骨架发热多孔介质通道内单相流阻力与换热特性数值模拟

以Fluent 6.3为平台,采用局部非热平衡模型,对紊流及紊流过渡区范围内骨架发热多孔介质竖直通道内的非达西强制对流换热进行了数值模拟。采用三维N-S方程及标准k-ε湍流模型描述多孔介质内的流动,详细研究了孔隙有效雷诺数Re(400Re2000),表面热流密度q(q=5、30和90 kW/m2)和冷却剂入口温度Tin(Tin=20、50和80℃)的变化对多孔介质流道内流动阻力及换热特性的影响。结果表明:低热流密度下,表面热流密度的变化对流动阻力和换热系数的影响很小;小球直径对换热系数的影响显著,且随着雷诺数的增加而增加;换热系数随冷却剂入口温度的增加而减小。     

泡沫陶瓷多孔介质内流体流动及表面传热模拟

气隙扩散蒸馏脱盐技术利用具有大比表面积的多孔介质作为蒸发器，海水在多孔介质内部流动并在表面蒸发，多孔介质起到了强化液体蒸发的作用;但由于多孔介质结构极其复杂，很难使用传统的实验技术从微观水平观测到多孔介质孔隙通道内流体的流动状态以及传热现象。针对此问题采用计算机数值模拟方法，拍摄实际碳化硅泡沫陶瓷CT图片，构建三维模型进行有限元模拟分析。结果表明，多孔介质内流体会优先通过较大孔隙通道。流体在多孔介质表面向环境空气的散热量随孔隙密度增大而增大，孔隙密度从10提高至30 PPI，散热量提高约1.43倍。进口热流体与环境空气温差越大，向环境的散热量越大，孔隙密度在30 PPI条件下，进口热流体温度从49.38增加至68.67 ℃，散热量提高近2.07倍。     

填充有多孔介质的T型通道内冷热流体混合过程的大涡模拟

通过大涡模拟(large-eddy simulation,LES)对填充有烧结铜球多孔介质的T型通道内冷热流体混合过程的流动与传热情况进行了数值模拟,获得了混合区域内的瞬时温度和瞬时速度,通过时均值和均方根值来描述温度和速度的平均大小和波动程度。数值结果表明:在主管下游离多孔介质区域不远处的温度波动最为剧烈,在多孔介质的孔隙中流体速度波动最为剧烈。     

薄层多孔层内池沸腾时回液特性

多孔介质可以强化相变传热,被广泛应用到电子器件散热中。热管依靠毛细芯孔隙内沸腾和凝结形成热质快速迁移的驱动,实现高密度和高效传热。薄层多孔层内沸腾时液体回流特性研究对提高热管传热效率、热流密度及寿命意义重大。通过不同多孔介质在不同液位下的池沸腾实验,获得了薄层多孔表面在较高热流密度下沸腾时的气泡特性和沸腾曲线,并结合毛细理论分析多孔表面的回液特性。实验结果表明,高热流密度下毛细回流占主导作用,较小的有效毛细半径和较大的渗透率有利于液体回流。     

周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性

利用数值模拟方法研究周向非均匀热流下太阳能吸热管局部传热特性,分析吸热管壁厚、熔盐入口温度、熔盐流速对局部传热性能的影响规律,结果表明:吸热管周向加热量相同,管壁越厚其外壁温度越高,管内壁热流分布越均匀。壁厚对低热流侧周向及轴向局部Nu影响较大,且低热流侧局部Nu均随壁厚的减小而增大。同一流速,熔盐入口温度越高,周向局部Nu越大。不同流速吸热管周向局部Nu均随周向热流的减小而增大,流速越大,周向局部Nu越大。不同壁厚吸热管内低热流侧Nu明显大于高热流侧Nu,平均Nu略大于高热流侧Nu,且平均Nu基本相等。     

饱和多孔介质自然对流数学模型与实验研究

以饱和多孔介质内流体流动、流体和固体传热为研究对象,考虑流体密度随温度变化和局部热平衡,引入Brinkman-Forchheimer的扩展Darcy模型进行修正,建立固体随机堆积饱和多孔介质自然对流数值模型,采用有限体积法计算。利用自主研制的两侧恒温差立方体多孔介质实验台,对所建数值模型进行实验验证。综合数值计算和实验结果表明:多孔介质方腔内最大流速随温差和瑞利数Ra增大而增大,且最大流速出现在高温壁面和低温壁面附近;随着Ra增大,温度等值线由近似平行于高低温壁面变为近似垂直于高低温壁面;高温壁面上Nu从上至下呈线性增加趋势;高温壁面Nu随Ra增大而增大,当Ra<102时,Nu维持在12以内;当102106,Nu增加速率很小。     

