车用稀燃天然气(CNG)发动机的开发研究

采用稀薄燃烧方式，是降低发动机排放和改善经济性的有效手段。在以柴油机为原型机开发的单燃料天然气发动机中，对进气系统和燃烧系统等进行了优化设计，采用了增压中冷、多点顺序喷射、高能直接点火以及综合电控技术，使之达到空燃比的精确控制和高能点火，以实现天然气的稀薄燃烧。同时对研制的样机在稀薄燃烧状态下的性能进行了试验研究，获得了良好的经济性和排放性能。     

火花点火发动机实现稀薄燃烧的技术措施

本文介绍了火花点火发动机稀薄燃烧的特点及实现稀薄燃烧所采用的关键技术措施，文章指出：实现稀薄燃烧是提高车用火花点火发动机的经济性和改善排放性能的重要途径。     

湍流射流点火对天然气发动机燃烧特性影响的试验研究

湍流射流点火（Turbulent Jet Ignition,TJI）是一种有效的燃烧增强技术,可提供更高的点火能量,使发动机稳定着火,且可以提高燃烧压力和燃烧速率,缩短燃烧持续期,是实现发动机稀薄燃烧的有效手段。基于一台带有预燃室的点燃式单缸试验机,开展了TJI模式下天然气发动机性能的试验研究。首先,研究了不同过量空气系数下TJI对天然气发动机动力性能、排放性能及燃烧特性的影响,并与火花塞点火（Spark Ignition,SI）模式进行对比;其次,在稀燃条件下分别探究了进气增压和预燃室喷氢对天然气发动机动力性、经济性及燃烧过程的优化作用。结果表明：TJI的使用可有效拓展天然气发动机的稀燃极限,且燃烧滞燃期和燃烧持续期均更短,放热率更高;过量空气系数1.5为甲烷TJI最佳稀燃工况,此时燃油消耗率最低,且可实现氮氧化物近零排放;此外,采用进气增压的方式可以提高TJI发动机在高负荷下的经济性;TJI模式下,相较于预燃室喷甲烷,预燃室喷氢气可进一步缩短滞燃期和燃烧持续期,提高放热率,达到提升TJI性能的效果。     

预燃室点火控制对大功率稀燃天然气发动机性能影响的试验研究

介绍了大功率天然气发动机采用的稀薄燃烧的技术特点,以及为实现稀薄燃烧所采用的预燃室点火控制的主要结构和特点。为研究预燃室点火控制对于发动机性能的影响,设计了三种不同类型的试验方案,分别对预燃室进气喷射提前角、预燃室进气喷射压力、预燃室进气喷射持续期进行试验研究,为大功率稀燃天然气发动机性能优化提供了技术依据。     

火花点火式二冲程天然气发动机的开发

天然气具有高辛烷值及大Ｈ、Ｃ比且容易实现稀薄燃烧的优点。象内燃机的燃料一样纯天然气具有极好的性能。为更好地利用天然气的性能，我们把压缩天然气应用到火花点火式二冲程发动机上并对这种发动机的性能、热效率及排放进行了研究。结果，研制出更低排气污染，更少ＣＯ２排放和高热效率的压缩天然气发动机。本文报告其研究结果。     

微型往复活塞式内燃机甲醇铂丝炽热点火燃烧特性的测评

设计了添加硝基甲烷助燃剂和提高铂丝炽热强度的试验测试,以改善微空间条件下甲醇铂丝炽热点火燃烧的特性。燃烧测试表明:硝基甲烷可明显改善甲醇微空间燃烧特性;随着硝基甲烷含量增加,燃烧始点提前,放热速率加快,燃烧持续期缩短;在硝基甲烷比例为15%的情况下,平均指示压力比无硝基甲烷状态提升了约20%,同时循环变动率大幅降低。提高铂丝炽热强度可使燃烧始点提前,但其循环变动范围却明显增加;燃烧持续期有缩短趋势,但燃烧放热率反而降低;在失火率较高的状态下,提高铂丝炽热强度可明显减少失火循环。添加硝基甲烷助燃剂和调节铂丝炽热强度有助于提高微型往复活塞式内燃机在极限微空间条件下的燃烧稳定性。     

