定功率条件下低压省煤器对机组热经济性的影响

本文基于热耗变换系数的理论,进行数学推导,建立了定功率条件下低压省煤器对机组热经济性影响的数学计算模型。对低压省煤器热经济性原理和热耗变换系数法在低压省煤器中的应用进行研究,以国产300MW机组热力系统为例,分别计算了75%、100%THA下的节能量。研究表明,在100%THA和75%THA负荷运行时,低压省煤器机组热耗率分别降低39.88kJ/(kW·h)和33.95kJ/(kW·h),供电煤耗分别降低1.44g/(kW·h)和1.19g/(kW·h)。低压省煤器吸收的热量输入到给水回热系统后对机组循环吸热量将产生影响,可以为优化低省水侧管道连接提供参考。     

某600 MW机组烟气余热利用经济性分析

低温省煤器方案(即烟气深度冷却方案)是目前使用比较广泛的烟气余热深度利用的方式。介绍了基于等效热降理论得出的低温省煤器系统热经济性计算模型,并且对某600 MW机组烟气余热利用系统进行计算分析,得出各典型工况下机组的节能效益,其中满负荷工况下节约标煤量可达1.57 g/(kW·h)。最后,结合能量梯级利用的理念对烟气余热利用方式进行了展望。研究成果可为烟气余热利用研究提供参考。     

烟气余热利用对燃煤机组影响的综合分析

国内大型燃煤电厂的排烟温度一般在120℃~140℃。若通过低压省煤器对烟气余热进行利用,可降低排烟温度,提高机组的热经济性,同时机组的厂用电等诸多系统也将受到影响。基于迭代校核和等效焓降法,结合某1 000MW燃煤机组,综合分析了在多种工况下余热利用改造对锅炉效率、汽轮机做功、引风机、凝结水泵、除尘器、脱硫系统的影响。结果表明:余热利用改造后,50%THA、75%THA和THA工况下供电标煤耗分别降低2.654g/(kW·h)、2.394g/(kW·h)和2.003g/(kW·h),电厂每年可节省标煤约1.27万吨。     

集成超临界CO_2循环的燃煤发电系统冷端优化

为了降低超临界燃煤电站抽汽侧较大的过热度及解决烟气与空气换热温差不匹配的问题,进一步提高机组效率,以某典型1 000 MW超临界燃煤电站为例,提出了耦合超临界CO_2循环的燃煤发电系统,利用过热蒸汽加热CO_2驱动超临界CO_2循环,使过热度显著降低,并将锅炉尾部烟道中空气预热器分为两级,两级间布置低温省煤器,加热高参数给水及凝结水,分析了集成系统的节能效果。结果表明:烟气温度降低至100.0℃时,集成系统较案例电站与常规余热系统的总出功分别提高了30.07 MW和25.51 MW,供电煤耗分别降低了7.9 g/(kW·h)和6.7 g/(kW·h),节能效果显著。     

1000MW机组锅炉烟气余热利用空气预热器烟气旁路方案关键技术问题研究

针对百万机组锅炉的烟气余热利用,采用空气预热器烟气旁路方案,并对烟气旁路分流量、分段烟气温度、冷风加热温度、给水和凝结水介质温度、低温省煤器布置等5项关键技术进行了分析,提出了应对措施。结合某1 000 MW燃煤机组,采用空气预热器烟气旁路方案,对锅炉的烟气余热利用系统进行了优化,使得机组供电煤耗降低2.9g/(kW·h),节能效果显著。     

燃煤电站两种烟气余热利用方式的对比分析

介绍了燃煤电站常规低温省煤器系统与原煤烟气预干燥系统2种烟气余热利用系统,并以国内某600 MW超临界机组为例,对2种余热利用方式下机组的热力学性能进行了计算分析;在此基础上,进一步从系统能量分布及能量品位的角度探究2种系统的节能机理,并对其应用后机组的经济性进行了对比分析。结果表明：以案例机组为例,锅炉排烟温度由130℃降低至95℃,常规低温省煤器系统可使机组供电煤耗降低1.4 g/(kW·h),而原煤预干燥系统由于可置换出更高品位的燃料化学能,可使机组供电煤耗降低3.7 g/(kW·h),具有更优的节能效果与经济效益。     

电站锅炉尾部烟气余热利用系统技术经济性比较

以某600MW超超临界燃烟煤机组为对比机组,对常规低温省煤器、低温省煤器前移和旁通烟道3种锅炉尾部烟气余热利用系统进行了热经济性与技术经济性比较.结果表明:回收锅炉排烟由122℃降温至90℃的余热,3种系统可使机组供电标准煤耗分别减小1.51g/(kW·h)、1.71g/(kW·h)和2.81g/(kW·h),需分别投资1 125万元、1 940万元和1 685万元,动态投资回收期分别为4.42a、8.66a和3.29a;低温省煤器前移对机组供电效率的提高不明显,但因应用水媒式空气预热器,受热面投资显著增大,因而技术经济性欠佳;由于节能效果显著,旁通烟道表现出最优的热经济性和技术经济性,建议对其进一步研究和推广应用.     

火电机组烟风水复合余热利用系统

综合节能提效、烟风阻力、系统可靠性等因素,提出一种深度余热利用技术——烟风水复合余热利用系统。系统设置空气预热器烟气旁路,旁路内布置高低压换热器和两级管式空气预热器。A电厂320 MW机组定负荷性能计算结果表明:应用该技术可降低汽轮机热耗率90 kJ/(kW·h),降低供电煤耗2.2 g/(kW·h),烟气和一次风阻力降低,一次风漏风率降低。该技术比常规余热利用技术优势明显,可应用于所有排烟温度偏高,引风机、一次风机压头不足的大型火电机组。     

不同宽负荷脱硝系统变工况及瞬态性能的对比研究

对比了0号高压加热器、省煤器给水旁路和省煤器烟气旁路等宽负荷脱硝系统的宽负荷性能及瞬态特性。结果表明：在30%THA～100%THA负荷、旁路流量均为50%时,采用低过侧省煤器烟气旁路的SCR入口温度升高幅度最大,达31.2 K;采用各省煤器旁路方案均使机组标准煤耗率增大,采用低过侧省煤器烟气旁路和低再侧省煤器烟气旁路时,标准煤耗率每增大1 g/(kW·h),可分别提高SCR入口温度42.16 K和27.56 K;采用低过侧省煤器烟气旁路时,SCR入口温度变化滞后时间短且变化率高(达到34.65 K/min);投运0号高加后SCR入口温度变化滞后约1 min,功率平均变化率为10.22 MW/min。     

某厂600MW超临界机组增设低温省煤器系统及经济性分析

锅炉排烟温度较高,对大型锅炉余热进行回收利用,可以显著提高机组效率。通过介绍600MW超临界机组电除尘前加装低温省煤器利用锅炉余热的方案,根据实际数据,基于等效焓降计算及分析,结果表明:电除尘温度进口由130℃降低到96℃,汽轮机热耗率下降41.24KJ/(kw·h),发电标准煤耗降低1.527g。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.