格子Boltzmann方法对多孔介质复合通道内流动的研究

针对海绵、青砖和石膏3种典型的多孔介质,利用工业X-CT断层图像扫描技术进行处理,获得真实多孔介质几何特征的二维构造多孔介质。采用不可压缩单松弛格子Boltzmann方法进行数值模拟,通过改变通道内多孔介质模型和Re分析了多孔介质复合通道内流体的流动特性,从介观角度研究了多孔介质孔隙结构、孔隙率对复合通道内流场的渗流扰动的影响,为以后研究多孔介质复合腔体内热质交换提供一定参考。     

多孔介质辅助平板式太阳能集热器热性能强化的数值仿真研究

多孔介质材料具有良好的传热和蓄热性能。设计了新型多孔介质辅助平板式太阳能集热器的二维数值仿真模型，对其内部热性能进行了数值模拟，研究多孔介质块的形状(矩形、梯形、三角形结构)、布置数量和渗透率(达西数Da=10^-5～10^-2)等因素对平板式太阳能集热器热性能强化的影响；然后考虑到插入多孔介质伴随的压降和摩擦阻力损失，提出了评价集热器传热性能与阻力损失的性能评估标准。研究结果表明：在平板式太阳能集热器换热通道插入4种不同形状的多孔介质块，矩形多孔介质块背部附近区域更易产生涡区，集热器内传热性能最强，但通道内流动阻力系数大，从而导致阻力损失大。当多孔介质区域总长度一定时，随着多孔介质块布置数量的增加，涡区数量相应增加，集热器内传热性能加强，且通道内流动阻力损失呈现先增加后降低的规律。多孔介质块渗透率对集热器传热性能的影响显著，当Da=10^-2时，集热器传热性能最强。集热器内多孔介质块布置任意数量、高渗透率(Da=10^-2)条件下，矩形多孔介质块的性能评估标准最佳；在多孔介质块布置数量(N=6)较多、低渗...     

微通道内气体-近壁颗粒流动传热数值模拟研究

数值模拟了微通道受限空间内气体-近璧颗粒流动与传热过程,所建模型考虑微尺度气体的可压缩与交物性特征,且在通道和颗粒壁面采用速度滑移和温度跳跃边界条件以考虑滑移区气体动量/能量非连续效应.在此基础上,计算分析了克努森数(Kn)和颗粒偏移比对颗粒表面拖曳力系数(CD)以及传热努塞尔数(Nu)的影响规律.研究结果表明:受气体...     

基于OpenFOAM的带肋双通道扰流冷却大涡模拟

基于OpenFOAM平台,对带直肋W/H=1双通道在静止状态下的流动耦合传热特性进行大涡数值模拟,研究了静止时双通道的流动换热性能。可以得出:在静止状态下由于肋片的扰流、离心作用,弯管处及弯管后的第二通道的Nu数比值大于第一通道,Nu数比值最大值出现在肋片的顶端,旋涡结构明显的多于第一通道,故换热效果明显的好于第一通道。结果表明,基于OpenFOAM的大涡模拟能够较好地应用于带肋通道复杂流动和传热研究。     

Prediction of flow and heat transfer through a microtube filled with bidisperse porous medium under local thermal nonequilibrium condition

In this paper, the thermal and hydrodynamic solutions of a microtube filled with bidisperse porous medium (BDPM) under the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) condition are presented. Considering the LTNE condition, the energy equations have been numerically solved. The rarefaction effects are considered for Knudsen numbers ranging from 0 to 0.1; therefore, first‐order boundary condition is applied on the wall. The temperature distribution of each phase is examined with respect to the involved parameters in the BDPM system. For the first time, the Nusselt number ratio (NRDP) is introduced to study the influence of Darcy number on the Nusselt number more precisely. Also, the effect of different thermophysical parameters on the Nusselt number is studied. The advantage of BDPM system over monodisperse porous medium (MDPM) structure is examined through the heat transfer performance parameter. The findings exhibit a good agreement with the literature. Also, the LTNE condition produces more realistic results in comparison to local thermal equilibrium assumption. On the whole, although implementing the BDPM enhances the heat transfer rate compared with the MDPM, it does not improve the thermal hydrodynamic performance significantly.     

