纹影摄影法获得了定容燃烧弹内预混湍流火焰的图像，分别用数盒子法和像素点覆盖法计算出了火焰图像的分形维数。湍流火焰的分形分析结果表明，定容燃烧弹内的预混湍流火焰结构具有分形特征，且属于非充分发展的湍流火焰。湍流火焰的分形维数反应了湍流脉动对火焰片的褶皱程度，湍流强度增大加剧湍流火焰前锋的褶皱，分形维数也随之增加。在相同湍流强度下，小尺度湍流对火焰前锋的褶皱作用更大。     

基于风速时间序列分形与传统插值对比研究

风速时间序列具有波动强烈、数学上处处连续、处处不可导特征,为解决风速时间序列的插值问题及提高其精度,采用数学分形学理论的分形插值方法,基于Kaimal和NWTCUP湍流风谱模型进行风场模拟。从得到的风速时间序列中随机抽取数据作为初始点,将分形插值方法与三次样条和Hermite传统插值方法进行对比。结果表明:分形插值方法不仅具有保持原始风速时间序列所具有的本质和内在联系,如自相似性、长程相关性和标度不变性等非线性动力学系统特征信息,而且比三次样条和Hermite传统插值方法更适合剧烈震荡的风速时间序列的插值。     

钙基脱硫剂孔隙分形特性的实验研究

分形维数是描述分形结构特性的一个重要参数,其反映了结构的规划程度。通过实验的方法,研究钙基脱硫剂在不同温度,气氛及烧结时间等煅烧条件下,对孔结构分形维数的影响,以及分形特性对脱硫剂的硫化能力的影响。结果表明煅烧温度对CaO孔结构的分形维数影响较小;CaO孔隙的分形维数随着煅烧气氛中的CO2浓度的增加而减小,随着烧结时间的延长而减小,脱硫剂硫化过程中形成的不可进行孔隙量随着分形维数的增大而增大。     

风电场运行对局地边界层气象因素影响

以5 MW风力机组成的风电场为研究对象,采用湍流理论和大气流动特征,分析不同下垫面情况下风电场运行时局地边界层气象因素的变化过程,利用UDF函数编译风电场入口边界条件及不同的地表粗糙度,并利用风洞试验验证模型计算的正确性。研究表明,风电场的存在会减小边界层大气能量并增加湍流动能,具体结果表明:风电场下游风速减小,且风速随着地表粗糙度的增大逐渐降低,速度恢复率逐渐降低;湍动能随着地表粗糙度的增大空间非均匀分布特性更加明显;温度沿垂直方向略微降低,且随着地表粗糙度的增大影响程度加深;同时随着风电场装机规模的不断扩大,其影响范围及程度也增大。     

垂直轴风力机气动特性与涡脱落模态分析

垂直轴风力机运行过程中,叶片上下表面边界层与剪切层的相互作用使风力机下游尾迹形成周期性涡结构,这种尾迹涡结构对风力机空气动力学特性具有重要影响。基于此,该文采用计算流体力学方法对不同工况下垂直轴风力机尾迹涡结构展开研究,利用快速傅里叶变换与相空间轨迹分析不同尖速比下风力机叶片涡脱落现象和尾迹涡结构,并通过分形维数研究转矩与尾迹流场速度变化。结果表明：风力机尾迹涡结构随尖速比变化呈现不同特征,当尖速比为3.6时,风力机尾迹两侧呈规则性反向脱落涡模态;低尖速比垂直轴风力机尾迹具有明显的混沌特性,且随尖速比的增加混沌特性逐渐减弱;随着尖速比的增加,风力机转矩与下游速度分形维数不断降低,且当尖速比为3.6时,风力机下游速度分形维数仅为1.07。     

Impact of ambient turbulence on performance of a small wind turbine

High resolution measurements of wind speed and energy generation from an instrumented Bergey XL.1 small wind turbine were used to investigate the effect of ambient turbulence levels on wind turbine energy production. It was found that ambient turbulent intensity impacts energy production, but that the impact is different at different wind speeds. At low wind speeds, increased turbulence appeared to increase energy production from the turbine. However, at wind speeds near the turbine furling speed, elevated turbulence resulted in decreased energy production, likely to turbulent gusts initiating furling events. Investigation of measurements recorded at 1 Hz showed a time lag of one to 2 s between a change in wind speed and the resulting change in energy production. Transient changes in wind speed of only 1 s duration did not impact energy production, however, longer duration changes in wind speed were tracked reasonably well by energy production.     

Modelling of turbulent wind flow using the embedded Markov chain method

Small wind turbines are usually installed to provide off-grid power and as such can be situated close to the load in a less-than-ideal wind resource. These wind regimes are often governed by low mean speeds and high wind turbulence. This can result in energy production less than that specified by the manufacturer's power curve. Wind turbulence is detrimental to the fatigue life of key components and overall turbine reliability and therefore must be considered in the design stage of small wind turbines. Consequently it is important to accurately simulate wind speed data at highly turbulent sites to quantify loading on turbine components. Here we simulate wind speed data using the Markov chain Monte Carlo process and incorporate long term effects using an embedded Markov chain. First, second and third order Markov chain predictions were found to be in good agreement with measured wind data acquired at 1 Hz. The embedded Markov chain was able to predict site turbulent intensity with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The site exhibited distinctive peaks in wind speed possibly caused by diurnal heating and cooling of the earth's surface. The embedded Markov chain method was able to simulate these peaks albeit with a time offset.     

