国外文献摘要

锅炉过热器管和再热器管清扫检查自动装置锅炉的过热器管和再热器管因高温腐蚀、飞灰腐蚀和高温蠕变而老化损耗,加之长期的运行,导致管壁减薄和外径胀粗等。为此,定期检查时,应测定管壁厚度和外径尺寸。掌握损耗状况。日本中部电力公司电力技术研究所等试制了一种新型的检查自动装置,该装置由能高速清除粘在管子外表面上灰的新型清扫装置和在很窄的管距中不接触     

电厂燃煤锅炉受热面管的高温腐蚀

在电厂燃煤锅炉检验中经常可以发现高温受热面，即水冷壁管、过热器管、再热器管发生高温腐蚀。本文综述了电厂燃煤锅炉存在的典型高温腐蚀现象和机理，并简要地介绍了一般防腐蚀措施。     

某热电厂锅炉过热器管爆管原因分析

通过宏观检查、化学成分分析、金相分析、硬度试验和扫描电镜分析等分析方法,对锅炉过热器管爆管原因进行了分析,结果表明:管子存在严重超温运行情况,导致管子完全脱碳强度降低,同时导致管子过热,加重了内表面氧化和外表面烟气腐蚀情况。内表面氧化和外表面烟气腐蚀同时作用使管子壁厚严重减薄,管子因承压能力不足最终爆管。     

电站锅炉中温再热器管泄漏失效分析及数值模拟

利用成分分析、力学性能试验、金相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等技术,对某3 000 MW发电机组锅炉,材质为SA-213T22的中温再热器管弯头泄漏进行失效分析,结果表明,该中温再热器管泄漏原因为材料脆性断裂失效,最后通过有限元分析模拟计算再热器管运行状态及影响因素,提出了预防措施。     

螺旋肋片管再热器在670 t/h锅炉的应用

报道了龙口电厂应用螺旋肋片管强化换热技术提高６７０ｔ／ｈ锅炉再热汽温的情况。就螺旋肋片管低温再热器的设计、结构、性能、制造、运行等方面做出较详细介绍。认为采用螺旋肋片管取代原光管受热面对龙口电厂３＾＃炉低温再热器进行改造,可成功解决再热汽温偏低问题。     

引进型350MW亚临界锅炉再热器失效分析及预防措施

针对三河电厂引进型350 MW亚临界锅炉二、三级再热器出现胀粗等失效现象,通过宏观分析、金相观察、扫描电镜分析及力学性能检测等多种试验手段,结合锅炉实际运行情况,分析再热器管的失效原因,并提出相关建议及预防措施。     

锅炉再热器管腐蚀与防止

介绍了某电厂锅炉高温再热器发生失效的基本情况，通过化学元素分析、力学性能试验、宏观检查、金相分析和电子探针微区成分分析等试验表明，管子外表面存在较明显的结垢现象，氧化物下的金属金相组织出现深2～3个的沿晶腐蚀裂纹，沿晶腐蚀产物中存在S元素综合分析认为，其失效类型为高温硫腐蚀，并提出了预防措施。     

减小再热器热偏差的措施和效果

引进型亚临界压力控制循环锅炉,普遍存在未级再热器超温爆管现象.原因之一是国产钢102的抗氧化性能不稳定.但更主要的原因是:该炉型再热器存在很大的热偏差,沿炉宽单侧局部区域内,末级再热器管屏的金属壁温相当高.通过调研、测试和分析,我们在新设计中作了改进.采取各种措施减小热偏差,同时提高管子材质,防止再热管超温爆管,提高锅炉运行的可靠性.     

某电厂锅炉末级再热器水压泄漏原因分析

本文介绍了某电厂锅炉水压试验时末级再热器管屏泄漏情况及处理措施,分析泄漏发生的原因,并提出预防措施。     

稳压冲管在国内首型百万超超临界二次再热锅炉上的应用

根据上海锅炉厂有限公司百万机组二次再热锅炉特点,提出了采用过热器、一次再热器和二次再热器串冲的稳压冲管控制的重点和难点,详细阐述该冲管方式中锅炉运行参数的合理控制,分析冲管系统中各点冲管系数和锅炉各级受热面中蒸汽吸热比例分配,为今后该类型锅炉稳压冲管提供借鉴和指导作用。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.