Free convection in a square cavity filled with a bidisperse porous medium

The classical problem of steady Darcy free convection in a square cavity filled with a porous medium has been extended to the case of a bidisperse porous medium (BDPM) by following the recent model proposed by Nield and Kuznetsov [D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, Natural convection about a vertical plate embedded in a bidisperse porous medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 51 (2008) 1658–1664] and Rees et al. [D.A.S. Rees, D.A. Nield, A.V. Kuznetsov, Vertical free convective boundary-layer flow in a bidisperse porous medium, ASME J. Heat Transfer 130 (2008) 1–9]. The transformed partial differential equations in terms of the dimensionless stream function and temperature are solved numerically using a finite-difference method for some values of the governing parameters when the Rayleigh number Ra is equal to 10² and 10³. Results are presented for the flow field with streamlines, temperature field by isotherms and heat transfer by local and mean Nusselt numbers are presented for both the f- and p-phases. It is found that the most important parameters that influence the fluid flow and heat transfer are the inter-phase heat transfer parameter H and the modified thermal conductivity ratio parameter γ.     

Natural convection about a vertical plate embedded in a bidisperse porous medium

The classical Cheng–Minkowycz study of convection past a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium has been extended to the case of a bidisperse porous medium (BDPM). The boundary layer analysis leads to expressions for the velocity and temperature fields in terms of a geometrical parameter, an inter-phase momentum transfer parameter, a thermal diffusivity ratio, a permeability ratio, a thermal conductivity ratio, and an inter-phase heat transfer parameter. For the leading edge region, and for an inner layer, a similarity solution is obtained numerically. This involves the first four parameters, each of which is a characteristic of the BDPM.     

Forced convection in a channel partly occupied by a bidisperse porous medium: Asymmetric case

This paper presents an analytic investigation of forced convection in parallel-plate channel partly occupied by a bidisperse porous medium and partly by a fluid clear of solid material, the distribution being asymmetrical. The walls of the channel are subject to an uniform heat flux; the flow is assumed to be hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed. The layer of a bidisperse porous medium is attached to one of the channel walls; it is modeled utilizing a two-velocity two-temperature formulation using Darcy’s law. The Beavers–Joseph boundary condition is employed at the bidisperse porous medium/clear fluid interface. The dependences of the Nusselt number on a conductivity ratio, a velocity ratio, a volume fraction, internal heat exchange parameter, and the position of the porous-fluid interface are investigated. Both cases of symmetric and asymmetric heating are investigated, which is specified by the asymmetry heating parameter introduced here. For the case of asymmetric heating, a singular behavior of the Nusselt number is found and explained.     

Enhancement of Heat Transfer with Porous/Solid Insert for Laminar Flow of a Participating Gas in a 3-D Square Duct

In recent years, porous or solid insert has been used in a duct for enhancing heat transfer in high temperature thermal equipment, where both convective and radiative heat transfer play a major role. In the present work, the study of heat transfer enhancement is carried out for flow through a square duct with a porous or a solid insert. Most of the analyses are carried out for a porous insert. The hydrodynamically developing flow field is solved using the Navier–Stokes equation and the Darcy–Brinkman model is considered for solving the flow in the porous region. The radiative heat transfer is included in the analysis by coupling the radiative transfer equation to the energy equation. The fluid considered is CO₂ with temperature dependent thermophysical properties. Both the fluid and the porous medium are considered as gray participating medium. The increase in heat transfer is analyzed by comparing the bulk mean temperature, Nusselt number, and radiative heat flux for different porous size and orientation, Reyonlds number, and Darcy number.     

Numerical Investigation of Unsteady Natural Convection in an Inclined Square Enclosure With Heat-Generating Porous Medium

The unsteady laminar natural convection in an inclined square enclosure with heat-generating porous medium whose heat varies by a cosine function is investigated by a thermal equilibrium model and the Brinkman–Darcy–Forchheimer model numerically, with the four cooled walls of closure as isothermal. The numerical code based on the finite-volume method has been validated by reference data before it was adopted. Influence of dimensionless frequency and inclination angle on heat transfer characteristics in a square enclosure, such as flow distribution, isotherm, averaged Nusselt number on each wall, and time-averaged Nusselt number, are discussed, with specified value for Rayleigh number = 10⁸, Darcy number = 10^?4, Prandtl number = 7, porosity = 0.4, and specific heat ratio = 1. It is found that when the internal heat source varies by cosine, the Nusselt numbers of the four walls oscillate with the same frequency as the internal heat source; however, phase difference occurs. Moreover, frequency has little impact on time-averaged Nusselt number of the four walls, which is different from the phenomenon discovered in natural convection with suitable periodic varying wall temperature boundary condition. Moreover, inclination angle plays an important role in the heat transfer characteristics of the walls studied.     