湍流预混火焰结构的测度分形研究

本文利用图像可视化技术，在小型火焰试验台上获得了Ｒｅｄ＝４３３５～１１１００范围内的燃气预混火焰的湍流热图像序列，并对２维湍流结构参数进行了测量。结合基于测度分析的分形理论，研究了湍流火焰的分维特性，结果表明：湍流火焰的２维形状结构具有分数维特性，且维数在２．０５～２．２６范围内。在此基础上，得到维数与Ｒｅｄ、热释放率及１次风流量等燃烧控制因子的依变关系，并讨论了湍流火焰分维结构的内在机理。     

The influence of the wind speed profile on wind turbine performance measurements

To identify the influence of wind shear and turbulence on wind turbine performance, flat terrain wind profiles are analysed up to a height of 160 m. The profiles' shapes are found to extend from no shear to high wind shear, and on many occasions, local maxima within the profiles are also observed. Assuming a certain turbine hub height, the profiles with hub‐height wind speeds between 6 m s^?1 and 8 m s^?1 are normalized at 7 m s^?1 and grouped to a number of mean shear profiles. The energy in the profiles varies considerably for the same hub‐height wind speed. These profiles are then used as input to a Blade Element Momentum model that simulates the Siemens 3.6 MW wind turbine. The analysis is carried out as time series simulations where the electrical power is the primary characterization parameter. The results of the simulations indicate that wind speed measurements at different heights over the swept rotor area would allow the determination of the electrical power as a function of an ‘equivalent wind speed’ where wind shear and turbulence intensity are taken into account. Electrical power is found to correlate significantly better to the equivalent wind speed than to the single point hub‐height wind speed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFD evaluation against a large scale unconfined hydrogen deflagration

In the present work, CFD simulations of a large scale open deflagration experiment are performed. Stoichiometric hydrogen–air mixture occupies a 20 m hemisphere. Two combustion models are compared and evaluated against the experiment: the Eddy Dissipation Concept model and a multi-physics combustion model which calculates turbulent burning velocity based on Yakhot's equation. Sensitivity analysis on the value of fractal dimension of the latter model is performed. A semi-empirical relation which estimates the fractal dimension is also tested. The effect of the turbulence model on the results is examined. LES approach and k-ε models are used. The multi-physics combustion model with constant fractal dimension value equal to 2.3, using the RNG LES turbulence model achieves the best agreement with the experiment.     

建筑外形对建筑顶面风力机微观选址的影响

针对城市建筑环境内的风能应用问题,利用CFD方法对4种不同建筑外形的高层建筑物顶面风场湍流特征进行研究,开展建筑外形对风向变化的敏感性分析,并分析4种建筑物顶面风速、湍流强度随高度的变化规律,确定4种建筑外形的建筑顶面风力机的合理安装位置和高度,结果表明：具有圆润曲线外形的2类建筑更利于风力机的安装,风力机的安装高度可更低;建筑物的长轴和短轴越接近,顶面越有利于风力机的安装;4种建筑外形的建筑顶面安装风力机时仅考虑U/U₀≥1的有利安装高度H_u即可保证风力机的有效输出功率和运行安全;无盛行风向情况下,4种建筑物的中心区域更有利于风力机安装,风力机的安装高度最低,圆柱体、椭圆体、正方体及长方体建筑物顶面中心区域风力机最低安装高度分别为1.05H、1.09H、1.11H及1.14H。     

Effects of inflow turbulence intensity and turbine arrangements on the power generation efficiency of large wind farms

In this study, we conduct a series of large‐eddy simulations (LESs) to study the impact of different incoming turbulent boundary layer flows over large wind farms, with a particular focus on the overall efficiency of electricity production and the evolution of the turbine wake structure. Five representative turbine placements in the large wind farm are considered, including an aligned layout and four staggered layouts with lateral or vertical offset arrangements. Four incoming flow conditions are used and arranged from the LESs of the ABL flow over homogeneous flat surfaces with four different aerodynamic roughness lengths (i.e., z0 = 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.0001 m), where the hub‐height turbulence intensity levels are about 11.1%, 8.9%, 6.8%, and 4.9%, respectively. The simulation results indicate that an enhancement in the inflow turbulence level can effectively increase the power generation efficiency in the large wind farms, with about 23.3% increment on the overall farm power production and up to about 32.0% increment on the downstream turbine power production. Under the same inflow condition, the change of the turbine‐array layouts can increase power outputs within the first 10 turbine rows, which has a maximum increment of about 26.5% under the inflow condition with low turbulence. By comparison, the increase of the inflow turbulence intensity facilitates faster wake recovery that raises the power generation efficiency of large wind farms than the adjustment of the turbine placing layouts.