非均匀热流下水平管内混合对流大涡模拟研究

针对以槽式太阳能集热器为背景的高密度、高度非均匀热流下水平管内的混合对流换热问题,采用大涡模拟方法,研究了热流密度非均匀性对水平管内混合对流瞬态涡结构、脉动强度、湍流热通量及局部平均壁温的影响;揭示了非均匀热流下自然对流对管内湍流特性的影响规律;提出了适用于不同热边界条件下管内混合对流换热的强化措施。结果表明:均匀热流时,自然对流会抑制管顶部的湍流脉动,使流动层流化,造成传热能力局部恶化;非均匀热流时,随着自然对流的增强,近壁面速度脉动强度先减小后增大,二次流逐渐增强,换热能力逐渐提高,故管内换热能力受湍流脉动与二次流协同影响;在自然对流影响下,均匀加热时管顶部可采用针对层流的强化换热措施,非均匀加热时需着重提高管底部高热流区域的湍流脉动与涡强度。     

矩形截面螺旋通道内流体绕管流动特性的数值研究

基于Fluent软件采用数值计算方法建立了混合计算模型,对螺旋通道和直通道内流体绕换热管的换热特性进行研究,对比了2个通道中流体绕换热管流动的热工特性。结果表明:螺旋通道内侧脱点角度小于外侧脱点角度,且脱点均分布在湍流区域内;螺旋通道比直通道具有更高的Nu_m;β=15°和20°螺旋通道换热管壁面迎风侧Nu_m相比直通道分别提高4.0%和4.5%,背风侧则分别提高14%和18%;当螺旋角β=40°附近,螺旋通道达到最佳强化换热管壁面换热效果,螺旋通道内换热管壁面Nu_m相比直通道提高19%。     

倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热的场协同分析

采用场协同原理对倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热现象进行了研究。通过数值模拟获得了不同瑞利数(Ra=1~10~6)时倾斜封闭方腔内自然对流换热的协同关系,以及在一定Ra数下不同倾斜角φ对封闭方腔内自然对流换热的影响。结果表明:随着瑞利数Ra的增大,协同数Fc变小,其协同性越好。随着倾斜角φ的变化,当Ra≤10~3时,lg Fc的变化曲线近似呈现开口向上的抛物线型;当10~4≤Ra≤10~5时,lg Fc的变化曲线是单调的;当瑞利数Ra≥10~6时,lg Fc的变化曲线有2个极值和1个拐点。     

大空间管排自然对流的数值模拟

对具有2，4，6根管的管排在大空间内的自然对流进行了数值模拟。参数范围为10^2〈Ra〈10^4，S／D=1．25，2，3，5，9，11，Pr=0．7，流态为层流。数值计算结果表明：Ra和S／D对换热都有重要的影响，在小间距时对流作用处于劣势，管排中的管处于换热削弱状态，随着间距的增大对流作用逐渐占优势，管排中的各管从下至上逐渐受到加强，管排中出现了涡，这种涡起着增强局部换热系数的作用。     

封闭腔内Al_2O_3-EG纳米流体自然对流传热特性的数值研究

对梯形封闭腔内Al2O3-EG纳米流体自然对流传热进行了数值模拟,讨论了封闭腔尺寸比、瑞利数、纳米颗粒体积分数以及布朗运动对自然对流流动与传热特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明在考虑布朗运动时,腔体尺寸比与瑞利数对流动传热均有很大影响,且尺寸比为0.5时,对流换热平均Nusselt数达到最大值。随着纳米颗粒体积分数的增加,纳米流体换热效果逐渐增强;但当忽略布朗运动时,添加纳米颗粒削弱了换热效果。     

骨架导热特性对部分填充多孔介质复合腔体内传热影响的模拟研究

利用有限元数值方法对部分填充多孔介质复合腔体内的自然对流进行模拟研究,模拟利用两区域法来计算复合腔体内的自然对流,在多孔介质区域采用Forheimer-Brinkman-Darcy方程,在纯流体区域使用Navier-Stokes方程,重点研究了多孔介质骨架导热特性对自然对流的影响。研究发现,在一定范围内随着多孔介质导热性的增强,流体温度升高,部分填充多孔介质腔体内自然对流有一定程度的增强。     

管内填充多孔介质强化换热的数值研究

管内填充多孔介质强化换热的基本原理是构造热边界层,增大壁面附近流体的温度梯度,并且流动阻力增幅不大。本文运用数值模拟的方法,模拟填充多孔介质管内的流场和温度场,探讨填充比例φ、渗透率Da以及空隙率ε对管内对流换热的影响规律。研究表明,提高填充比例φ和减小渗透率Da都能明显提高换热效果,但也增加了管内流动阻力。空隙率ε对强化换热作用不大,但高空隙率可以明显降低管内流动阻力,在实际中应选用空隙率较大的多孔介质。     

壳管式相变储能换热器性能研究与场协同效应分析

建立壳管式相变储能换热器仿真模型,利用Fluent软件对蓄能、释能工况分别进行模拟。从温度场、速度场、固液交界面3个方面分析逐时换热强度的变化原因;探讨在蓄热过程中热源管壁温、热管口径规格对传热效率的影响。研究结果表明:蓄热工况下管间热扰及自然对流作用明显,10000 s时液相分数达到95%。放热工况以导热为主,60000 s时相变材料仅凝固了75%。从场协同效应分析,采用小尺寸热源管能缩短时间,但单位面积换热强度有明显下降。换热温差≤20℃时,其强化效果开始衰弱。     

不同磁场布置对空气自然对流的影响

为研究顺磁性气体介质在外磁场作用下自然对流换热的规律，进一步揭示热磁对流的实质，该文用数值方法模拟了两种钕铁硼永磁系统产生的磁场作用下二维封闭方腔内空气的自然对流换热，得到了工作空间内磁场强度和磁加速度的分布，获得了两种梯度磁场作用下空气自然对流的流场和温度场以及壁面局部对流换热系数。研究表明，不同的永磁系统布置可在工作空间形成不同的磁加速度分布，产生不同的磁场力，从而影响空气自然对流换热的强弱。     

竖直三维内肋管管内变压器油自然对流换热特性

利用田口法对具有不同肋结构参数的竖直三维内肋管管内变压器油自然对流换热特性进行了实验研究,获得了肋高、肋宽、轴向间距和周向间距等肋结构参数对管内自然对流换热性能的影响规律,提出了肋结构参数最佳组合。结果表明,变压器顶层油温从40℃变化至100℃,肋高和肋宽对换热性能的影响占比基本不变,周向间距的影响占比逐渐减小,轴向间距的影响占比逐渐增大;相比光管,三维内肋管的自然对流强化换热性能随顶层油温的增大而增加,变压器油自然对流Nu最大约为光管的1.75倍。拟合了竖直三维内肋管管内变压器油自然对流换热计算关联式,其与实验数据的最大偏差为±16%。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.