Natural convection heat transfer from an inclined wavy plate in a bidisperse porous medium

This work studies the natural convection heat transfer from an inclined wavy plate in a bidisperse porous medium with uniform wall temperature. The two-velocity two-temperature formulation is used to derive the governing equations of this system. The Prandtl coordinate transformation is used to transform the wavy surface into a regular plane, and the obtained equations are then simplified further by the order-of-magnitude analysis to give the boundary layer equations. The cubic spline collocation method is used to solve the boundary layer governing equations. The effects of dimensionless amplitude, angle of inclination, inter-phase heat transfer parameter, modified thermal conductivity ratio, and permeability ratio on the heat transfer and flow characteristics are studied. Increasing the modified thermal conductivity ratio and the permeability ratio can effectively enhance the natural convection heat transfer of the inclined plate in bidisperse porous media. Moreover, the thermal non-equilibrium effects are significant for low values of the inter-phase heat transfer parameter. As the dimensionless amplitude increases, both the fluctuations of the local Nusselt number for the f-phase and the p-phase with the streamwise coordinate are enhanced.     

Analysis of temperature gradient bifurcation in porous media – An exact solution

The phenomenon of temperature gradient bifurcation in a porous medium is analyzed by studying the convective heat transfer process within a channel filled with a porous medium, with internal heat generation. A local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model is used to represent the energy transport within the porous medium. Exact solutions are derived for both the fluid and solid temperature distributions for two primary approaches (Models A and B) for the constant wall heat flux boundary condition. The Nusselt number for the fluid at the channel wall is also obtained. The effects of the pertinent parameters such as fluid and solid internal heat generations, Biot number and fluid to solid thermal conductivity ratio are discussed. It is shown that the internal heat generation in the solid phase is significant for the heat transfer characteristics. The validity of the one equation model is investigated by comparing the Nusselt number obtained from the LTNE model with that from the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model. The results demonstrate the importance of utilizing the LTNE model in the present study. The phenomenon of temperature gradient bifurcation for the fluid and solid phases at the wall for Model A is established and demonstrated. In addition, the temperature distributions for Models A and B are compared. A numerical study for the constant temperature boundary condition was also carried out. It was established that the phenomenon of temperature gradient bifurcation for the fluid and solid phases for the constant temperature boundary condition can occur over a given axial region.     

Numerical study of effective parameters on the drying process in a vertical porous channel

Comprehensive understanding of evaporation in porous channels is important for the design of modern heat exchangers and thermal systems such as heat pipes. This paper presents a numerical study of evaporation in a vertical porous channel. The volume of the fluid method was applied to capture the interface between phases. The multi‐dimensional limiter for explicit solution method, in which there are additional constraints based on the flux‐corrected transfer method, was used to solve the interface transfer equation. Pressure drop, Nusselt number, and the drying rate were considered as performance parameters. Comparing simulation results with experimental data showed that this new solver can precisely solve the thermal phase change in a porous medium. The influence of parameters effective on the drying process, such as porosity, permeability, the dynamic contact angle was investigated. Based on the results of the pressure profile in the final state, four different regions are visible. Because of the close fit of the wall temperature to the average cross‐sectional temperature, the Nusselt number increases sharply at transition points from the liquid to the vapor phase. By increasing the dynamic contact angle, the average drying rate in the channel is reduced.     

Experimental study of mixed convection heat transfer in a vertical duct filled with metallic porous structures

This paper reports the results of an experimental investigation to examine the potential of a simple and inexpensive porous insert developed specifically for augmenting heat transfer from the heated wall of a vertical duct under forced flow conditions. The porous insert used in the study consists of a stack of metallic perforated plates filled inside the duct. The characteristic features of the porous medium model on the hydrodynamic and heat transfer behavior have been investigated. The porous medium model developed in the present study shows thermo- hydrodynamic performance similar to those seen in metal foams. A correlation has been developed for predicting the Nusselt number from the geometry under consideration. The key novelty in the present work is the development of a new correlation for the Nusselt number that does not require any information from hydrodynamic studies. Over the range of parameters considered, the largest increase in the average Nusselt number of 4.52 times that for clear flow is observed with a porous material of porosity of 0.85.