火花点火式二冲程天然气发动机的开发

天然气具有高辛烷值及大Ｈ、Ｃ比且容易实现稀薄燃烧的优点。象内燃机的燃料一样纯天然人有极好的性能。为更好地利用天然气的性能，我们把压缩天然气应用到火花点火式二冲程发动机上并对这种发动机的性能、热效率及排放进行了研究。结果，研制出更低排气污染，更少ＣＯ２排放和高热效率的压缩天然气发动机。本文报告其研究结果。     

车用天然气发动机关键技术研究与发展

阐述国内外车用天然气发动机技术的最新进展及关键技术,包括结构设计、稀薄燃烧、空燃比控制、高能量数字点火和后处理技术等。并对未来新型技术在天然气发动机领域的应用前景进行分析和展望。     

采用高能点火的均质稀薄燃烧汽油机试验

均质稀薄燃烧能够有效提高汽油机热效率,而高能点火可以提高汽油机的燃烧速度,是实现均质稀薄燃烧的有效技术途径.通过一台单缸汽油机分别研究了普通火花点火和高能点火对均质稀薄燃烧过程的影响,分析了两者燃油经济性、燃烧特性以及NOx排放特性的差异,结果表明:相比于普通火花点火,高能点火能够有效拓宽汽油机均质稀薄燃烧的空燃比极限;采用高能点火系统A可以实现过量空气系数φa为1.65的均质稀薄燃烧,指示燃油消耗率(ISFC)最低达到184.0 g/(kW·h);采用点火能量更高的高能点火系统B可以实现φa为1.94的均质超稀薄燃烧,指示燃油消耗率最低达到180.7 g/(kW·h),对应的指示热效率为48.2%;将φa进一步提升至2.00时,NO_x原始排放将降至188×10~(-6),但受限于燃烧过程恶化,此时ISFC将增加至185.3 g/(kW·h).     

电控喷射稀燃天然气发动机的开发

进行了发动机进气系统、燃烧系统、天然气供给系统、点火系统和电控系统等的设计。研究了天然气发动机稀薄燃烧规律,提出了空燃比分区控制的稀薄燃烧控制方案,实现了不采用EGR情况下NO,排放物的有效控制,仅通过匹配氧化催化转化器,使发动机排放达到了欧Ⅲ（ESC）法规要求。试验结果表明,CA6SE1—21N天然气发动机不仅达到了原柴油机的标定功率水平,而且具有良好的可靠性。     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

Effect of partially premixed and hydrogen addition on natural gas direct-injection lean combustion

Effect of partially premixed mixture and hydrogen addition on natural gas direct-injection lean combustion was studied experimentally using a constant volume vessel. Flame propagating photos and pressure derived combustion parameters were analysed at different premixed ratios (from 0% to 80%) and hydrogen fractions (from 0% to 40%) at overall equivalence ratio of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0, respectively. The results show that the flame kernel is concentrated to the spark position with the increase of premixed ratio and/or hydrogen fraction. Flame propagating speed is decreased with the increase of premixed ratio while it increases as hydrogen is added to natural gas. Hydrogen addition has little effect on the partially direct-injection natural gas combustion at the stoichiometric fuel-air mixture condition and all premixed ratios. However, hydrogen addition significantly enhances the combustion rate of natural gas direct-injection combustion at lean mixture condition. Both the initial and main combustion durations are increased with the increase of premixed ratio, while they show the decreasing trend as hydrogen is added to natural gas at the lean mixture condition. Partially premixed direct-injection combustion combining with hydrogen addition can achieve the stable spark ignition and fast combustion at the lean mixture condition.     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NO_x increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%.     

纯氢和天然气掺氢燃料发动机的试验研究

在某点燃式发动机上,试验研究了纯氢和不同比例天然气掺氢的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明：纯氢燃料燃烧快,燃烧持续期短,缸压和放热率升高率大且峰值较高,λ=1．1时,峰值压力为3．9MPa,燃烧持续期为12℃A。氢燃料的稀燃界限宽,过量空气系数λ=3时,峰值压力降低到1．7MPa,NOx排放趋于零。天然气掺氢可以改善天然气燃烧特性,拓展天然气的稀燃极限。在相同工况下,掺氢30％的混合气燃烧持续期比天然气缩短20℃A,但缸压峰值和NOx排放增加,这可以通过稀燃和优化点火提前角来降低峰值压力和NOx排放。掺氢30％的混合气可以在λ=1．857时稳定的工作,此时峰值压力降低到1．57MPa,NOx的排放小于50×10^-6。     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NOx increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%. __________ Translated from Transactions of CSICE, 2006, 24(5): 394–401 [译自:内燃机学报]     

