Acoustic Emission Theory and Testing Technology for Quantitative Diagnosis of Valve Leakages

针对目前火力发电厂无法实现阀门的泄漏故障定量诊断的问题,通过理论和试验相结合的研究方法探讨了阀门泄漏率与泄漏声发射信号特征参数均方根值之间的定量关系,获得了一种新的基于声发射信号特征的阀门泄漏率计算方法,并在阀门泄漏故障模拟试验台上,使用以Lab-VIEW软件为开发平台所开发出的阀门泄漏故障声发射检测系统验证了该计算方法的准确性.     

阀门泄漏故障状态与声发射信号特征之间定量关系实验研究

设计搭建了阀门泄漏故障模拟实验台以及阀门泄漏声发射信号检测系统;通过实验研究了不同泄漏工况下,阀门泄漏状态与泄漏所产生的声发射信号特征参数之间的定量关系。基于最小二乘法对实验数据进行分析处理,得到了泄漏声发射信号的振铃计数、能量、幅值、均方根值和中心频率随阀门类型、阀门尺寸、进口压力和漏孔尺寸的变化规律,建立了基于声发射信号特征的阀门泄漏故障诊断规则,找到了表征阀门泄漏故障状态的最佳声发射信号特征参数。     

阀门泄漏故障特征量提取技术及其工程应用

针对阀门泄漏特别是早期泄漏,其故障特征提取困难的问题,结合火力发电厂阀门前后压差明显及其特有泄漏噪声特性,发现一种具有自适应滤波功能专门针对工程应用的泄漏声发射信号除噪方法—频率鉴别、幅度鉴别和阀前阀后差值法相结合,并将该方法应用于某电厂1号机组除氧器溢流电动门泄漏检测试验。结果表明:基于该滤波去噪模块所开发的阀门泄漏故障检测系统滤波能力强,信号处理快捷、准确、可靠,可以有效应用于实际工程之中。     

基于声发射检测的阀门泄漏故障模式诊断技术研究

为了实现对阀门泄漏故障更直观、准确的诊断,采用理论与试验相结合的方法,对工程实际中常见的阀门泄漏模式进行了归纳和分类,分析了典型泄漏模式下阀门漏孔处流场及能量计算方法;对具有不同泄漏模式的阀门泄漏状态进行了模拟试验研究,并对阀门泄漏声发射信号进行了小波包分析,获得不同泄漏模式下阀门泄漏产生的声发射信号能量的变化规律.结果表明:不同泄漏模式下阀门发生泄漏产生的声发射信号各子频率段能量比具有规律性差异;该诊断标准为阀门泄漏故障的可视化诊断奠定了一定的基础.     

基于无线ZigBee技术的电厂疏水阀门内漏在线监测

开发了基于无线ZigBee技术的电厂疏水阀门内漏在线监测系统.利用传热原理,建立了电厂阀门泄漏量定量计算方法,搭建了一套基于Zigbee技术的热电偶温度采集装置,实现了疏水阀前、后温度无线数据采集.该系统能直观方便地显示出机组运行中疏水阀前、后温度变化及各个阀门泄漏量数据.该阀门内漏在线监测系统具有施工成本较低、在线实时测量等优势,可以为电厂运行人员提供疏水阀门检修、检漏的依据和参考.     

声发射检测技术在汽轮发电机组故障诊断中的应用与展望

作为传统检测手段的有益补充,声发射检测技术在汽轮发电机组故障诊断中有重要的应用价值。从动静碰摩故障检测与定位、滑动轴承状态监测与诊断、加热器内部泄漏检测3个方面,介绍了声发射检测技术在汽轮发电机组故障诊断中的应用和研究现状,并指出了今后的主要研究方向和内容。     

换热器管道内漏故障状态与声发射信号特征定量关系实验研究

换热器内漏故障一般以早期缝隙泄漏为特点,为能早期发现并防治这些故障,设计并搭建了换热器内漏声发射检测实验台。通过改变换热管入口压力的方式,模拟缝隙泄漏口内外工质压差的变化引起的泄漏状态的改变。运用小波分解技术对0.1~0.6 MPa入口压力下所测得的所有实验数据进行分析,揭示了不同入口工况下泄漏信号的声发射信号频谱特征及相关参数随压力变化的规律,得到了实际声发射信号能量与泄漏量之间的定量关系式,为换热器内部泄漏故障诊断提供了理论和实验依据。     

基于声发射检测的阀门内漏率定量诊断技术

分析了阀门内漏过程中流体流动状态,以及声源产生机理,根据动态流体源的发声特性,理论推导出阀门泄漏率与声发射信号均方根值RMS (Root-Mean-Square)、流体参数以及阀门参数之间的关系式;并通过在阀门泄漏故障模拟实验台上进行实验研究,给出了阀门泄漏率的经验公式.     

加热器内部泄漏故障的实验研究

高压加热器内部泄漏故障是火电厂回热系统主要故障之一,针对加热器的泄漏故障进行实验研究,设计并搭建高加泄漏模拟实验台.通过实验研究和数据处理,找出不同工况下泄漏声发射信号的最大能量值、最大频率值以及平均频率3个参数在发生泄漏故障时的变化规律.以期准确提供泄漏相关参数的特征,这将有利于故障的早期诊断和排除.     

汽轮发电机组轴承运行状态声发射监测研究

通过分析汽轮发电机组径向轴承在过载或碰磨时表现出的声发射特性，提出了用声发射技术在线监测轴承过载及碰磨的方法。实践证明，该方法具有快速，准确性和早期发现故障的特点，非常适合于设备状态监故障预测。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.