Effect of hydrogen addition on early flame growth of lean burn natural gas–air mixtures

Effect of hydrogen addition on early flame growth of lean burn natural gas–air mixtures was investigated experimentally and numerically. The flame propagating photos of premixed combustion and direct-injection combustion was obtained by using a constant volume vessel and schlieren photographic technique. The pressure derived initial combustion durations were also obtained at different hydrogen fractions (from 0% to 40% in volumetric fraction) at overall equivalence ratio of 0.6 and 0.8, respectively. The laminar premixed methane–hydrogen–air flames were calculated with PREMIX code of CHEMKIN II program with GRI 3.0 mechanism. The results showed that the initial combustion process of lean burn natural gas–air mixtures was enhanced as hydrogen is added to natural gas in the case of both premixed combustion and direct-injection combustion. This phenomenon is more obvious at leaner mixture condition near the lean limit of natural gas. The mole fractions of OH and O are increased with the increase of hydrogen fraction and the position of maximum OH and O mole fractions move closing to the unburned mixture side. A monotonic correlation between initial combustion duration with the reciprocal maximum OH mole fraction in the flames is observed. The enhancement of the spark ignition of natural gas with hydrogen addition can be ascribed to the increase of OH and O mole fractions in the flames.     

Effect of hydrogen direct injection on natural gas/hydrogen engine performance under high compression-ratio conditions

In traffic transportation, the use of low-carbon fuels is the key to being carbon-neutral. Hydrogen-enhanced natural gas gets more and more attention, but practical engines fueled with it often suffer from low engine power output. In this study, the inner mechanism of hydrogen direct injection on methane combustion was optically studied based on a dual-fuel supply system. Simultaneous pressure acquisition and high-speed direct photography were used to analyze engine performance and flame characteristics. The results show that lean combustion can improve methane engine's thermal efficiency, but is limited by cyclic variations under high excess air coefficient conditions. Hydrogen addition mainly acts as an ignition promoter for methane lean combustion, as a result, the lean combustion limit and thermal efficiency can be improved. As for hydrogen injection timing, late injection can increase the in-cylinder turbulence intensity but also the inhomogeneity, so a suitable injection timing is needed for improving the engine's performance. Besides, late hydrogen injection is more effective under lean conditions because of the reduced mixture inhomogeneity. The current study shall give some insights into the controlling strategies for natural gas/hydrogen engines.     

稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动影响因素研究

通过对一台点燃式多点电喷稀燃天然气发动机进行试验,获得了不同工况下的平均指示压力循环变动系数,以此为基础研究了燃空当量比、节气门开度、转速及点火时刻对稀燃天然气发动机燃烧循环变动的影响趋势。结果表明:混合气燃空当量比越小,燃烧循环变动越明显,当燃空当量比降低到一定值时,平均指示压力循环变动系数的增长会突然加大;节气门开度越小燃烧循环变动越明显,节气门开度小于30%后,其对燃烧循环变动影响更加明显;燃烧循环变动量随转速上升有增加的趋势,在高转速工况下燃烧循环变动的加强尤其明显;在工况一定的条件下存在一个最优的点火时刻可使稀燃天然气发动机的燃烧循环变动最小。     

稀燃和EGR对汽油发动机性能影响研究

基于一台带有低压废气再循环系统的1.5 L涡轮增压直喷汽油发动机进行了稀燃和废气再循环(EGR)影响发动机燃烧性能的试验研究。结果表明,随着稀释率的上升,EGR和稀燃均导致发动机滞燃期、燃烧持续期延长,燃烧重心提前,有效燃油消耗率下降,排气温度下降,平均绝热指数上升。相同稀释率下,相比稀燃,EGR的滞燃期长,燃烧重心提前,两者燃烧持续期基本相等,稀释极限低,绝热指数小,排气温度低。在稀释率分别为20%、35.9%时,最大可减小有效燃油消耗率4.7%、7.2%。热容对燃油经济性的影响占主导地位,相同稀释率下,循环变动系数小于3%时,相比稀燃,EGR具有更好的燃油经济性。